Physics 03-01 Work and the Work-Energy Theorem Name: _____________________________

Work
Depends on _______________ and the _______________ the force moves the object
Want the force in the direction of the _______________
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃
Unit: N m = Joule (J)
_______________ (but can be positive and negative)
Marcy pulls a backpack on wheels down the 100-m hall. The 60-N force is applied
at an angle of 30° above the horizontal. How much work is done by Marcy?

Mark is carrying books (200 N) down the 100-m hall. How much work is Mark doing on the books?

You carry some books (200 N) while walking down stairs height 2 m and length 3 m. How much work do you do?

A suitcase is hanging straight down from your hand as you ride an escalator. Your hand exerts a force on the suitcase, and this
force does work. Which one of the following is correct?
a. The W is negative when you ride up and positive when you ride down
b. The W is positive when you ride up and negative when you ride down
c. The W is positive
d. The W is negative
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
So work by a ______________________________ gives an object some ______________________________
Acceleration means the _______________ changes
1 1
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣02
2 2
Energy is the _______________ to do _______________

Kinetic Energy — Energy due to _______________

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
_______________
Unit: Joule

Work-Energy Theorem
𝑊 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸0

A 0.075-kg arrow is fired horizontally. The bowstring exerts a force on the arrow over a distance of 0.90 m. The arrow leaves
the bow at 40 m/s. What average force does the bow apply to arrow?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-01 Work and the Work-Energy Theorem Name: _____________________________
Homework
1. A box is being moved with a velocity v by a force P (parallel to v) along a level horizontal floor. The normal force is 𝐹𝑁 , the
kinetic frictional force is 𝑓𝑘 , and the weight of the box is mg. Decide which forces do positive, zero, or negative work.
Provide a reason for each of your answers.
2. A sailboat is moving at a constant velocity. (a) Is work being done by a net external force acting on the boat? Explain. (b)
Recognizing that the wind propels the boat forward and the water resists the boat's motion, what does your answer in
part (a) imply about the work done by the wind's force compared to the work done by the water's resistive force?
3. A slow-moving car may have more kinetic energy than a fast-moving motorcycle. How is this possible?
4. Work done on a system puts energy into it. Work done by a system removes energy from it. Give an example for each
statement.
5. The brakes of a truck cause it to slow down by applying a retarding force of 3.0 × 103 N to the truck over a distance of 850
m. What is the work done by this force on the truck? Is the work positive or negative? Why? (Cutnell 6.1) −𝟐. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 J
6. A person pulls a toboggan for a distance of 35.0 m along the snow with a rope directed 25.0° above the snow. The tension
in the rope is 94.0 N. (a) How much is done on the toboggan by the tension force? (b) How much work is done if the same
tension is directed parallel to the snow? (Cutnell 6.3) 2980 J, 3290 J
7. A 75.0-kg man is riding an escalator in a shopping mall. The escalator moves the man
at a constant velocity from ground level to the floor above, a vertical height of 4.60 m.
What is the work done on the man by (a) the gravitational force and (b) the escalator?
(Cutnell 6.4) -3380 J, 3380 J
8. Suppose in the picture that 1100 J of work are done by the force F = 30.0 N in moving
the suitcase a distance of 50.0 m. At what angle θ is the force oriented with respect to
the ground? (Cutnell 6.5) 42.8°

9. A person pushes a 16.0-kg shopping cart at a constant velocity for a distance of 22.0 m. She pushes in a direction 29.0°
below the horizontal. A 48.0-N frictional force opposes the motion of the cart. (a) What is the magnitude of the force that
the shopper exerts? (review) Determine the work done by (b) the pushing force, (c) the frictional force, and (d) the
gravitational force. (Cutnell 6.7) 54.9 N, 1060 J, -1060 J, 0 J
10. (a) Calculate the work done on a 1500-kg elevator car by its cable to lift it 40.0 m at constant speed, assuming friction
averages 100 N. (b) What is the work done on the lift by the gravitational force in this process? (c) What is the total work
done on the lift? (OpenStax 7.3) 𝟓. 𝟗𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 J, −𝟓. 𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 J, 0 J
11. How much work is done by the boy pulling his sister 30.0 m in a wagon as shown
in Figure 7.36? Assume no friction acts on the wagon. (OpenStax 7.6) 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 J
12. Compare the kinetic energy of a 20,000-kg truck moving at 110 km/h with that of
an 80.0-kg astronaut in orbit moving at 27,500 km/h. (OpenStax 7.9) 𝟗. 𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
J, 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 J
13. (a) How fast must a 3000-kg elephant move to have the same kinetic energy as a
65.0-kg sprinter running at 10.0 m/s? (b) Discuss how the larger energies needed
for the movement of larger animals would relate to metabolic rates. (OpenStax
7.10) 1.47 m/s
14. A car’s bumper is designed to withstand a 4.0-km/h (1.1-m/s) collision with an immovable object without damage to the
body of the car. The bumper cushions the shock by absorbing the force over a distance. Calculate the magnitude of the
average force on a bumper that collapses 0.200 m while bringing a 900-kg car to rest from an initial speed of 1.1 m/s.
(OpenStax 7.13) −𝟐. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 N
15. Two cars, A and B, are traveling with the same speed of 40.0 m/s, each having started from rest. Car A has a mass of 1200
kg, and car B has a mass of 2000 kg. Compared to the work required to bring car A up to speed, how much additional work
is required to bring car B up to speed? (Cutnell 6.17) 𝟔. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 J
16. A 5.0 × 104 -kg space probe is traveling at a speed of 11000 m/s through deep space. Retrorockets are fired along the line
of motion to reduce the probe's speed. The retrorockets generate a force of 4.0 × 105 N over a distance of 2500 km. What
is the final speed of the probe? (Cutnell 6.18) 9000 m/s

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-02 Potential Energy and Conservative Forces Name: _____________________
Potential Energy
Energy due to ________________

Gravitational potential energy

𝑃𝐸𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Since the force of gravity is ________________ and the displacement and force must be in same ________________, we only worry about
the ________________ distance
The ________________ the object takes doesn’t matter, just the ________________ ________________
Potential Energy is not ________________; it is a ________________
h is measured from ________________________________ point. Just be ________________.

Spring potential energy

1
𝑃𝐸𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2

Conservative Forces
A force where the ________________ it does is _______________________ of the path
Only thing that matters is ________________ and ________________ point

Energy can be ________________ from one ________________ to ________________.

Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy

𝑃𝐸𝑓 + 𝐾𝐸𝑓 = 𝑃𝐸0 + 𝐾𝐸0
if only _________________________ forces do net work
A toy gun uses a spring to shoot plastic balls (m = 50 g). The spring is compressed by 3.0 cm. Let k=2.22 × 105 N/m. (a) Of
course, you have to do some work on the gun to arm it. How much work do you have to do? (b) Suppose you fire the gun
horizontally. How fast does the ball leave the gun? (c) Now suppose you fire the gun straight upwards. How high does the ball
go?

A 1500-kg car is driven off a 50-m cliff during a movie stunt. If it was going 20 m/s as it went off the cliff, how fast is it going as
it hits the ground?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-02 Potential Energy and Conservative Forces Name: _____________________
Homework
1. Suppose the total mechanical energy of an object is conserved. (a) If the kinetic energy decreases, what must be true about
the gravitational potential energy? (b) If the potential energy decreases, what must be true about the kinetic energy? (c) If
the kinetic energy does not change, what must be true about the potential energy?
2. A person is riding a Ferris wheel. When the wheel makes one complete turn, is the net work done by the gravitational
force positive, negative, or zero? Justify your answer.
3. Does the work you do on a book when you lift it onto a shelf depend on the path taken? On the time taken? On the height
of the shelf? On the mass of the book?
4. What is a conservative force?
5. Relative to the ground, what is the gravitational potential energy of a 55.0-kg person who is at the top of the Sears Tower,
a height of 443 m above the ground? (Cutnell 6.27) 𝟐. 𝟑𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 J
6. A hydroelectric power facility converts the gravitational potential energy of water behind a dam to electric energy. What is
the gravitational potential energy relative to the generators of a lake of volume 50.0 km 3 (mass = 5.00 × 1013 kg), given
that the lake has an average height of 40.0 m above the generators? (OpenStax 7.16) 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔 J
7. A 75.0-kg skier rides a 2830-m-long lift to the top of a mountain. The lift makes an angle of 14.6° with the horizontal. What
is the change in the skier's gravitational potential energy? (Cutnell 6.29) 𝟓. 𝟐𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 J
8. “Rocket man” has a propulsion unit strapped to his back. He starts from rest on the ground, fires the unit, and is propelled
straight upward. At a height of 16 m, his speed is 5.0 m/s. His mass, including the propulsion unit, is about 136 kg. Find the
work done by the force generated by the propulsion unit. (Cutnell 6.31) 𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 J
9. Suppose a 350-g kookaburra (a large kingfisher bird) picks up a 75-g snake
and raises it 2.5 m from the ground to a branch. (a) How much work did the
bird do on the snake? (b) How much work did it do to raise its own center of
mass to the branch? (OpenStax 7.18) 1.8 J, 8.6 J
10. A water-skier lets go of the tow rope upon leaving the end of a jump ramp at a
speed of 14.0 m/s. As the drawing indicates, the skier has a speed of 13.0 m/s
at the highest point of the jump. Ignoring air resistance, determine the skier's
height H above the top of the ramp at the highest point. (Cutnell 6.34) 1.4 m
11. A particle, starting from point A in the drawing, is shot down the curved
runway. Upon leaving the runway at point B, the particle is traveling straight
upward and reaches a height of 4.00 m above the floor before falling back
down. Ignoring friction and air resistance, find the speed of the particle at
point A. (Cutnell 6.38) 4.43 m/s
12. A 100-g toy car is propelled by a compressed spring that starts it moving. The car follows the curved track. Show that the
final speed of the toy car is 0.687 m/s if its initial speed is 2.00 m/s and it coasts up the frictionless slope, gaining 0.180 m
in altitude. (OpenStax 7.20) 0.687 m/s
13. A 5.00 × 105 -kg subway train is brought to a stop from a speed of 0.500 m/s in 0.400 m by a large spring bumper at the
end of its track. What is the force constant k of the spring? (OpenStax 7.22) 𝟕. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 N/m
14. A pogo stick has a spring with a force constant of 2.50 × 104 N/m, which can be compressed 12.0 cm. To what maximum
height can a child jump on the stick using only the energy in the spring, if the child and stick have a total mass of 40.0 kg?
(OpenStax 7.23) 0.459 m
15. A water slide is constructed so that swimmers, starting from rest at the top of the
slide, leave the end of the slide traveling horizontally. As the drawing shows, one
person hits the water 5.00 m from the end of the slide in a time of 0.500 s after
leaving the slide. Ignoring friction and air resistance, find the height H in the drawing.
(Hint: Start by using projectile motion to find the speed when the person hits the
water, then use conservation of mechanical energy to find the height.) (Cutnell 6.41)
6.33 m

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-03 Nonconservative Forces and Conservation of Energy Name: ______________________
Work done by net external force (nonconservative)
Often both ______________________ and ______________________ forces act on an object at once.
𝐸0 + 𝑊𝑛𝑐 = 𝐸𝑓

Law of Conservation of Energy

The total energy is _________________ in any process. It may ____________ form or be ____________ from one system to another, but
the total ____________ the ____________.

Efficiency
Useful energy _______________ is always less than energy _______________.
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝐸𝑓𝑓) = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑖𝑛
A rocket starts on the ground at rest. Its final speed is 500 m/s and height is 5000 m. If the mass of the rocket stays
approximately 200 kg, find the work done by the rocket engine.

A 1500-kg car’s brakes failed and it coasts down a hill from rest. The hill is 10 m high and the car has a speed of 12 m/s at the
bottom of the hill. How much work did friction do on the car?

Captain Proton’s rocket pack provides 800,000 J of work to propel him from resting on his ship which is near the earth to 50 m
above it. Captain Proton’s mass is 90 kg. What is his final velocity?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-03 Nonconservative Forces and Conservation of Energy Name: ______________________
Homework
1. Do devices with efficiencies of less than one violate the law of conservation of energy? Explain. List four different forms or
types of energy. Give one example of a conversion from each of these forms to another form.
2. A basketball player makes a jump shot. The 0.600-kg ball is released at a height of 2.00 m above the floor with a speed of
7.20 m/s. The ball goes through the net 3.10 m above the floor at a speed of 4.20 m/s. What is the work done on the ball by
air resistance, a nonconservative force? (Cutnell 6.46) -3.8 J
3. A projectile of mass 0.750 kg is shot straight up with an initial speed of 18.0 m/s. (a) How high would it go if there were no
air friction? (b) If the projectile rises to a maximum height of only 11.8 m, determine the magnitude of the average force
due to air resistance. (Cutnell 6.48) 16.5 m, 2.9 N
4. The (nonconservative) force pulling a 1500-kg car up a mountain road does 4.70 × 106 J of work on the car. The car starts
from rest at sea level and has a speed of 27.0 m/s at an altitude of 200 m above sea level. Obtain the work done on the car
by the combined forces of friction and air resistance, both of which are nonconservative forces. (Cutnell 6.49) −𝟏. 𝟐𝟏 ×
𝟏𝟎𝟔 J
5. A 60.0-kg skier with an initial speed of 12.0 m/s coasts up a 2.50-m high rise as shown
in the figure. Find her final speed at the top, given that the coefficient of friction
between her skis and the snow is 0.0800. (Hint: Find the distance traveled up the
incline assuming a straight-line path as shown in the figure.) (OpenStax 7.24) 9.46 m/s
6. (a) How high a hill can a car coast up (engine disengaged) if work done by friction is negligible and its initial speed is 110
km/h? (b) If, in actuality, a 750-kg car with an initial speed of 110 km/h is observed to coast up a hill to a height 22.0 m
above its starting point, how much thermal energy was generated by friction? (c) What is the average force of friction if
the hill has a slope 2.5° above the horizontal? (OpenStax 7.25) 47.6 m, 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 J, 375 N
7. Using energy considerations and assuming negligible air resistance, show that a rock thrown from a bridge 20.0 m above
water with an initial speed of 15.0 m/s strikes the water with a speed of 24.8 m/s independent of the direction thrown.
(OpenStax 7.27) 24.8 m/s
8. If the energy in fusion bombs were used to supply the energy needs of the world, how many of the 9-megaton variety
would be needed for a year’s supply of energy (using data from Table 7.1)? This is not as farfetched as it may sound—
there are thousands of nuclear bombs, and their energy can be trapped in underground explosions and converted to
electricity, as natural geothermal energy is. (Annual world energy use = 4 × 1020 J; Large fusion bomb (9 megaton) = 3.8 ×
1016 J) (OpenStax 7.28) 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 bombs
9. Use of hydrogen fusion to supply energy is a dream that may be realized in the next century. Fusion would be a relatively
clean and almost limitless supply of energy. To illustrate this, calculate how many years the present energy needs of the
world could be supplied by one millionth of the oceans’ hydrogen fusion energy. (Fusion of all the hydrogen in Earth’s
oceans = 1034 J; Annual world energy use = 4 × 1020 J) (OpenStax 7.29) 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 years

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-04 Power Name: ______________________________
Rate that __________________ is __________________
𝑊
𝑃=
𝑡
Unit: joule/s = watt (W)

Power is the __________________ that __________________ is __________________

A 1000 kg car accelerates from 0 to 100 km/h in 3.2 s on a level road. Find the average power of the car.

Electrical Energy
Often measured in __________________ because 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑊
If it costs $0.10 per kWh, how much will it cost to run a 1000 W microwave for 2 minutes?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-04 Power Name: ______________________________
Homework
1. Is it correct to conclude that one engine is doing twice the work of another just because it is generating twice the power?
Explain.
2. Explain, in terms of the definition of power, why energy consumption is sometimes listed in kilowatt-hours rather than
joules.
3. A spark of static electricity, such as that you might receive from a doorknob on a cold dry day, may carry a few hundred
watts of power. Explain why you are not injured by such a spark.
4. A person is making homemade ice ream. She exerts a force of magnitude 22 N on the free end of the crank handle, and this
end moves in a circular path of radius 0.28 m. The force is always applied parallel to the motion of the handle. If the handle
is turned once every 1.3 s, what is the average power being expended? (Cutnell 6.56) 30 W
5. One kilowatt ⋅ hour (kWh) is the amount of work or energy generated when one kilowatt of power is supplied for a time of
one hour. A kilowatt ⋅ hour is the unit of energy used by power companies when figuring your electric bill. Determine the
number joules of energy in one kilowatt ⋅ hour. (Cutnell 6.57) 𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 J
6. A 300-kg piano is being lifted at a steady speed from ground level straight up to an apartment 10.0 m above the ground.
The crane that is doing the lifting produces a steady power of 400 W. How much time does it take to lift the piano? (Cutnell
6.58) 73.5 s
7. In 2.0 minutes, a ski lift raises four skiers at constant speed to a height of 140 m. The average mass of each skier is 65 kg.
What is the average power provided by the tension in the cable pulling the lift? (Cutnell 6.59) 3000 W
8. A person in good physical condition can put out 100 W of useful power for several hours at a stretch, perhaps by pedaling
a mechanism that drives an electric generator. Neglecting any problems of generator efficiency and practical
considerations such as resting time: (a) How many people would it take to run a 4.00-kW electric clothes dryer? (b) How
many people would it take to replace a large electric power plant that generates 800 MW? (OpenStax 7.32) 40, 8 million
9. What is the cost of operating a 3.00-W electric clock for a year if the cost of electricity is $0.0900 per kWh? (OpenStax
7.33) $2.37
10. A large household air conditioner may consume 15.0 kW of power. What is the cost of operating this air conditioner 3.00 h
per day for 30.0 d if the cost of electricity is $0.110 per kWh? (OpenStax 7.34) $149
11. (a) What is the average power consumption in watts of an appliance that uses 5.00 kWh of energy per day? (b) How many
joules of energy does this appliance consume in a year? (OpenStax 7.35) 208 W, 𝟔. 𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 J
12. A 500-kg dragster accelerates from rest to a final speed of 110 m/s in 400 m (about a quarter of a mile) and encounters an
average frictional force of 1200 N. What is its average power output in watts and horsepower if this takes 7.30 s (1 hp =
746 W)? (OpenStax 7.37) 𝟒. 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 W, 643 hp
13. (a) How long will it take an 850-kg car with a useful power output of 40.0 hp (1 hp = 746 W) to reach a speed of 15.0 m/s,
neglecting friction? (b) How long will this acceleration take if the car also climbs a 3.00-m-high hill in the process?
(OpenStax 7.38) 3.20 s, 4.04 s
14. (a) What is the available energy content, in joules, of a battery that operates a 2.00-W electric clock for 18 months? (b)
How long can a battery that can supply 8.00 × 104 J run a pocket calculator that consumes energy at the rate of 1.00 ×
10−3 W? (OpenStax 7.40) 𝟗. 𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 J, 2.54 yr

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-05 Energy in Humans and the World Name: _____________________________

Energy in Humans
Human bodies (all living bodies) convert _________________
Rate of __________________________________ use is _________________ rate
 Basal _________________ rate (BMR)
 Total energy _________________ at rest
 Highest: _________________ and _________________

World Energy Use

Energy is required to do _________________
World wide, the most common source of energy is _________________
USA has _________________of world population, but uses _________________of world’s oil

World energy consumption continues to _________________ quickly

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-05 Energy in Humans and the World Name: _____________________________
 Growing economies in _________________ and _________________
 __________________________________ are very polluting
 Many countries trying to develop _________________ energy like _________________ and _________________
 Generally, _________________ energy use per capita = better _________________ of living

Homework
1. Explain why it is easier to climb a mountain on a zigzag path rather than one straight up the side. Is your increase in
gravitational potential energy the same in both cases? Is your energy consumption the same in both?
2. Discuss the relative effectiveness of dieting and exercise in losing weight, noting that most athletic activities consume food
energy at a rate of 400 to 500 W, while a single cup of yogurt can contain 1360 kJ (325 kcal). Specifically, is it likely that
exercise alone will be sufficient to lose weight? You may wish to consider that regular exercise may increase the metabolic
rate, whereas protracted dieting may reduce it.
3. What is the difference between energy conservation and the law of conservation of energy? Give some examples of each.
4. (a) What is the power output in watts and horsepower of a 70.0-kg sprinter who accelerates from rest to 10.0 m/s in 3.00
s? (b) Considering the amount of power generated, do you think a well-trained athlete could do this repetitively for long
periods of time? (OpenStax 7.45) 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 W, 1.56 hp, Very high power
5. Calculate the power output in watts and horsepower of a shot-putter who takes 1.20 s to accelerate the 7.27-kg shot from
rest to 14.0 m/s, while raising it 0.800 m. (Do not include the power produced to accelerate his body.) (OpenStax 7.46)
641 W, 0.860 hp
6. (a) What is the efficiency of an out-of-condition professor who does 2.10 × 105 J of useful work while metabolizing 500
kcal of food energy? (b) How many food calories would a well-conditioned athlete metabolize in doing the same work with
an efficiency of 20%? (OpenStax 7.47) 0.100, 251 kcal
7. Energy that is not utilized for work or heat transfer is converted to the chemical energy of body fat containing about 39
kJ/g. How many grams of fat will you gain if you eat 10,000 kJ (about 2500 kcal) one day and do nothing but sit relaxed for
16.0 h and sleep for the other 8.00 h? Use data from Table 7.5 for the energy consumption rates of these activities.
(OpenStax 7.48) 17.9 g
8. Using data from Table 7.5, calculate the daily energy needs of a person who sleeps for 7.00 h, walks for 2.00 h, attends
classes for 4.00 h, cycles for 2.00 h, sits relaxed for 3.00 h, and studies for 6.00 h. (Studying consumes energy at the same
rate as sitting in class.) (OpenStax 7.49) 3800 kcal
9. The swimmer shown in Figure 7.44 exerts an average horizontal backward force of
80.0 N with his arm during each 1.80 m long stroke. (a) What is his work output in
each stroke? (b) Calculate the power output of his arms if he does 120 strokes per
minute. (OpenStax 7.56) 144 J, 288 W
10. Review: A toy gun uses a spring with a force constant of 300 N/m to propel a 10.0-g steel ball. If the spring is compressed
7.00 cm and friction is negligible: (a) How much force is needed to compress the spring? (b) To what maximum height can
the ball be shot? (c) At what angles above the horizontal may a child aim to hit a target 3.00 m away at the same height as
the gun? (d) What is the gun’s maximum range on level ground? (OpenStax 7.63) -21.0 N, 7.50 m, 5.77°, 84.23°, 15.0 m
11. Review: (a) What force must be supplied by an elevator cable to produce an acceleration of 0.800 m/s 2 against a 200-N
frictional force, if the mass of the loaded elevator is 1500 kg? (b) How much work is done by the cable in lifting the
elevator 20.0 m? (c) What is the final speed of the elevator if it starts from rest? (d) How much work went into thermal
energy? (OpenStax 7.64) 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 N, 𝟑. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 J, 5.66 m/s, 4.00 kJ

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-06 Impulse and Momentum Name: ______________________________
Impulse
𝐽 = 𝐹Δ𝑡
Unit: Ns
Is a ______________________

Both ______________________ and ______________________ play role in how responds to ______________________

Linear Momentum
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
Unit: kg m/s
Is a ______________________
Is important when talking about ______________________

Impulse-Momentum Theorem
𝐹Δ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣0
______________________ = change in ______________________
Find change in momentum
 Use ____________________________________________ and __________________of contact to find average ___________________ of contact
A baseball (m = 0.14 kg) with initial velocity of -40 m/s (90 mph) is hit. It leaves the bat with a velocity of 60 m/s after 0.001 s.
What is the impulse and average net force applied to the ball by the bat?

A raindrop (m = .001 kg) hits a roof of a car at -15 m/s. After it hits, it spatters so the effective final velocity is 0. The time of
impact is .01 s. What is the average force?

What if it is ice so that it bounces off at 10 m/s?

Homework
1. Two identical automobiles have the same speed, one traveling east and one traveling west. Do these cars have the same
momentum? Explain.
2. Two objects have the same momentum. Do the velocities of these objects necessarily have (a) the same directions and (b)
the same magnitudes? Give your reasoning in each case.
3. (a) Can a single object have kinetic energy but no momentum? (b) Can a system of two or more objects have a total kinetic
energy that is not zero but a total momentum that is zero? Account for your answers.

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-06 Impulse and Momentum Name: ______________________________
4. You have a choice. You may get hit head-on either by an adult moving slowly on a bicycle or by a child that is moving twice
as fast on a bicycle. The mass of the child and bicycle is one-half that of the adult and bicycle. Considering only the issues of
mass and velocity, which collision do you prefer? Or doesn’t it matter? Account for your answer.
5. When you’re driving a golf ball, a good “follow-through” helps to increase the distance of the drive. A good follow-through
means that the club head is kept in contact with the ball as long as possible. Using the impulse-momentum theorem,
explain why this technique allows you to hit the ball farther.
6. Explain in terms of impulse how padding reduces forces in a collision. State this in terms of a real example, such as the
advantages of a carpeted vs. tile floor for a day care center.
7. (a) Calculate the momentum of a 2000-kg elephant charging a hunter at a speed of 7.50 m/s. (b) Compare the elephant’s
momentum with the momentum of a 0.0400-kg tranquilizer dart fired at a speed of 600 m/s. (c) What is the momentum of
the 90.0-kg hunter running at 7.40 m/s after missing the elephant? (OpenStax 8.1) 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 kg m/s, 24.0 kg m/s,
𝟔. 𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐 kg m/s
8. (a) What is the mass of a large ship that has a momentum of 1.60 × 109 kg · m/s, when the ship is moving at a speed of
48.0 km/h? (b) Compare the ship’s momentum to the momentum of a 1100-kg artillery shell fired at a speed of 1200 m/s.
(OpenStax 8.2) 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 kg, 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 kg m/s
9. A bullet is accelerated down the barrel of a gun by hot gases produced in the combustion of gun powder. What is the
average force exerted on a 0.0300-kg bullet to accelerate it to a speed of 600 m/s in a time of 2.00 ms (milliseconds)?
(OpenStax 8.7) 𝟗. 𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 N
10. A car moving at 10 m/s crashes into a tree and stops in 0.26 s. Calculate the force the seat belt exerts on a passenger in the
car to bring him to a halt. The mass of the passenger is 70 kg. (OpenStax 8.8) 2690 N
11. Suppose a child drives a bumper car head on into the side rail, which exerts a force of 4000 N on the car for 0.200 s. (a)
What impulse is imparted by this force? (b) Find the final velocity of the bumper car if its initial velocity was 2.80 m/s and
the car plus driver have a mass of 200 kg. You may neglect friction between the car and floor. (OpenStax 8.11) −800 kg
m/s, −1.20 m/s
12. One hazard of space travel is debris left by previous missions. There are several thousand objects orbiting Earth that are
large enough to be detected by radar, but there are far greater numbers of very small objects, such as flakes of paint.
Calculate the force exerted by a 0.100-mg chip of paint that strikes a spacecraft window at a relative speed of 4.00 × 103
m/s, given the collision lasts 6.00 × 10– 8 s. (OpenStax 8.12) 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 N
13. A 75.0-kg person is riding in a car moving at 20.0 m/s when the car runs into a bridge abutment. (a) Calculate the average
force on the person if he is stopped by a padded dashboard that compresses an average of 1.00 cm. (b) Calculate the
average force on the person if he is stopped by an air bag that compresses an average of 15.0 cm. (OpenStax 8.13)
−𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 N, −𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 N
14. A volleyball is spiked so that its incoming velocity of +4.0 m/s is changed to an outgoing velocity of −21 m/s. The mass of
the volleyball is 0.35 kg. What impulse does the player apply to the ball? (Cutnell 7.1) −8.7 kg m/s
15. A baseball (m = 149 g) approaches a bat horizontally at a speed of 40.2 m/s (90 mph) and is hit straight back at a speed of
45.6 m/s (102 mph). If the ball is in contact with the bat for a time of 1.10 ms, what is the average force exerted on the ball
by the bat? Neglect the weight of the ball, since it is so much less than the force of the bat. Choose the direction of the
incoming ball as the positive direction. (Cutnell 7.4) −11600 N

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-07 Conservation of Momentum Name: ______________________________
System
All the ___________________ involved in the ___________________
Usually only ___________________ objects

___________________ Forces – Forces that the objects exert on each other

___________________ Forces – Forces exerted by things outside of the system

Law of Conservation of Momentum

In an ___________________ system the total momentum remains ___________________
𝑝0 = 𝑝𝑓
Reasoning Strategy
1. Decide on the ___________________
2. Identify ___________________ and ___________________ ___________________
3. Is the system ___________________? If no, then ___________________ use conservation of momentum
4. Set the total __________________ momentum of the isolated system ___________________ to the total ________________ momentum
Two billiard balls are colliding on a table. In order to apply the law of conservation of momentum, what should the system be?
One ball or both billiard balls?

A hockey puck of mass 0.17 kg and velocity 5 m/s is caught by a .5 kg mitten laying on the ice. What is the combined velocity
after the puck is in the mitten? (ignore friction)

A 5 kg baseball pitching machine is placed on some frictionless ice. It shoots a 0.15 kg baseball horizontally at 35 m/s. How
fast is the pitching machine moving after it shoots the ball?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-07 Conservation of Momentum Name: ______________________________
Homework
1. In movies, Superman hovers in midair, grabs a villain by the neck, and throws him forward. Superman, however, remains
stationary. Using the conservation of linear momentum, explain what is wrong with this scene.
2. A satellite explodes in outer space, far from any other body, sending thousands of pieces in all directions. How does the
linear momentum of the satellite before the explosion compare with the total linear momentum of all the pieces after the
explosion? Explain.
3. You are a passenger on a jetliner that is flying at a constant velocity. You get up from your seat and walk toward the front
of the plane. Because of this action, your forward momentum increases. What, if anything, happens to the forward
momentum of the plane? Give your reasoning.
4. An ice boat is coasting along a frozen lake. Friction between the ice and the boat is negligible, and so is air resistance.
Nothing is propelling the boat. From a bridge someone jumps straight down and lands in the boat, which continues to
coast straight ahead. (a) Does the horizontal momentum of the boat change? (b) Does the speed of the boat increase,
decrease, or remain the same? Explain.
5. A 55-kg swimmer is standing on a stationary 210-kg floating raft. The swimmer then runs off the raft horizontally with a
velocity of +4.6 m/s relative to the shore. Find the recoil velocity that the raft would have if there were no friction and
resistance due to the water. (Cutnell 7.16) -1.2 m/s
6. Two friends, Al and Jo, have a combined mass of 168 kg. At an ice skating rink they stand close together on skates, at rest
and facing each other, with a compressed spring between them. The spring is kept from pushing them apart because they
are holding each other. When they release their arms, Al moves off in one direction at a speed of 0.90 m/s, while Jo moves
off in the opposite direction at a speed of 1.2 m/s. Assuming that friction is negligible, find Al’s mass. (Cutnell 7.18) 96 kg
7. In a science fiction novel two enemies, Bonzo and Ender, are fighting in outer space. From stationary positions they push
against each other. Bonzo flies off with a velocity of +1.5 m/s, while Ender recoils with a velocity of -2.5 m/s. (a) Without
doing any calculations, decide which person has the greater mass. Give your reasoning. (b) Determine the ratio of the
masses (𝑚𝐵𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑜 /𝑚𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 ) of these two people. (Cutnell 7.17) 1.7
8. Train cars are coupled together by being bumped into one another. Suppose two loaded train cars are moving toward one
another, the first having a mass of 150,000 kg and a velocity of 0.300 m/s, and the second having a mass of 110,000 kg and
a velocity of −0.120 m/s. (The minus indicates direction of motion.) What is their final velocity? (OpenStax 8.23) 0.122
m/s
9. Suppose a clay model of a koala bear has a mass of 0.200 kg and slides on ice at a speed of 0.750 m/s. It runs into another
clay model, which is initially motionless and has a mass of 0.350 kg. Both being soft clay, they naturally stick together.
What is their final velocity? (OpenStax 8.24) 0.272 m/s
10. Consider the following question: A car moving at 10 m/s crashes into a tree and stops in 0.26 s. Calculate the force the
seatbelt exerts on a passenger in the car to bring him to a halt. The mass of the passenger is 70 kg. Would the answer to this
question be different if the car with the 70-kg passenger had collided with a car that has a mass equal to and is traveling in
the opposite direction and at the same speed? Explain your answer. (OpenStax 8.25) 2690 N
11. What is the velocity of a 900-kg car initially moving at 30.0 m/s, just after it hits a 150-kg deer initially running at 12.0
m/s in the same direction? Assume the deer remains on the car. (OpenStax 8.26) 27.4 m/s
12. A 1.80-kg falcon catches a 0.650-kg dove from behind in midair. What is their velocity after impact if the falcon’s velocity is
initially 28.0 m/s and the dove’s velocity is 7.00 m/s in the same direction? (OpenStax 8.27) 22.4 m/s

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-08 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Name: ____________________________
___________________– ___________________ energy often ___________________
___________________– ___________________ energy usually not ___________________
 Converted into ___________________
 Converted into ___________________ or ___________________
Elastic – ___________________ energy ___________________
Inelastic – ___________________ energy ___________________
Completely inelastic – the objects ___________________ together
You are playing marbles. Your 0.10 kg shooter traveling at 1 m/s hits a stationary 0.05 kg cat’s eye marble. If it is an elastic
collision what are the velocities after the collision?

A ballistic pendulum can be used to determine the muzzle velocity of a gun. A .01 kg bullet is fired into a 3 kg block of wood.
The block is attached with a thin .5m wire and swings to an angle of 40°. How fast was the bullet traveling when it left the
gun?

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
Physics 03-08 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Name: ____________________________
Homework
1. In an elastic collision, is the kinetic energy of each object the same before and after the collision? Explain.
2. What is an elastic collision?
3. What is an inelastic collision? What is a perfectly inelastic collision?
4. Mixed-pair ice skaters performing in a show are standing motionless at arms length just before starting a routine. They
reach out, clasp hands, and pull themselves together by only using their arms. Assuming there is no friction between the
blades of their skates and the ice, what is their velocity after their bodies meet?
5. In a football game, a receiver is standing still, having just caught a pass. Before he can
move, a tackler, running at a velocity of +4.5 m/s, grabs him. The tackler holds onto
the receiver, and the two move off together with a velocity of +2.6 m/s. The mass of
the tackler is 115 kg. Assuming that momentum is conserved, find the mass of the
receiver. (Cutnell 7.25) 84 kg
6. A 2.50-g bullet, traveling at a speed of 425 m/s, strikes the wooden block of a ballistic
pendulum, such as that in the picture. The block has a mass of 215 g. (a) Find the
speed of the bullet/block combination immediately after the collision. (b) How high
does the combination rise above its initial position? (Cutnell 7.28) 4.89 m/s, 1.22 m
7. A 1055-kg van, stopped at a traffic light, is hit directly in the rear by a 715-kg car
traveling with a velocity of +2.25 m/s. Assume that the transmission of the van is in
neutral, the brakes are not being applied, and the collision is elastic. What is the final
velocity of (a) the car and (b) the van? (Cutnell 7.26) -0.432 m/s, 1.82 m/s
8. A cue ball (mass = 0.165 kg) is at rest on a frictionless pool table. The ball is hit dead
center by a pool stick, which applies an impulse of +1.50 Ns to the ball. The ball then slides along the table and makes an
elastic head-on collision with a second ball of equal mass that is initially at rest. Find the velocity of the second ball just
after it is struck. (Cutnell 7.29) 9.09 m/s
9. A 5.00-kg ball, moving to the right at a velocity of +2.00 m/s on a frictionless table, collides head-on with a stationary 7.50-
kg ball. Find the final velocities of the balls if the collision is (a) elastic and (b) completely inelastic. (Cutnell 7.31) -0.4
m/s, 1.6 m/s; 0.8 m/s
10. A mine car, whose mass is 440 kg, rolls at a speed of 0.50 m/s on a horizontal track, as the
drawing shows. A 150-kg chunk of coal has a speed of 0.80 m/s when it leaves the chute.
Determine the velocity of the car/coal system after the coal has come to rest in the car.
(Cutnell 7.34) 0.56 m/s
11. A 30,000-kg freight car is coasting at 0.850 m/s with negligible friction under a hopper that
dumps 110,000 kg of scrap metal into it. (a) What is the final velocity of the loaded freight
car? (b) How much kinetic energy is lost? (OpenStax 8.36) 0.182 m/s, 𝟖. 𝟓𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 J
12. During an ice show, a 60.0-kg skater leaps into the air and is caught by an initially stationary 75.0-kg skater. (a) What is
their final velocity assuming negligible friction and that the 60.0-kg skater’s original horizontal velocity is 4.00 m/s? (b)
How much kinetic energy is lost? (OpenStax 8.32) 1.78 m/s, -267 J
13. An automobile has a mass of 2100 kg and a velocity of +17 m/s. It makes a rear-end collision with a stationary car whose
mass is 1900 kg. The cars lock bumpers and skid off together with the wheels locked. (a) What is the velocity of the two
cars just after the collision? (b) Find the impulse (magnitude and direction) that acts on the skidding cars from just after
the collision until they come to a halt. (c) Review: If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the wheels of the cars and
the pavement is 𝜇𝑘 = 0.68, determine how far the cars skid before coming to rest. (Cutnell 7.33) 8.9 m/s, −𝟑. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 Ns,
5.9 m

Created by Richard Wright – Andrews Academy To be used with OpenStax College Physics
 Physics
Unit 3: Work, Energy, and Momentum

1. Meanings and concepts of terms like work, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, Conservation of
mechanical energy, work-energy theorem, conservative force, nonconservative, elastic and inelastic
collisions, impulse, momentum, isolated system, conserved
2. Know how force and time are related to collisions and impulse.
3. When is linear momentum and kinetic energy is conserved.
4. Mike is cutting the grass using a human-powered lawn mower. He pushes the mower with a force of 100
N directed at an angle of 20° below the horizontal direction. Calculate the work that Mike does on the
mower in pushing it 5 m across the yard.
5. The kinetic energy of a car is 7000 J as it travels along a horizontal road. How much work is required to
stop the car in 20 s?
6. A 15-kg block is lifted vertically 10 meters from the surface of the earth. To one significant figure, what is
the change in the gravitational potential energy of the block?
7. An engineer is asked to design a playground slide such that the speed a child reaches at the bottom does
not exceed 4.0 m/s. Determine the maximum height that the slide can be.
8. A ball of mass 5-kg is dropped from a height of 1.4
m (from the ground) onto a massless spring (the
spring has an equilibrium length of 0.5 m). The ball
compresses the spring by an amount of 0.29 m by
the time it comes to a stop. Calculate the spring 1.4 m
constant of the spring.
0.29 m
0.5 m
9. A warehouse worker uses a forklift to lift a crate of
pickles on a platform to a height 5 m above the
floor. The combined mass of the platform and the
crate is 100 kg. If the power expended by the forklift is 2000 W, how long does it take to lift the crate?
10. Jennifer is walking at 0.5 m/s. If Jennifer weighs 980 N, what is the magnitude of her momentum?
11. A 10.0-kg steel ball is dropped straight down onto a hard horizontal floor and bounces straight up. Its
speed just before and just after impact with the floor is 100 m/s. Determine the magnitude of the impulse
delivered to the floor by the steel ball.
12. A 5000-kg cannon at rest contains a 100-kg cannon ball. When fired, the cannon ball leaves the cannon
with a speed of 20 m/s. What is the recoil speed of the cannon?
13. A 2000-kg car traveling east at 50 m/s collides with a 500-kg car traveling west at 30 m/s. The cars stick
together after the collision. What is their common velocity after the collision?
14. A driver slams on the brakes of a 900-kg car going at 40 m/s so that the wheels lock. The road is sloping
upwards. If the car stops 20 m higher than it started, what is the work that friction did to stop the car?
4. 𝐹 = 100 𝑁 @20°, 𝑠 = 5 𝑚 12. 𝑚𝑐 = 5000 𝑘𝑔, 𝑣0𝑐 = 0, 𝑣𝑓𝑐 = ?
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = (100 𝑁)(5 𝑚) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 20° = 𝑚
𝑚𝑏 = 100 𝑘𝑔, 𝑣0𝑏 = 0, 𝑣𝑓𝑏 = 20
𝑠
𝟒𝟕𝟎 𝑱
𝑚𝑐 𝑣0𝑐 + 𝑚𝑏 𝑣0𝑏 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑣𝑓𝑐 + 𝑚𝑏 𝑣𝑓𝑏
5. 𝐾𝐸0 = 7000 𝐽, 𝑡 = 20 𝑠
(5000 𝑘𝑔)(0) + (100 𝑘𝑔)(0) =
𝑊 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸0 = 0 − 7000 𝐽 = 𝑚
(5000 𝑘𝑔)𝑣𝑓𝑐 + (100 𝑘𝑔) (20 )
−𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑱 𝑠
𝑚
6. 𝑚 = 15 𝑘𝑔, ℎ = 10 𝑚 0 = (5000 𝑘𝑔)𝑣𝑓𝑐 + 2000 𝑘𝑔
𝑠
𝑚 𝑚
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = (15 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2) (10 𝑚) = −2000 𝑘𝑔 = (5000 𝑘𝑔)𝑣𝑓𝑐
𝑠 𝑠
𝒎
𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟎 𝑱 𝑣𝑓𝑐 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟎
𝒔
𝑚
7. 𝑣𝑓 = 4 13. 𝑚1 = 2000 𝑘𝑔, 𝑣01 = 50
𝑚
, 𝑣𝑓1 = ?
𝑠
𝑠
𝑃𝐸𝑓 + 𝐾𝐸𝑓 = 𝑃𝐸0 + 𝐾𝐸0 𝑚
𝑚2 = 500 𝑘𝑔, 𝑣02 = −30 , 𝑣𝑓2 = ?
1 1 𝑠
𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑓 + 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ0 + 𝑚𝑣02 𝑚1 𝑣01 + 𝑚2 𝑣02 = 𝑚1 𝑣𝑓1 + 𝑚2 𝑣𝑓2
2 2
𝑚 1 𝑚 2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
(9.8 2 ) (0 𝑚) + (4 ) = (9.8 2 ) ℎ0 + (2000 𝑘𝑔) (50 ) + (500 𝑘𝑔) (−30 ) =
𝑠 2 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
1 𝑚 2 (2000 𝑘𝑔)𝑣𝑓 + (500 𝑘𝑔)𝑣𝑓
(0 )
2 𝑠 𝑚
𝑚2 𝑚 85000 𝑘𝑔 = 2500 𝑘𝑔 𝑣𝑓
𝑠
8 = 9.8 ℎ0
𝑠2 𝑠2 𝑣𝑓 = 𝟑𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
ℎ0 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟔 𝒎
14. 𝐸0 + 𝑊𝑛𝑐 = 𝐸𝑓
8. 𝑚 = 5 𝑘𝑔, ℎ0 = 1.4 𝑚, ℎ𝑓 = 0.5 𝑚 −
1
0.29 𝑚 = 0.21 𝑚, 𝑥 = 0.29 𝑚 𝑚𝑣02 + 𝑊𝑛𝑐 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑓
2
𝐾𝐸0 + 𝑃𝐸0 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 + 𝑃𝐸𝑓 1 𝑚 2
1 (900 𝑘𝑔) (40 ) + 𝑊𝑛𝑐
0 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ0 = 0 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑓 + 𝑘𝑥 2 2 𝑠
2 𝑚
𝑚 = (900 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) (20 𝑚)
(5 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2) (1.4 𝑚) = 𝑠
𝑠
𝑚 1 720000 𝐽 + 𝑊𝑛𝑐 = 176400 𝐽
(5 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2) (0.21 𝑚) + 𝑘(0.29 𝑚)2
𝑠 2 𝑊𝑛𝑐 = −5.44 × 105 𝐽
68.6 𝐽 = 10.29 𝐽 + (0.04205 𝑚2 )𝑘
58.31 𝐽 = (0.04205 𝑚2 )𝑘
𝑵
𝑘 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟕
𝒎
9. ℎ = 5 𝑚, 𝑚 = 100 𝑘𝑔, 𝑃 = 2000 𝑊
𝑊 𝐹𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠
𝑃= = =
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑚
(100 𝑘𝑔)(9.8 2 )(5 𝑚)
𝑠
2000 𝑊 =
𝑡
𝑡 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟓 𝒔
𝑚
10. 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 → 980 𝑁 = 𝑚 (9.8 2 ) → 𝑚 =
𝑠
100 𝑘𝑔
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑚 𝒎
𝑝 = (100 𝑘𝑔) (0.5 ) = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒈
𝑠 𝒔
𝑚 𝑚
11. 𝑚 = 10 𝑘𝑔, 𝑣0 = −100 , 𝑣𝑓 = 100
𝑠 𝑠
𝐽 = 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣0
𝐽=
𝑚 𝑚
(10 𝑘𝑔) (100 ) − (10 𝑘𝑔) (−100 ) =
𝑠 𝑠
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵𝒔