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MEMORY AND STORAGE - Lesson1

The document discusses primary memory and secondary storage. It differentiates between RAM and ROM, describing DRAM and SRAM. RAM is volatile memory that stores data and files while ROM is non-volatile memory used for critical startup programs.

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20 views22 pages

MEMORY AND STORAGE - Lesson1

The document discusses primary memory and secondary storage. It differentiates between RAM and ROM, describing DRAM and SRAM. RAM is volatile memory that stores data and files while ROM is non-volatile memory used for critical startup programs.

Uploaded by

Kingsquad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Book Title:Memory and Data Storage

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• UNDERSTAND CONCEPTS OF PRIMARY MEMORY
• DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN PRIMARY MEMORY AND SECONDARY MEMORY.
• DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN DRAM AND SRAM
• APPLICATIONS OF RAM AND ROM

Success Criteria
 ALL— will be able to differentiate between Primary Memory and
Secondary Memory.
 MOST—Able differentiate between DRAM and SRAM .
 SOME— will able to Describe the applications of RAM and
ROM.
PRIMARY
MEMORY
MAIN MEMORY
RAM ROM

SECONDARY OFF-LINE STORAGE


STORAGE • DVD/CD AND DVD-RAM
• HARD DISK • BLU RAY DISK
• USB MEMORY STICK /FLASH
DRIVE MEMORY
• SOLID- STATE • REMOVABLE HARDWARE
DRIVE
PRIMARY MEMORY
• IT IS THE ONLY MEMORY THAT PROCESSOR CAN ACCESS DIRECTLY.
• IT HOLDS PROGRAM AND INSTRUCTIONS THAT IS EXECUTING
• IT HOLDS THE DATA IN USE
• IT HOLDS REULTS OF PROCESSING DATA
• RAM: IT IS VOLATILE
• (THE CONTENTS IN THE
MEMORY IS LOST WHEN
THE POWER TO RAM IS
TURNED OFF)
RAM STORES
• DATA, FILES
• A PART OF OPERATING
SYSTEM.
• IT IS ALSO CALLED
READ/WRITE MEMORY.
ROM(READ ONLY MEMORY)

• ONCE DATA HAS BEEN WRITTEN ONTO A ROM


CHIP, IT CANNOT BE REMOVED AND CAN ONLY BE
READ. UNLIKE MAIN MEMORY (RAM), ROM RETAINS
ITS CONTENTS EVEN WHEN THE COMPUTER IS
TURNED OFF. ROM IS REFERRED TO AS BEING
NONVOLATILE, WHEREAS RAM IS VOLATILE.
• MOST PERSONAL COMPUTERS CONTAIN A SMALL
AMOUNT OF ROM THAT STORES CRITICAL
PROGRAMS SUCH AS THE PROGRAM THAT BOOTS
THE COMPUTER.
• ROMS ARE USED EXTENSIVELY IN CALCULATORS
AND PERIPHERAL DEVICES SUCH AS LASER
• RAM(RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
Ø DRAM
Ø SRAM
• FUNCTIONS OF RAM:
Ø IT IS VOLATILE/TEMPORARY MEMORY(CONTENTS ARE LOST WHEN THE
POWER TO RAM IS TURNED OFF)
Ø LARGER THE RAM FASTER THE COMPUTER OPERATES.
IT IS USED TO STORE DATA,FILES OR PART OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Ø FROM RAM PROCESSOR CAN READ THE DATA


AND CAN ALSO WRITE DATA.
HENCE CALLED READ/WRITE MEMORY.
DYANAMIC RAM
DYNAMIC RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY (DRAM) IS A TYPE OF
RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY THAT STORES EACH BIT OF DATA
IN A SEPARATE CAPACITOR WITHIN AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT.

• DYNAMIC RAM CONSISTS OF MILLIONS OF TRANSISTORS AND


CAPACITORS.
• THIS TYPE OF RAM NEEDS TO BE CONSTANTLY REFRESHED.
• NEEDS TO BE RECHARGED EVERY 15 MICROSECONDS.
• IF IT IS NOT REFRESHED THE CHARGE WILL LEAK AWAY VERY
QUICKLY.
• CAPACITOR : HOLDS BITS OF INFORMATION.
• TRANSISTOR : ACTS LIKE SWITCH.
DYNAMIC RAM

• DYNAMIC RAM (DRAM) EMPLOY CAPACITORS AND TRANSISTORS


• THE FUNCTION OF EACH PART IS:
• CAPACITOR – THIS HOLDS THE BITS OF INFORMATION (0
OR 1)
• TRANSISTOR – THIS ACTS LIKE A SWITCH; IT ALLOWS THE
CHIP CONTROL CIRCUITRY TO READ THE CAPACITOR OR
CHANGE THE CAPACITOR’S VALUE.
• CAPACITORS DISSIPATE WITH TIME AND HENCE THE CHARGE
MUST BE RESTORED FREQUENTLY
• DRAMS
• SMALLER, SLOWER THAN SRAMS
• SUPPORT LOW COST, LOW POWER AND HIGH DENSITY AND HENCE
USED IN MAIN MEMORY
• ADVANTAGES OF DRAM:
• LESS MANUFACTURING COST OVER SRAM .
• THEY CONSUME LESS POWER.
• THEY HAVE HIGHER STORAGE CAPACITY THEN SRAM.
• DISADVANTAGE :
• THE ADDITIONAL CIRCUITRY AND TIMING NEEDED TO INTRODUCE THE
REFRESH CREATES SOME COMPLICATIONS THAT MAKES DRAM MEMORY
SLOWER AND LESS DESIRABLE THAN SRAM.
CAPACITOR AND TRANSISTOR
SRAM
STATIC RAM
SRAM (STATIC RAM) IS RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
THAT RETAINS DATA BITS IN ITS MEMORY AS LONG AS
POWER IS BEING SUPPLIED.SRAM DOES NOT HAVE TO BE
PERIODICALLY REFRESHED.
• ADVANTAGES:
• 1. EACH BIT IN AN SRAM IS STORED IN (FLIP FLOPS) ON FOUR
TRANSISTORS (M1, M2, M3, M4) THAT FORM TWO CROSS-
COUPLED INVERTERS.
• 2.SRAM IS MUCH FASTER THEN DRAM .ACCESS TIME OF SRAM IS
25 NANOSECONDS.
• 3.IT IS USED FOR CPU CACHE MEMORY IS LOCATED IN TWO
GENERAL LOCATIONS: INSIDE THE PROCESSOR (INTERNAL
CACHE) WHERE COMPUTER MICROPROCESSOR CAN ACCESS
• DISADVANTAGES OF SRAM:
• 1.STATIC RAM TAKES UP A LOT OF PHYSICAL SPACE. A
STATIC RAM CHIP NEEDS FOUR TO SIX TRANSISTORS TO
STORE A BIT OF INFORMATION.
• 2.A COMPUTER WITH STATIC RAM WOULD COST MORE
THAN A COMPUTER WITH DYNAMIC RAM.

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