Final Lecture 1

FINAL LECTURE 1
Learning Outcomes
1. Familiarize to Zener and Transistor parameters
2. Knowing Zener and Transistor Biasing condition
3. See and observed the biasing condition of a regulator and emitter
biased.
4. Experiencing to plot and sketch characteristics curve of a zener and
transistor.
Zener Diode Voltage Regulator
Ex1.) Vrec=25V, VRL = 9V, VZ=6V. Find: Output Regulated Voltage?
Vo = unregulated output voltage from 6V to 9V to 25V.
RECTIFIER
Step 1: Find an exact value of Resistor(Rs) to exceed that Vin concerning
VRL. Then apply Thevenin’s theorem. VRL = 9V. Therefore Vo = 6V.
I-V Characteristic
KVL
KVL
Input
Outp
ut
CircuitZener diode to be Regulated

Thevenins Theorem: To set the output
Step 1: Assume Zener is open: to analyze the circuit that the load
voltage exceeds the unregulated dc supply. VRL = Vin[RL/(RL+Rs)]
IZM
Step 2: Is value: If exceed then apply KVL at the input? Vin-IsRs-
Vz=0. Is = Vin-Vz/Rs. KVL @ the output: V0=VZ=Regulated Voltage.
VRL>VZ
3
Notes on Zener Diode Regulator
• VZ depends on I and temperature.

• Zener diodes with rated voltage < 6 V have
negative temperature coefficient; those rated > 6 V
have positive temperature coefficient.
• In order to maintain a constant Vo, IZT varies in
response to a change of either IL or Vi. For
example, when RL increases, IL decreases, then IZT
has to increase to keep the current through Rs
constant. Since the voltage drop across Rs is
constant, Vo stays constant.
4
Formulae for Zener Regulator
Circuit
Rs establishes the zener bias current, IZT:
Vi − VZ Vi − VZ
Rs = =
I Rs I ZT + I L
For fixed Vi, but variable RL:
VZ RsVZ
min . RL = =
I Rs Vi − VZ
VZ VZ
max . RL = =
I L (min) I Rs − I ZM
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Formulae (cont’d)
For fixed RL, but variable Vi:
RL + Rs
min .Vi = VZ
RL
max .Vi = I R (max) Rs + VZ
where I R (max) = I ZM + I L
The output ripple voltage of the zener regulator is:

RL // RZ where RZ = ac resistance
Vr ( out ) = Vr ( in )
RL // RZ + Rs of zener diode.
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Transistor
• Capable of performing
• Amplifying
• Switching
• Most common types
• Bipolar junction (BJT)
• Field effect (FET)
Transistor
• A three terminal device that controls current through the device
depending on the amount of voltage applied to the base
• PNP or NPN
• emitter, base, collector
• bipolar device - both holes and electrons are used as internal carriers
for maintaining current flow
Transistor
Biasing a Transistor
• Base/emitter junction must be forward biased
• emitter more negative than the base
• base/collector junction must be reverse biased
• base is more negative that the collector
Biasing a Transistor
Transistor Current Flow
• Forward bias of base/emitter causes emitter to

inject electrons into the depletion region between
the emiitter and the base
• Biasing process is the “turn on” action
Transistor Current Flow
Transistor Applications
• Developed to replace mechanical switches
• No moving parts
• High resistance when transistor not turned on
• Low resistance when transistor turned on
• May be used as amplifiers
• Transistors gradually shut off
• By carefully controlling the base/emitter junction bias, possible to control
varying degrees the through put of the emitter/collector current
• Acts as an amplifier
Transistors as amplifiers
• Darlington amplifier
• Two transistors used
together
• Gain is multiplicative
Transistor Series Voltage
Regulator
The simple zener regulator
can be markedly improved
by adding a transistor.
Since VBE = VZ - VL any
tendency for VL to decrease
or increase will be negated
by an increase or decrease in IE. The dc currents for the
circuit are: VL VZ − VBE Vi − VZ
IL = = ; IR =
RL RL R
IL = hFEIB; IZT = IR - IB
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Transistor Shunt Voltage
Regulator
Since VBE = VL - VZ,
any tendency for VL
to increase or decrease
will result in a
corresponding increase or decrease in IRs. This will
oppose any changes in VL because VL = Vi - IRsRs.
VL VZ + VBE Vi − (VZ + VBE )
IL = = ; I Rs =
RL RL RS
IE = IRs + IL = hFEIZT
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FINAL LECTURE 1

CircuitZener diode to be Regulated

• VZ depends on I and temperature.

The output ripple voltage of the zener regulator is:

• Forward bias of base/emitter causes emitter to

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