The Nano World How SMALL is a Nanoscale?

Nanotechnology • Nanometer

• The use of nanoscale is one important – billionth of a meter;

interdisciplinary area generated by – 10-9 of a meter

advancement in science and

technology.
• Scientists and engineers were able to
build materials with innovative
properties as they manipulate
nanomaterials.
• Research and application of
knowledge on nanomaterials will
continue to bring widespread
implications in various areas of the
society, especially health care,
environment, energy, food, water,
and agriculture.
• Refers to the science, engineering,
and technology conducted at the
nanoscale
• 1 to 100 nanometers
Nanomaterials
• Nanoscience and nanotechnology
• Classified according to their
• Employs the study and
individual shapes and sizes
application of exceptionally
• May be particles, tubes, wires, films,
small things in other areas of
flakes, or shells that have one or
science including materials
more nanometer-sized dimensions
science, engineering, physics,
biology and chemistry
HOW TO VIEW NANOMATERIALS
• The concepts of nanotechnology
• Scientists use special types of
and nanoscience started in
microscopes to view minute
December 29, 1959.
nanomaterials.
• It started when Physicist Richard
• During the 1930s, scientists used
Feynman discussed a method in his
electron microscopes and field
talk “There’s Plenty of Room at the
microscopes to look at the
Bottom” during the American
nanoscale.
Physical Society meeting at the
• Scanning tunneling microscope,
California Institute of Technology.
atomic force microscope
• The term “nanotechnology” was
coined by Professor Norio Taniguchi a
decade after the dawn of the use of
ultraprecision machining.
1. Electron Microscope processes for the construction of
• Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll (Germans, material
1930s) • Leads to the development of new
• Utilizes a particle beam of electrons products and improved materials
to light up a specimen and
developed a well-magnified image. Two Fundamental approaches to
• Produce higher and better resolution manufacturing
than older light microscopes 1. Bottom-up fabrication
because they can magnify objects – Manufactures products by building
up to a million times (conventional them up from atomic = and
light microscopes can magnify molecular-scale components
objects up to 1,500 times only) – Can be time-consuming
TYPES OF ELECTRONS MICROSOPE – Scientists and engineers are still in
A. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) search for effective ways of putting
B. Transmission electron microscope together molecular components that
(TEM) self-assemble and from the bottom-
up to organized structures
2. Atomic Force Microscope 2. Top-down fabrication
• Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate and – Trims down large pieces of materials
Christoph Gerber (1986) into nanoscale
• Makes use of a mechanical probe – The process needs larger amounts of
that gathers information from the materials and discards excess raw
surface of a material. materials

3. Scanning Tunneling Microscope New approaches to the assembly of

• Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohreer nanomaterials:
(1986). 1. Dip pen lithography
o They won the Nobel Prize in • method in which the tip of an
Physics because of this atomic force microscope is
invention. “dipped” into a chemical fluid and
• Enables scientists to view and then utilized to “write” on a surface
manipulate nanoscale particles, • Like an old-fashioned ink pen onto a
atoms, and small molecules. paper
2. Self-assembly
Nanomanufacturing • Depicts an approach wherein a set
• Refers to scaled-up, reliable, and of components join together to mold
cost- effective manufacturing of an organized structure in the
nanoscale materials, structures, absence of an outside direction
devices and systems 3. Chemical vapor deposition
• Also involves research, • Chemicals act in response to form
improvement, and incorporation of very pure, high- performance films
4. Nanoimprint lithography Distinct Features of a Nanoscale
• Method of generating nanoscale 1. Scale at which much biology occurs.
attributes by “stamping” or – Various activities of the cells take
“printing” them onto a surface place at the nanoscale
5. Molecular beam epitaxy – DNA (2 nm in diameter)
• One manner for depositing – Hemoglobin (5.5 nm in diameter)
extremely controlled thin films – A good number of modern
6. Roll-to-roll processing researches focus on advancing
• High-volume practice for procedures, therapies, tools, and
constructing nanoscale devices on treatments that are more accurate
a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal and custom-made than traditional
7. Atomic layer epitaxy methods and cause no adverse
• Means for laying down one-atom- effects on the body.
thick layers on a surface
Distinct Features of a Nanoscale
With the use of these techniques, 1. Scale at which much biology occurs.
nanomaterials are made more: – Example: Bio-barcode assay
• durable • Inexpensive approach for
• stronger identification of specific disease
• Lighter markers in the blood despite their
• water-repellent small number in a specific specimen
• ultraviolet- resistant 2. Scale at which quantum effects
• infrared-resistant dominate properties of materials.
• scratch-resistant – Particles with dimensions of 1-100
• electrically conductive nanometers have properties that are
• antireflective significantly discrete from particles of
• antifog bigger dimensions.
• antimicrobial – Quantum effects direct the behavior
• self-cleaning and properties of particles in this size
scale.
The characteristics mentioned lead to the – Chemical reactivity, fluorescence,
manufacture of nanotechnology-enabled magnetic permeability, melting
products such as: point, and electrical conductivity
• Tennis rackets – Example: nanoscale gold
• Baseball bats • Not only yellow-colored
• Purifying crude oil element we are used to seeing
• Ultrasensitive recognition but it can also appear red or
• Classification of biological/chemical purple
toxins • Nanoscale gold particles
In the future - better computers (more selectively build up in tumors,
efficient, larger memory storage, where they permit both
faster, etc.) precise imaging and targeted
laser destruction of the tumor while take some natural resources and current
avoiding damage on healthy cells practices uncompetitive or obsolete.
3. Nanoscale materials have far larger 4. It may be complicated to detect its
surface areas than similar masses of presence unless one has the specialist
larger-scale materials tools of nanotechnology.
– As we increase the surface area per
mass of a particular material, a
greater amount of the material
comes in contact with another
material and can affect its reactivity

Possible Applications of Nanotechnology in

the Philippines
1. ICT and semiconductors
2. Health and medicine
Social and Ethical Considerations in
3. Energy
Conducting Research and Nanotechnology
4. Food and agriculture
1. Who will benefit from it? On the other
5. Environment
hand, who won’t?
2. For whom and what are your
Nanotech Roadmap for the Philippines
objectives for developing your
1. ICT and semiconductors
product?
2. Health and biomedical
3. How will it affect social, economic,
3. Energy
and political relationships?
4. Environment
4. What problem is your “product” trying
5. Agriculture and food
to solve?
6. Health and environmental risk
5. Who will have access to it? Who will
7. Nano-metrology
be excluded?
8. Education and public awareness
6. Are there dangers involved with its
development (e.g., safety, health,
Benefits and Concerns of Using
pollution)? How can you minimize
Nanotechnology
them?
7. Who will own it? How can you assure
Concerns that need to be addressed
access to it?
before using and promoting
materials derived from nanotechnology:
1. Nanotechnology is not a single
technology; it may become pervasive.
2. Nanotechnology seeks to develop new
materials with specific properties.
3. Nanotechnology may introduce new
efficiencies and paradigms which may
Advancement in medical technology Key individuals:
1. CHRISTIAN BARNARD. THE FIRST MAN TO
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE TRANSPLANT A HUMAN HEART.
Who was he?
• Christian Barnard was born in South
Africa and worked as a surgeon at
the Groote Schuur hospital in Cape
Town. After, further training in
America, he became a leading
STEPS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY heart surgeon.
ADVANCEMENT 2. Christian Barnard
• What brought him to prominence?
• In 1967 he transplanted the heart of
a road accident victim, Denise
Darvell into a 59-year-old man, Louis
Washkansky. This was the first
operation of its kind.
• Unfortunately, Washkansky died 18
days later from pneumonia. the
drugs used to prevent the body
HELATH CHALLENGES
rejecting the new heart adversely
• Quality of care
weakened his resistance to
• Cost rising
infection.
• Demographics change
Was Barnards successful?
• One of Barnard's patients lived for
HEALTH TRENDS
over a year and a half after surgery,
but patients needed drugs to
prevent the body rejecting the
donor heart. these left them open to
infection and many died.
• In 1974 a new drug was discovered
called cyclosporin. This drug helped
to overcome the body's rejection of
the donor organs and protected the
patient against infection.
• Subsequent heart transplants were
more successful and since the late
1980s, the majority of patients have
survived for more than two years
after surgery.
TECHNOLOGY DRIVER 4. Robots
• Micro-computers nanotechnology • Independent Walk Assist – TOYOTA
• Bionics • Da Vinci Robotic Surgery – Intuitive
• Regenerative medicine Surgical
5. Cyberplasm
1. Nanotechnology • synthetic biology..
Description: • nano/microscale ..
Different properties in quantum - • biohybrid robot.
magnetic, electronic, optical,
thermal
Applications:
• Drug/substance delivery
• Therapy Technique (e.g.
Nanotherm)
• Diagnostic & Imaging
• Anti-Microbial Techniques
• Nanorobot (e.g . Chromallocyte,
6. THE BIONIC EYE
• Respirocyte, etc.)
• The “Argus II” takes a video signal
from a camera built into sunglasses
2. Bionics
and wirelessly transmits that image
Description:
to implants in the retinas of people
Recognize disease before symptom
who have lost their vision. Though it’s
Minimal invasive treatment
been available in Europe since 2011,
Applications:
the U.S. Food and Drug
• Tracer @ tumors, dementia,
Administration (FDA) only approved
• disease
the eye earlier this year.
• Image quality vs Radiation
• The Argus II is currently only
• Brain Area Function
approved for people who have lost
• Portrait Holography Remodeling
their sight from retinal pigmentosis—
• Endoscopy
which affects 1 in 4,000 Americans.
7. The Cancer Gene Fingerprint
3. Medical image & optical tech
• But even prostate cancer comes in
Description:
multiple flavors ranging from
Recognize disease before symptom
manageable to very bad. By
Minimal invasive treatment
analyzing the mutated genome of a
Applications:
tumor, doctors can now pinpoint
• Tracer @ tumors, dementia,
whether a cancer is sensitive to a
• disease
certain chemotherapy, or one that
• Image quality vs Radiation
doesn’t respond at all to current
• Brain Area Function
treatments.
• Portrait Holography remodeling
• Endoscopy
 • Knowing the subtype might mean CLIMATE CHANGE
jumping directly to a clinical trial that Weather vs. Climate
could save your life. • Weather refers to the conditions in
8. The seizure stopper the atmosphere over short time
• For the 840,000 epileptics suffering scales (e.g. minutes, hours, days
from sudden, uncontrollable even weeks).
seizures, the NeuroPace is like “a • Climate is the averaged weather
defibrillator for your brain,” Dr. Roizen over a long period of time (e.g. years
says. +++ )over a certain place. (Avg.
• The system includes sensors weather of at least 30 years)
implanted in the brain that can spot
the first tremors of an oncoming CLIMATE CHANGE
seizure. Then it sends electrical pulses • Occurs when changes in Earth’s
that counteract thebrain's own climate system result in new weather
haywire signals, stopping the seizure patterns that remain in place for an
in its tracks. extended period of time.
• Even more impressive: The • This length of time can be as short as
NeuroPace can be fine- tuned by a few decades to as long as millions
doctors based on its performance. In of years.
the firstyear it was available, seizure • Any significant long-term change in
episodes were reduced by an the expected patterns of average
average of 40 percent. weather of a region (or the whole
9. The Hepatitis Cure Earth) over a significant period of
• Until recently, treatment for hepatitis time
C fell into the good-but-not-great • Abnormal variations of climate
category, with only around 70
percent of patients being cured. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• The new drug Sofosbuvir is a much • Solar radiation is reflected by the
more potent killer of hep C, with earth and the atmosphere
success in as many as 95 percent of • Some of the infrared radiation
patients. Even more, the medication passes through the atmosphere.
only has to be administered for 12 Some is absorbed and re-emitted in
weeks, sans interferon injections. all directions by greenhouse gas
All advancement must abide to the four molecules. The effect of this is to
general ethical standard warm the earth’s surface and the
1. Autonomy lower atmosphere.
2. Beneficience • Most radiation is absorbed by the
3. Non-maleficence earth’s surface and warms it
4. Justice • Infrared radiation is emitted by the
earth’s surface
GLOBAL CLIMATE DRIVER Diploid Genome:
o CLIMATE CHANGE Somatic cells
o WILTING RICE 23 chromosome pairs
o ENERGY 6 billion DNA base pairs
o HEALTH
o OCEAN ACIDIFICATION Comparison Genetic Information with a
o DISASTER RISK Library

What can/should we do about climate

change?
• Reduce the hazard
• Reduce exposure and vulnerability

Geoengineering – Large-scale interventions

to counter climate change
The Human Genome Project
1. Carbon dioxide removal
• Goal - To make a map of the human
2. Solar radiation management
genome
3. Co2 emission by production sector
• The base pair order of 24
chromosomes was to be
GENE THERAPY
determined
Gene Therapy Conventional
• Planning started in 1984
Therapy
• Launched in 1990 and completed in
- A cure - Symptomatic/
2003
- Permanent Palliative Rx
The Importance of HGP
effect - No effect once
• Can be used to help replace genes
- New gene in drug is stopped
that are defective or missing in
inherited - Disease is
genetic diseases
- Sense of well inherited
• To predict how a patient will respond
being - Maybe improves
to a treatment based on a genetic
- Hope in living a quality of life
profile
normal life

Gene Therapy - A novel approach to treat,

cure or prevent a disease by changing the
THE HUMAN GENOME expression of a person’s genes
• Genetic code found in the DNA of 23
chromosome pairs of Homo sapiens plus the Approaches
DNA found in human mitochondria 1. Gene Replacement/Correction
Haploid Genome: – Replacing a mutated gene with a
Egg and sperm cells healthy copy
23 chromosomes Ex.) Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
3 billion DNA base pairs
2. Gene Silencing/Gene Interference • Inserting therapeutic genes into
– Inactivating or “knocking out” a somatic cells like:
mutated gene • Fibroblasts
Ex.) Sickle Cell Disease • Myoblasts
• Epithelial cells
3. Gene Augmentation/Gene Addition • Nerve cells
– Introducing a new gene to help fight • Glial cells
disease • It is mostly performed in fully grown
Ex.) Parkinson’s Disease organisms
• Less controversial
4. “Suicide Gene”
– Can cause a cell to kill itself through Gene Delivery in somatic cell therapy
apoptosis - Ex vivo
– Makes cancer cells more vulnerable - In vivo
and sensitive to anticancer drugs
Ex.) Solid Tumors Ex Vivo Approach
• Commonest method of the two
Types of Gene Therapy • Called as “Ex Vivo” because the
cells treated outside body

In Vivo Approach
• Called “In Vivo” because events
take place within patient’s body
• Uses vectors

Germ Line Therapy

Vectors for Gene Therapy
• Altering a gene of an egg or a sperm
The Ideal vector
cell
- Safe
or
- Transfection efficient
• Altering the genetic composition of a
- Selective
blastomere during an early stage of its
- Persistent gene transfer
division
- Unrecognized by immune system
• Any zygote produced as a result of this
• Different carrier systems are used for
germ cell will have a correct version of
gene delivery
the defective gene and will continue
• Non-viral vectors
passing it on to their offspring
- Physical
• Considered unethical
- Chemical
• Viral Vectors
Somatic Cell Therapy
- Biological
• Involves altering the genetic code of a
person’s somatic cells
Physical Timeline of Gene Therapy
• Microinjections 1977 - Scientists were able to deliver target
• Electroporation genes into mammalian cells
• Sonoporation 1990 –
• Gene Gun • Sickle cell disease successfully
Advantages: treated in mice with gene therapy
• Effective in transfecting primary, • First human trial experiment with gene
progenitor and stem cells therapy
Disadvantages: • First journal published (Human Gene
• Cell may sustain heavy trauma and Therapy)
initiate apoptotic mechanisms • First death reported due to gene
• Requires high precision and therapy
accuracy for success 2000
• Number of diseases with successful
Chemical gene therapy increases
• Oligonucleotides • First gene therapy drug introduced by
• Liposomes China
• Dendrimers 2010+ - Focus shifts from single gene
• Calcium phosphate defects to multigene defects
2011 - Medical community accepts gene
Advantages: therapy to successfully treat HIV
• Target ligand ensures delivery to 2017 - Gene therapy-based drugs
correct cells approved
• Very effective at targeting cancer
cells Gene Therapy Based Drugs
Disadvantages:
• Effective doses can be toxic 2004
• Difficulty transfecting primary, • First country to introduce a gene
progenitor and stem cells based drug was China
• Gendicine
Biological • An adenovirus-p53 based gene
• Retrovirus • Treatment of patients with head and
• Adenovirus neck squamous cell carcinoma
• Adeno associated viruses • No overt adverse side effects have
• Herpes Simplex Virus been reported
Advantages: • Therapeutic efficacy is still
- Integrates into cell efficiently controversial
- High expression of therapeutic gene 2012
Disadvantages: • Europe came out with first
- Immune reactions commercially available gene
- May reactivate in the body therapeutic
- Transfecting wrong cells • product in the Western world
 • Glybera Diabetes Mellitus
• Alipogene tiparvovec – adeno- • Studying approaches of transferring
associated virus the insulin gene into other cells
• Treatment of familial lipoprotein Arthritis
lipase deficiency • Delivery to synovium achieved with
• Most expensive medicine in the a retrovirus
world ($1.6 million/treatment Alzheimer’s Disease
2017 Gene Therapy Based Approved Drugs • Switching off Alzheimer’s gene and
1. LUXTURNA using exosomes to deliver drugs to
2. IMLYGIC brain
3. KYMRIAH ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF GENE
THERAPY
Successfully Treated Diseases with Gene Advantages
Therapy • Can be used to “silence” a disease
• Gene therapy is still considered an before its onset
experimental discipline Ex.) HIV in AIDS
• Cystic fibrosis • Potential to eliminate and prevent
• Haemophilia hereditary diseases
• Thalassemia • The “Last Chance” or “Last Hope”
• Sickle Cell Anaemia therapy
• Familial • Achieving pharmacological effects
Hypercholesterolemia Ex) Making cancer cells
• Severe Combined susceptible to
Immunodeficiency • anticancer drugs
Recent Developments Disadvantages
- The majority of gene therapy trials are • Short- lived nature Repeated
being conducted in the United States therapy
and Europe • Severe Adverse Effects
Recent Developments & Ongoing Trials Ex) Viral vectors may trigger an
CANCER extreme immune response
• Phase I and II clinical trials for brain, • Viral vectors could recover the
skin, liver, colon, breast and kidney ability to cause disease once inside
cancer the patient
Heart disease • Insertional mutagenesis
• A phase I clinical trial just completed (Virus targets wrong cell new
showing SDF-1 gene therapy disease)
improved HF symptoms • Difficulty to effectively treat
Parkinson’s Disease multigenic disorders
• Phase I completed- Modified virus Ex) Diabetes, Heart Disease
delivers 3 genes to striatum to boost
production of dopamine
Ethical & Social Considerations
• High cost makes this “promising”
therapy available only to the
wealthy
• Can the widespread use of gene
therapy make society less
accepting of people who are
different?
• Does it interfere with God’s plan?
• Should people be allowed to use
gene therapy to enhance basic
human traits such as height,
intelligence, or athletic ability?

Ashanti DeSilva - First approved gene

therapy experiment done in the United
States on September 14th, 1990

Jesse Gelsinger - A victim of a gene therapy

treatment that went dreadfully wrong