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Chapter - 5

This document discusses various ethical issues in research including plagiarism, falsification, fabrication, and misleading authorship. It defines these terms and provides examples of each. It also discusses ensuring research is conducted ethically by being honest with participants, protecting confidential information, and understanding internet limitations.

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52 views19 pages

Chapter - 5

This document discusses various ethical issues in research including plagiarism, falsification, fabrication, and misleading authorship. It defines these terms and provides examples of each. It also discusses ensuring research is conducted ethically by being honest with participants, protecting confidential information, and understanding internet limitations.

Uploaded by

abebaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 5

Research Ethics
5.1 Ethical Issues in Research
What are the ethical issues in Computer Science?
In computer science, ethics are regarded as how
professionals make decisions for professional and
social conduct.
There are rules and practices that determine what
is right or wrong.
Ethical issues occur when a decision or activity
creates a dispute/debit/ with society's moral
policies.
Con’t…
How to make sure your research is ethical?
Be honest with your participants about who
you are and what your project is about.
Be sensitive to your participants’ feelings and
to cultural norms.
Represent your participants accurately and be
open to what they are saying and doing
How do you ensure that your research is ethical?
Take practical security measures.
Be sure confidential records are stored in a
secure area with limited access, and
consider stripping them of identifying
information, if feasible. ...
Think about data sharing before research
begins
Understand the limits of the Internet. .
Con’t…
What are the five ethical principles in
research?
Truthfulness and confidentiality.
Autonomy and informed consent.
Beneficence.
Nonmaleficence.
Justice
5.2 Plagiarism, Falsification, Fabrication

5.2.1 Plagiarism
Many people think of plagiarism as copying
another's work or borrowing someone else's
original ideas. But terms like "copying" and
"borrowing" can disguise the seriousness of
the offense:
In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud.
It involves both stealing someone else's work
and lying about it afterward.
DEFINITION OF PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is derived from Latin word
“plagiarius” which means “kidnapper,” who
abducts the child.
The word plagiarism entered the Oxford English
dictionary in 1621.
 Plagiarism has been defined by the
Encyclopedia Britannica as “the act of taking the
writings of another person and passing them off
as ones own.”
It is an act of forgery, piracy, and fraud and is
stated to be a serious crime of academia.
It is also a violation of copyright laws. Honesty in
scientific practice and in publication is necessary.
Con’t…
The World Association of Medical
Editors (WAME) defines plagiarism as “… the
use of others’ published and unpublished ideas
or words (or other intellectual property) without
attribution or permission and presenting them as
new and original rather than derived from an
existing source.”
In 1999, the Committee on Publication Ethics
(COPE) defined plagiarism as “Plagiarism
ranges from the unreferenced use of others’
published and unpublished ideas including
research grant applications to submission under
new authorship of a complex paper, sometimes in
a different language.
FORMS OF PLAGIARISM
1. Verbatim plagiarism: When one submits someone
else's words verbatim in his/her own name without
even acknowledging him publically. Copy and paste
from a published article without referencing is a
common form of verbatim plagiarism.
2. Mosaic plagiarism: In this type of plagiarism each
word is not copied but it involves mixing ones own
words in someone else's ideas and opinions.
3. Paraphrasing: If one rewrites any part/paragraph of
manuscript in his/her own words it is called
paraphrasing. Paraphrasing is a restatement in your
own words, of someone else's ideas. Changing a few
words of the original sentences does not make it your
writing.
Con’t…
4. Self plagiarism: “Publication of one's own data that
have already been published is not acceptable since it
distorts scientific record.” Self-plagiarized publications
do not contribute to scientific work; they just increase
the number of papers published without justification in
scientific research.
5. Cyber plagiarism: “Copying or downloading in part
or in their entirety articles or research papers and
ideas from the internet and not giving proper
attribution is unethical and falls in the range of cyber
plagiarism”
6. Image plagiarism: Using an image or video without
receiving proper permission or providing appropriate
citation is plagiarism.
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?

Practice the ethical writing honestly.


Keep honesty in all scientific writings.
Crediting all the original sources.
When you fail to cite your sources or when
you cite them inadequately, you commit
plagiarism, an offense that is taken extremely
seriously in academic world and is a
misconduct.
Con’t…
5.2.2 Falsification
Falsification is the changing or omission of
research results (data) to support claims,
hypotheses, other data, etc.
Falsification can include the manipulation or
changing data of research materials, processes
instrumentation, equipment and, of course,
results.
Manipulation of images or representations in a
manner that distorts the data or “reads too much
between the lines” can also be considered
falsification.
Con’t…
Falsification include altering data or results
in a way where the research is not accurate.
For example, a researcher might be looking for a
particular outcome, and the actual research did
not support their theory. They might
manipulate the data or analysis to match the
research to the desired results.
Con’t…
5.2.3 Fabrication
Fabrication, on the other hand, is more about
making up research results and data, and
reporting them as true. This can happen when a
researcher, for example, states that a particular lab
process was done when, in fact, it wasn’t. Or that
the research didn’t take place at all, in the case of
a study results from previous research were
copied and published as original research.
Fabrication is “making up data or results.”
What is fabrication in science?

defines fabrication as follows: “ Fabrication is


making up data or results and recording or
reporting them.” As I wrote in the previous
blog post.
“Falsification” and “Fabrication” are not
always easy to distinguish. In falsification,
experimental measurements might have been
altered so that research is not accurately
represented
5.3 Academic Honesty Related Issues – Ex.
Misleading Authorship
What is academic honesty and why is it important?
 Academic integrity allows students and staff the freedom
to build new ideas, knowledge and creative works while
respecting and acknowledging the work of others.
What is an example of academic honesty?
 Examples of complicity include knowingly allowing
another to copy from one’s paper during an examination
or test; distributing test questions or substantive
information about the materials to be tested before the
scheduled exercise; collaborating on academic work
knowing that the collaboration will not be reported; …
What is an academic violation?

Academic Honesty Violations include but are


not limited to the following examples:
Cheating. The presence of “cheat sheets”
during an exam, test, or quiz.
Programming a calculator or other electronic
device with information for an exam, test, or
quiz. Writing information on one’s person or
clothing.
Misleading Authorship
Unethical authorship refers to a kind of academic
misconduct that unjustly names a person to be an
author, removes his/her name from the study, or
replace his/her name with the name of other
authors who have made little or no contribution to
the research or writing of a manuscript.
Unethical authorship is described as academic
misconduct, through which a person who has not
contributed to the research is include in the
research as an author, however, a genuine
contributor to the research is excluded from the list
of authors of the study.
Thank You ...

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