SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2.

Oceanography – study of the physical

and biological aspects of ocean
Science – systematized body of knowledge based 3. Meteorology – scientific study of the
on nature which accumulated through atmosphere that focuses on weather
observation and experimentation. processes and forecasting.
Scientific method – study of natural world by 4. Paleontology – study of the developing
collecting data through a systematic process. history of life of earth, plants and
Branches of science animals based on the fossil record,
Formal sciences – study of mathematics and logic evidence of their existence preserved in
which uses a priori as opposed to actual rocks.
methodology. Social sciences – study of human behavior and
Priori – argument that suggest the probable effects society
of a known cause. 1. Sociology – study of the development,
1. Mathematics – study of abstract science, structure, and functioning of human
numbers, quantity and space. society.
2. Statistics – branch of mathematics that 2. Economics – deals with the production,
deals with collections, organizations, distribution, and consumption of goods
analysis, and interpretations of numerical and service or the material welfare of the
data. humankind
3. Logic – tool to develop reasonable 3. Law – statement based on repeated
conclusion based on the given set data. experimental observations that describes
Natural sciences – study of natural phenomena some aspect of the universe.
including geological, chemical, and biological 4. Political science – social science which
factors of the universe. deals with the systems of the government,
Physical sciences the analysis of political activity and
1. Chemistry – study of matter and the behavior.
changes it undergoes. 5. Psychology – study of the mind and mental
2. Physics – study of energy, motion and processes
forces Technology
3. Astronomy – the chemistry and physics - Practical application of science to create
of the universe. devices that can solve problem and do tasks.
Life sciences (biology) - Create products that can address problems
1. Zoology – study of the behavior, and improve the quality of human life.
structure, physiology, classification, and - Every piece of lab equipment
distribution of animals. - Goal is to create products that solve
2. Botany – comes from the greek word problems and improve human life.
“botane” meaning “pasture, grass, Science technology and society (sts)
fodder, scientific study of plant”. - Study of how society, politics and culture
3. Ecology – branch of biology which affect scientific research and technological
studies the interactions among innovation, and how those in turn affect
organisms and their environment. society, politics and culture.
4. Genetics – study of genes, genetic - All about how science and technology
variation and heredity in living interact and interferes in human society
organisms. which results in social changes.
Earth science
Scientific progress – the idea that science
1. Geology – deals with the earths’ physical
increases its problem-solving ability through the
structure and substance, the history and
qualification of the scientific method.
the processes that act on it
Importance of science and technology in daily life was influential on both academic and
Education: Science and technology have made a popular circles introducing the term
remarkable contribution in the field of paradigm shift, which has since become an
education. Technology has made education English- language idiom.
itself easier. It has provided us options like smart Karl Popper
classes, eBooks, etc. - Austrian-British philosopher and professor
Internet: One of the best gifts sciences has given known as one of the most influential
us is the internet, via the internet, we can stay philosophers of science in the 20th century.
connected to our family and friends. We can - made significant contributions to debates
study whatever we want. Tough topics like concerning general scientific methodology
calculus, Redox Reaction, laws of motion have and theory.
become easier to understand with the help of Robert Nisbet
videos and study materials available over the - science is a collective enterprise of
internet. researchers who are characterized by the
A Better Life: The invention of machines like X-Ray, nature of the modern age.
ECG, blood sugar tester has made our life a lot Francis Bacon
easier, previously where we used to visit a doctor - classical empiricist who is famous for his
or a chemist for a blood sugar test, but now we significant contribution and promotion in the
can test our blood sugar at any time and at any scientific method.
moment.
Rene Descartes
Electrical appliances like micro-oven, toaster,
- The father of modern philosophy, a French
grinder, refrigerator have made our life more
mathematician scientist and philosopher.
comfortable, we can cook food at a very short
- invented the cartesian plate.
span, and we can also save food from getting
Auguste Comte
wasted by refrigerating it.
- developed the three stages of social
Appliances like Fan, Air Conditioners saves us
evolution which comprises the theological
during the hot summer days, Television, Video
stage, metaphysical stage, and the positive
Games help us to entertain ourselves.
or scientific stage.
Mobile Phones: Invention of mobile phones took
place in the year of 1973 and since then it has
gone through a lot of changes. Previous phones
Historical Antecedents in Course of Science and
were only used to call and send messages but
Technology
now one can use a mobile phone to do a lot of
other things like ordering food, booking cabs,
Ancient Times
booking hotels and purchasing a railway ticket.
Sumerian Civilization (4500 – 1900 B.C)
Well-known philosophers and contributors in the - earliest known civilization
field of science - high degree of cooperation
George Sarton - in Mesopotamia between Tigris and
- Argued that acquisition and systematization Euphrates River
of positive knowledge are the only human - later became Babylonia, now Southern
activities which are truly progressive. Iraq
- Progress has no definite and in questionable Technological and Cultural Contribution
meaning in other fields than the field of Wheel – used for work and food and processes.
science. Plow – used to easily dig soil faster. Could
Thomas Kuhn cultivate larger land.
- American physicist, historian and Road – used bricks. Added Bitumen (Black sticky
philosopher of science whose controversial substance) to smoothen road.
book the structure of scientific revolutions Cuneiform – system of writing.
 - From latin and middle French root meaning - Lies at the junction of Europe, Asia, and
“wedge-shaped” Africa.
- Significant writing system in the ancient - Birthplace of western philosophy and
Middle East mathematics
City of Uruk – first true city in the world Technological and Cultural Contribution
- Built using only mud or clay from the river Alarm clock – used water, small stones, or sand
missed with reeds: producing bricks. to sound the alarm.
Ziggurat of Ur – the mountain or God. Made w/ - was from the idea of Plato.
bricks. Water Mill – used in agricultural processes.
- Sacred place of their chief god Roman Civilization (27 B.C. – 476 C.E)
- Only priest could enter. - Achieved greatness in their military, political,
Irrigation and Dikes – brings water to farmlands. and social institutions.
- Controls flooding - Cradle of politics and governance
Babylonian Civilization (626 – 539 B.C) Technological and Cultural Contribution
- Bank of the Euphrates River Newspaper – contain announcements.
- Important trading posts - Gazettes (1st newspaper)
Babylon – great city of the ancient world Bound books or codex – most important advance
- Capital of Babylonia in book making before the printing press.
- Gate of God - from wax covers to more lasting animal skins
Hanging Garden or Babylon – one of the seven Roman Architecture – greatest visual contribution
wonders of the ancient world. Roman Forum – rectangular forum surrounded by
- Built in honor of Queen Amytis wife of King ruins of important buildings.
Nebuchadnezzar Roman Numerals – devised number system
Egyptian Civilization (3100 – 322 B.C) - Meet communication and trade concerns.
- Oasis in Northeastern Africa - Lasted till late middle ages
- Concentrated along the lower reaches of the - Internet limitations
Nile River. Chinese Civilization (c. 1600 – 221 B.C)
Technological and Cultural Contribution - East Asian country
Paper (papyrus) – writing material and plant. - Written records from 4000 years ago
- Cyperus papyrus (paper plant) - One of the 4 great ancient civilization
- Cultivated in Nile Delta Region (Egypt, Babylon, India)
Ink – combining soot with different chemicals to Technological and Cultural Contribution
form colors. Silk – tied China to the world
Hieroglyphics (Sacred Craving) – employs - natural protein fiber, woven into textiles
character through pictures. - composed of fibroin found and produced by
- Read as pictures, symbols of pics, or sound. larvae to form cocoons.
Cosmetics – used since the 4th millennium B.C. - best silk “Mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori”
- For health and aesthetic aura Tea Production – played a central role in historical
- Wore kohi around the eyes to cure eye events
diseases. - symbolizes loyalty, love, and a happily
- “kohi” – soot/malachite with mineral galena married life
Wig – Egyptians in ancient days shaved their head Great Wall of China – only human-made structure
and wear wigs to protect themselves from the visible from space and was build, rebuilt, and
sun’s harmful rays. extended
Water Clock (Clepsydra) – measure time by gra - 6000 km. since the Ming Dynasty (1368 –
- Filled with water that’s allowed to escape 1644)
through hole. - required the greatest human effort among
Greek Civilization (8th century B.C – 146 B.C) ancient constructions
- 100 million tons of bricks, stones, and soil
 Gunpowder – invented in 9th century by - Earliest lighting oil were made from olives and
alchemists seeds.
- mixed sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter Keir – first person in United states to refine
(potassium nitrate) crude oil into lamp
- purpose was for immortality but highly - Dubbed the grandfather of the American
explosive Oil Industry by historians
Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell)
Medieval Time or Middle Ages (500 – 1500 CE) - One of the greatest invention ever, allowing
- time after classical age of ancient Greece instant voice communication between
and Rome and before the Renaissance. people on different sides of the world
Dark ages – beginning of middle ages Calculator (Blaise Pascal)
Printing press (Johanes Gutenberg) - Build as a mean of helping his father perform
- first moveable type was carved into clay and tedious tax accounting
baked into hard blocks that were then
arranged onto and iron frame that was Ancient Times
pressed against an iron plate. - Rise of ancient civilization paved the way for
Microscope (Hans and Zacharias Janssen) advances in the science and technology.
- made up of grinding glass to use for - Advances during the ancient period allowed
spectacles and magnifying glasses was civilizations to flourish by looking for better
common place during the 13th century. ways to communicate, transport, self-
Telescope (Galileo Galilei) organization, and enhance their way of life.
- Galilei – first one to used telescope to Invented Technologies
discover among other things that there were - Ancient wheel
four moons of Jupiter - Paper
- Writing system
- Discovered compass, oars, and rudders
made sea travelling easier and safer
Middle Age
War Weapons (the people) - Major advances in scientific and
- Developed not only offensive tools but also technological development took place
for defensive instrument. - Includes steady increase of new invention,
Five most common Medieval weapons, (1) introduction of innovations in traditional
crossbow, (2) bow, (3) battle axe, (4) mace, (5) production, and emergence scientific
spear/pike. thinking and the scientific method.
Invented Technologies
Modern Times (20th Century)
- Printing press
Modern era – period in human history which spans - Gunpowder
from 20th century beginning with the period - Microscope
after the end of First World War and ending with - Spinning wheel
the advent of the Digital Revolution.
- Massive industrialization started and the
booming of the world population
Pasteurization (Louis Pasteur)
- Process of heat processing liquid & food to kill
pathogenic bacteria to make food safe to eat
- Involves heating the food to kill most harmful
microorganisms.
Petrolium Refinery (Samuel Martin Keir)
- Used for better mean of powering homes and
transportation.
Intellectual Revolution That Defines Society Copernican Theory
Scientific revolution – period of enlightenment - Celestial motions are uniform, infinite, and
when the developments in the fields of circular or compounded of numerous cycles.
mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and - The location of the known planets, including
chemistry transform the views of society about the fixed stars, is aligned around the sun,
nature. which is considered the center of the universe
- led to the creation of new research elds in and the nearest star to Earth
science and prompted the establishment of a - Earth’s motion gave explanation to the
strong foundation for modern science retrograde motion of other planets.
- Earth spins at its tilted axis which accounts for
Science can be defined;
the seasons.
Science as idea – includes ideas, theories, and all
available systematic explanations and Charles Darwin
observations about the natural and physical - Born: February 12, 1809
world - Died: April 19, 1882 at the age of 73
Science as an intellectual activity – encompasses - Parents: Robert Waring, a society physician
a systematic and practical study of the natural and Susannah Wedgwood.
and physical world - Grandfather: Erasmus Darwin, a freethinking
Science as a body of knowledge – subject or physician and a poet.
discipline, field of study, or body of knowledge - Wife: Emma Wedgwood, his cousin.
that deals with the process of learning about - Wrote On the Origin of Species in November
the natural and physical world 24, 1859
Science as a personal and social activity – - formulated a theory in the year 1837 to 1839
explained that science is both knowledge and after returning from his voyage aboard in HMS
activities done by human being to developed Beagle
beer understanding of the world around them Darwinian Revolution
Society – emerged in the fifteenth century and is - Drew out for Biology: Nature as a lawful
derived from the French “Société. system of matter in motion
- French world, in turn, had its origin in the - Now, adaptations and the diversity of
Latin “Societas", a friendly association with organisms and even the origin of humans
others, from " Socius" meaning companion, could be explained by an orderly process
associate, and comrade or business partner. governed by natural laws
- community, nation, or board grouping of - Shocked the Victorian Society suggesting that
people having common traditions, institution humans and animals shared a common
and collective activities and interest. ancestry. “Man was not God’s creation but
Copernican – (1543) revolutionary idea from evolved from apes”
Nicolas Copernicus that opposed the - Theologians and Philosophers argued that the
geocentric views of the universe arose again. functional design of organisms manifests the
Nicolas Copernicus – argued that the Ptolemaic existence of an all-wise creator. “Wherever
model was a good portrait of positions of the there is design, there is a designer”
planet but as time passed by it was not precise Freud’s Revolution
anymore - Maybe viewed as the discovery of a way of
- argued that the epicycles of planetary motion locating in the mind objective entities which
contributed to the retrograde motion of the can be studied like physical things.
planets. - If Freud's is representative of scientific
Heliocentric Theory – considered the sun as the revolutions, perhaps what Thomas Kuhn has
center of the universe shaped the modern described as a change of paradigm might
thinking of which the sun is believed to be the generally consist of the demonstration of new
center of the solar system. entities.
 - occurred in the setting of a prevalent concern Information Revolution
about the entities underlying all of the - refers to the global economic paradigm
sciences prevalent from the late 1990s onward,
Freudian (Dr. Sigmund Freud) characterized collectively by unprecedented
Late 1800's – end of Victorian Age advancements in technological innovation
Victorian Age – period of extreme Puritanical and the rapid global proliferation,
Restrictions appropriation, application, and use of new
Puritanical – practicing or affecting religional or digital Information and Communication
moral behavior Technologies in everyday life.
Puritanical Restrictions – any expression about - describes current economic, social, and
human sexuality is considered as an outrage technological trends beyond the industrial
- people with psychological problem had revolution
nowhere to go - main feature of the information revolution is
1873 – started to study under medical eld. the growing economic, social and
1882 – took Neurology. technological role of information.
- made a drug with great promises and this Information – related activities did not come up
drug is known as the cocaine. with the Information Revolution.
1885 – flew to Paris. - existed in one form or the other, in all
- Started to conduct research about human societies, and eventually
Hysteria with Dr. Jean-Marie Charcot. developed into institutions, such as the
Hysteria – psychological findings for women. Platonic Academy, Aristotle's Peripatetic
- symptoms are insomnia, fainting, school in the Lyceum, the Museum and the
nervousness, sexual desire, fluid retention, Library of Alexandria, or the schools of
shortness in breath, irritability, loss of Babylonian astronomy.
appetite for food and tendency to cause Meso American
some trouble. - significant region of agricultural development,
- recommending the women to undergo especially given relatively close proximity to
hysterectomy surgical process because they the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico for
thought that uterus is the cause of this shing.
disorder. - It was one region of many dotted around the
1886 – start treating his patients with simple but globe developing agriculture during the few
radical approach. He let them talk their thousand years of the Neolithic era.
deeper thoughts. - Human presence Meso America to possibly as
- develop new treatment called free early as 21, 000 BCE
association. - cooler climate in this period supported a
Free Association- his patients will talk freely with grassland vegetations especially in the
little censorship and guidance. He introduces highland valleys.
the new science which is the Psychoanalysis - 7000 BCE global warming causes the retreat
1900's – like-minded men became interested in of glaciers and so tropical forest overtakes the
Freud's new science, Psychoanalysis. grassland
- Psychoanalysis sprung in Vienna, Zurich *Successful food plants (1) mutant corn with husk
and New York. (2) beans (3) squashes (4) chili peppers (5) Cotton
- revised his theories and develop new Pottery – introduced from Andean culture to the
theories from the components of mind to south temple pyramid
childhood sexuality. San Lorenzo – the oldest know Olmec Centre when
1923 – he was diagnosed with mouth cancer. Mesoamerican was best on Neolithic level
1930 – rise of Nazis Monte Alban – producing the 1st writing and written
1938 – German occupied Austria. calendar in Meso America, The Maya, Zapotec,
1939 – he died. Totonac, Teotihuacan civilization.
Asian revolution of petty corruption than did other states,
- twentieth century was an age of revolution in such as Libya.
much of Asia. One factor promoting radical Arab Spring Goals – Economic Freedom, Human
change in many Asian nations was the Rights. Employment, Election, Regime Change
pressure of Euro-American imperialism, Timeline
starting in the 19th century. Happened in spring of 2011.
India – directly colonized by Britain starting in December 17, 2010 – Mohammed Bouazizi
the 18th century protested publicly by setting himself on fire.
- saw the development of a small, January 14, 2011 – Tunisian president Zine El
professional middle class and a political Albidine Ben Ali resigned and flees to Saudi
organization, the Indian National Congress, Arabia
which spearheaded the nationalist anti- January 25, 2011 – First coordinated mass
colonial movement of the 20th century protests in Cairo, Egypt
China – humiliated in the Opium Wars of the February 11, 2011 – Mubarak, president of Egypt
mid-19th century, was never colonized but steps down
lost substantial economic and political March 15, 2011 – Pro democracy protests in Syria
sovereignty as European nations, the U.S., September 23, 2011 – Yemenis’ Million Man
and Japan established treaty ports and March, a large scale of democracy protests
spheres of influence in the country, factors October 20, 2011 – Libyan dictator Colonel
which fueled the first revolution in Asia in the Muammar Gadda is captured by rebels,
20th century, the Republican Revolution of tortured and killed.
1911 October 23, 2011 – First democratic
Japan – weakened by unequal treaties it was parliamentary elections
forced to sign with Western powers in the November 28, 2011 – Egypt holds first democratic
1850s elections for parliament
- transformed itself by the beginning of the June 2012 – Morsi elected as president
20th century into an industrial powerhouse July 2013 – by the power of coup was removed
with colonies of its own — a process
African Revolution
historians have hesitated to call a
- a stronghold and refuge of reaction and
“revolution" but one which was undeniably
imperialism threatening the gains of the
“revolutionary."
African revolution; a breeding ground for plots
In the early 20th century, many believed that
and activities designed to restore colonialism
becoming modern required the elimination of
throughout the Continent.
old hierarchies and the creation of new, more
- A poor and backward Africa profits the South
equal social relations. In China, this meant
African monopoly capitalists, enabling them
condemning old Confucian customs and
to exploit cheap African labor, both in their
hierarchies and undertaking fundamental
heavy investments in many parts of the
socio-economic and political reforms.
Continent and by importing workers from
Middle East Revolution other territories to mines and other
Arab Spring – anti-government uprisings I enterprises in the Republic itself.
countries which resulted in regime changes in
countries such as Tunisia, Egypt, Libya. Summaries of each Revolutions
- One of the primary influences that have A. Copernican – caused the paradigm shift of
been highlighted in the analysis of the Arab how the earth and sun were placed in the
Spring is the relative strength or weakness heavens/universe.
of a society's formal and informal - idea that rejected Ptolemaic model
institutions prior to the revolts. When the (earth is the center of the solar system)
Arab Spring began, Tunisia had an and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is
established infrastructure and a lower level
 the center of the solar system having the
earth revolving around it.)
B. Darwinian – this has brought a great impact
on how people approach Biology forever.
This revolution provided a different than the
"theory of Creation".
- started when Charles Darwin published
his book "The Origin of Species" that
emphasizes that humans are the result of
an evolution.
C. Freudian – started to revolutionize
Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud.
- includes the "Freudian Theory of
Personality" that involves the human
development contributes to his/her
personality and also his "psychoanalysis"
that is the process for achieving proper
functioning if a human does not
complete his/her developmental stage.
D. Information - the era in which technology
has been prevalent.
- also known as the Computer Age that has
brought so much change on how we are
living today
E. Meso-American - contributed a lot of ideas
or discoveries for Archaeology. The temples
and pyramids left a lot about of Architecture
that leads us to study more of it.
F. Asian - taught Asian countries about
freedom and independent nationhood
along the improvement brought by it
internally.
G. Middle East - product of the development
and growth of individual nationalism,
imperialism, for the efforts to westernize
and modernize Middle Eastern societies,
and to push the declining power of the
Ottoman Empire in the Arab region.
H. African - The fight against colonialism and
imperialism in Africa.