Write one essay (>3000 characters) by choice

Topic 12. History of the USA:

• Is the American dream really dead?

The American Dream: A Reflection on its Evolution and Contemporary Relevance

The American Dream, a concept deeply embedded in the cultural ethos of the United States, has
been a beacon of hope and aspiration for generations of individuals seeking a better life. Rooted
in the belief that hard work, determination, and opportunity can lead to success and prosperity,
the American Dream has long been a driving force shaping the nation's identity. However, as the
socio-economic landscape evolves and challenges persist, the question arises: Is the American
Dream really dead?

The concept of the American Dream finds its roots in the early days of the nation, where the
promise of a new beginning and the pursuit of happiness were foundational principles. The
frontier spirit, entrepreneurial drive, and the notion that anyone could rise from humble
beginnings to achieve success fueled the dream. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, waves of
immigrants sought refuge and opportunity in the United States, adding diversity to the American
Dream narrative.

The mid-20th century witnessed the American Dream reaching new heights, especially in the
aftermath of World War II. A booming economy, the expansion of the middle class, and
increased access to education created unprecedented opportunities. Homeownership became a
symbol of success, and the notion that each generation could surpass the achievements of the
previous one gained traction.

However, as the decades unfolded, the American Dream faced significant challenges. Economic
recessions, income inequality, and systemic barriers hindered the upward mobility that the dream
promised. The dream itself underwent transformations, evolving from a focus on opportunity for
all to a more materialistic pursuit, often measured by wealth and possessions.

In the 21st century, the question of the American Dream's vitality remains pertinent. The
financial crisis of 2008 exposed systemic flaws in the economy, leaving many disillusioned
about the attainability of the dream. Rising student debt, stagnant wages, and the gig economy
have further complicated the pursuit of a stable and prosperous life.
Studies suggest that social mobility, a key indicator of the American Dream's health, has
stagnated in recent decades. Income inequality has widened, making it harder for individuals
from lower-income backgrounds to climb the economic ladder. The dream, once a unifying
force, now faces skepticism as some question its accessibility to all.

The American Dream has also been challenged by persistent issues of racial and social injustice.
Systemic biases and discrimination have limited opportunities for certain communities, casting
doubt on the dream's inclusivity. Efforts to address these disparities are ongoing, but their
success will determine the dream's relevance in a more equitable future.

In conclusion, the American Dream has been a dynamic and evolving concept throughout the
nation's history. While its core principles of opportunity, hard work, and upward mobility
endure, contemporary challenges have cast a shadow over its universality. Ultimately, the
American Dream's resilience lies in the nation's ability to confront and overcome the present
challenges, ensuring that the pursuit of happiness and prosperity remains within reach for all.
The dream is not dead, but its realization faces formidable obstacles. To revive and sustain the
American Dream, addressing economic disparities, promoting social justice, and fostering
inclusive opportunities are crucial. The ongoing dialogue about the American Dream's fate will
shape the nation's trajectory, reminding us that its vitality depends on the collective commitment
to a more equitable and just society.

>10 QUESTIONS (500-1500 characters)

1. What is the Victorian age known for?

The Victorian Age, spanning from 1837 to 1901 during Queen Victoria's reign, is renowned for
its multifaceted impact on British society. Economically, it epitomizes the Industrial Revolution's
peak, marking a shift from agrarian to industrial economies. Factories proliferated, and the
railway network expanded, fostering economic growth. However, this period also saw the
emergence of social inequalities and challenging working conditions.

Culturally, the Victorian era is characterized by a distinctive set of values. Queen Victoria's
influence shaped a society emphasizing morality. The prevailing moral climate, often seen as
conservative, aimed to provide stability amid rapid industrialization and social change. Literature
and art flourished, reflecting societal issues. Charles Dickens and the Bronte sisters, among
others, addressed stark social contrasts, advocating for social reform.

Architecturally, the era embraced the Gothic Revival, evident in grand public buildings and a
resurgence of medieval aesthetics. Simultaneously, the British Empire reached its zenith,
spreading Victorian values worldwide. Despite outward conservatism, the Victorian age
witnessed social change. Women's rights movements gained momentum, challenging traditional
gender roles. The latter part of the era saw a shift towards a more liberal mindset, setting the
stage for 20th-century societal transformations.

In summary, the Victorian Age is known for its economic transformation, cultural richness,
moral conservatism, and social change. It remains a pivotal period shaping the trajectory of the
British Empire and laying the groundwork for subsequent socio-economic and cultural
developments.

2. What are the characteristics and authors of British Romanticism?

1. Romanticism privileged the individual's emotions and experiences over reason and societal
conventions. It celebrated the expression of personal feelings.

2. Romantic poets and artists extolled the beauty and power of nature as a source of inspiration.
Nature was viewed as a manifestation of the sublime, evoking awe and deep emotion.

3. Romantics exalted the imaginative and creative faculties as crucial for understanding the
world. Imagination was seen as a bridge between the material and the spiritual, enabling a
deeper connection with reality.

4. Romantic works often incorporated elements of the exotic and the supernatural. Folklore,
myths, and supernatural phenomena were explored to convey a sense of mystery and wonder.

5. Romantic artists and writers were drawn to the medieval period, viewing it as a time of
greater emotional and spiritual authenticity. This fascination manifested in literature, art, and
architecture.

6. Some Romantic works engaged with political and social issues of the time, critiquing the
impact of industrialization, urbanization, and social inequality. This aspect varied among
different Romantic authors.

Authors associated with British Romanticism:

1. William Wordsworth (1770–1850): his poetry celebrated nature and the spiritual connection
between humanity and the natural world.

2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834): he explored themes of imagination and the

supernatural.

3. Lord Byron (1788–1824): his poetry often reflected his own tumultuous emotions and a
sense of wanderlust.

4. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822): expressed radical political ideas and a deep concern for
human freedom.

5. John Keats (1795–1821): focused on aesthetic beauty, and the concept of negative capability.

3. What is the purpose of the Commonwealth?

The Commonwealth, established in 1949, serves as a voluntary association of 54 member states,
most of which were former territories of the British Empire. Its primary purpose is to promote
international cooperation, mutual support, and the shared values of democracy, human rights,
and development among its diverse member nations. The Commonwealth emphasizes
inclusivity, recognizing the equality of all members regardless of size or economic status.
Through diplomatic dialogue, cultural exchange, and collaborative initiatives, the
Commonwealth aims to foster global peace, prosperity, and sustainable development while
respecting the sovereignty and individuality of each member state. The Commonwealth also
facilitates the exchange of best practices and ideas, encouraging member countries to work
together on common challenges, ranging from economic development and climate change to
education and healthcare.

4. Who was Gandhi and why was he important?

Mahatma Gandhi, born in 1869 in British-ruled India, was a key leader in the Indian
independence movement. His importance lies in his philosophy of nonviolent resistance and civil
disobedience, known as satyagraha. Gandhi advocated for India's independence through peaceful
means, emphasizing moral and spiritual principles. His leadership during campaigns like the Salt
March and Quit India Movement mobilized millions, demonstrating the power of nonviolence.
Gandhi's efforts played a pivotal role in India gaining independence in 1947 and inspired civil
rights movements globally, marking him as a symbol of peace, justice, and the potential for
transformative change through nonviolent means.

5. Famous Canadians: choose one and write an extract about them

Jim Carrey

Jim Carrey, a renowned Canadian actor, comedian, writer, and artist, has left an indelible mark
on the entertainment industry. Born on January 17, 1962, in Ontario, Carrey rose to fame with
his remarkable comedic talent and versatile performances.

Carrey's breakthrough came with a string of blockbuster comedies in the 1990s, including "The
Mask," and "Dumb and Dumber." His ability to seamlessly blend physical comedy with
expressive facial contortions and witty dialogue established him as one of the era's most beloved
and bankable stars.

Beyond his comedic prowess, Carrey displayed his acting range in more dramatic roles, earning
critical acclaim for films like "The Truman Show" and "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind."
His transformative performances showcased a depth and complexity not always associated with
comedic actors.

Apart from his acting career, Carrey is an accomplished artist, exploring his passion for painting
and political cartooning. His artwork often reflects his views on society, politics, revealing a
more introspective and contemplative side of the entertainer.

Carrey's career has been marked by its evolution, transitioning from slapstick comedy to
nuanced, emotionally resonant performances. His impact on popular culture is undeniable, and
his ability to infuse humor with profound insight has endeared him to audiences worldwide. Jim
Carrey continues to captivate audiences and remains an iconic figure in the world of
entertainment.

6. Famous Australians: choose one and write an extract about them

Margot Robbie

Margot Robbie, a celebrated Australian actress and producer, has emerged as one of Hollywood's
brightest talents. Born on July 2, 1990, in Queensland, Robbie began her acting career in
Australia. Her breakthrough came with the role in "The Wolf of Wall Street". The performance
not only showcased her acting prowess but also marked her as a rising star.

Robbie's ability to inhabit diverse characters is evident in her roles. She brought depth to the
character of Harley Quinn in the DC Universe. Her portrayal of Tonya Harding in "I, Tonya"
earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress, demonstrating her range and
commitment to her craft.

In addition to her acting, Robbie has established herself as a producer through her production
company. She played a pivotal role in producing critically acclaimed films like "I, Tonya" and
"Promising Young Woman", contributing to the industry not only as a performer but also as a
driving force behind compelling narratives.

Beyond the screen, Margot has been a prominent advocate for gender equality in the film
industry. She has spoken out about the importance of diverse representation both in front of and
behind the camera, using her platform to address systemic issues within the entertainment
business.

Robbie's career trajectory positions her as a trailblazer in contemporary cinema. Her versatility,
commitment to compelling storytelling, and advocacy for positive change underscore her
significance in the global entertainment landscape.

7. Who was Nelson Mandela and why was he important?

Nelson Mandela, born in 1918 in South Africa, was a towering figure in the fight against
apartheid and a symbol of resilience and freedom. As a leader of the African National Congress,
Mandela opposed the racist policies of apartheid, which enforced segregation and
disenfranchised the majority black population.

Mandela's importance lies in his commitment to justice and equality. In 1962, he was arrested
and sentenced to life in prison for his anti-apartheid activities. Despite spending 27 years behind
bars, he emerged as a global symbol of resistance and endurance.

His significance deepened during the transition to majority rule in the early 1990s. Mandela's
leadership was instrumental in facilitating peaceful negotiations to dismantle apartheid and
establish democratic elections. In 1994, he became South Africa's first black president, ushering
in an era of reconciliation and healing.

Mandela's emphasis on forgiveness and unity was crucial in averting a racial crisis. He
established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, aiming to address past atrocities without
fostering bitterness. Mandela's ability to transcend personal suffering for the greater good
remains a testament to his moral stature.

Internationally, Mandela's legacy extends beyond South Africa. He became a global advocate for
human rights and peace. His enduring impact earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

Nelson Mandela's legacy embodies the pursuit of justice, reconciliation, and the transformative
power of forgiveness, making him a revered figure not only in South Africa but around the
world.

8. What are the traditional American holidays? Choose one and write an extract about it

Thanksgiving, a quintessentially American holiday, holds a special place in the nation's cultural
tapestry. Celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November, it commemorates the harvest feast
shared between the Pilgrims and Native Americans in 1621. This day serves as a time for
families and friends to come together, expressing gratitude for the blessings in their lives.

Thanksgiving is marked by a traditional feast featuring a roasted turkey, stuffing, cranberry

sauce, and pumpkin pie. Families often gather for a festive meal, fostering a sense of unity and
appreciation. Parades, football games, and charitable activities are integral parts of the
celebration, reflecting the diverse ways in which people engage with the holiday.

Beyond the culinary delights and festivities, Thanksgiving holds deep cultural significance. It
emphasizes the values of gratitude, generosity, and communal harmony. The practice of
acknowledging and giving thanks for one's blessings resonates across the nation, fostering a
sense of national identity and shared heritage.

Despite its historical roots, Thanksgiving has evolved into a modern celebration that transcends
religious or ethnic boundaries. It stands as a testament to the enduring American spirit,
emphasizing unity amid diversity. The holiday's essence lies not only in the feasting but in the
collective expression of gratitude, making Thanksgiving a cherished tradition that reflects the
heart of American culture.

9. Who was Martin Luther King and why was he important?

Martin Luther King Jr., born in 1929, was a Baptist minister and prominent leader in the
American civil rights movement. His importance lies in his tireless advocacy for racial equality,
justice, and the end of segregation in the United States. King's leadership was pivotal in
advancing the cause of civil rights through nonviolent civil disobedience.

King's most famous moment came during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom,
where he delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. This address envisioned a future where
individuals would be judged by their character rather than the color of their skin. The speech
remains a touchstone in the fight against racial injustice.

A key figure in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King led campaigns against racial
segregation and discrimination using nonviolent resistance. His commitment to peaceful protest,
inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy, sought to evoke moral and legislative change.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 stand as monumental
achievements of King's activism. His strategy of nonviolent resistance, alongside his powerful
oratory, contributed significantly to dismantling legal segregation and inspiring subsequent
movements for justice globally.

Tragically, King was assassinated in 1968. He became a symbol of moral courage, a beacon for
those striving for equality. Martin Luther King Jr. remains an inspiration for generations,
reminding the world of the ongoing struggle for justice.

10. Famous American musicians and bands: choose one and write an extract about them

Erykah Badu

Erykah Badu, a trailblazing American musician, stands at the forefront of neo-soul, seamlessly
blending soul, R&B, and hip-hop influences. Born Erica Abi Wright in 1971, Badu rose to
prominence in the late '90s with her debut album "Baduizm." Her distinctive voice, introspective
lyrics, and genre-defying sound set her apart in the music industry.

Badu's music transcends conventional boundaries, embracing themes of spirituality, love, and
self-discovery. Her groundbreaking single "On & On" earned her critical acclaim and a Grammy
in 1998. Subsequent albums like "Mama's Gun" and "New Amerykah" showcased her evolving
artistry, incorporating experimental elements and socially conscious messages.

Beyond her musical contributions, Erykah Badu is recognized for her eclectic fashion sense and
enigmatic persona. As a cultural icon, she challenges norms and encourages individuality,
inspiring a generation of artists to embrace authenticity.

In addition to her solo career, Badu has collaborated with a diverse range of musicians, further
enriching her musical legacy. Her influence extends beyond the studio; she's an advocate for
mental health awareness and social justice, using her platform to address important issues.

Erykah Badu's impact on American music is profound, shaping the neo-soul genre and
influencing contemporary artists. Her ability to fuse genres, challenge norms, and convey
profound messages through her music cements her as a legendary figure, leaving an indelible
mark on the cultural landscape.

11. Famous American artists: choose one and write an extract about them

Norman Rockwell
Norman Rockwell, a preeminent American artist, captured the essence of everyday life with
unparalleled charm and insight. Born in 1894, Rockwell's prolific career spanned much of the
20th century, and his work became synonymous with the American experience. Best known for
his cover illustrations for The Saturday Evening Post, Rockwell's paintings often depicted small-
town scenes, family life, and American ideals.

Rockwell's meticulous attention to detail and his ability to convey emotion through his characters
made his art universally relatable. His images, such as "Freedom from Want" and "The Problem
We All Live With," not only reflected the societal norms of their time but also offered poignant
commentary on issues like war, civil rights, and social harmony.

Despite criticism for sometimes idealizing American life, Rockwell's work undeniably possessed
a narrative depth that transcended mere nostalgia. His keen observation of human nature,
coupled with a distinctive style, endeared him to the public and secured his place in the art
canon.

In later years, Rockwell's art evolved as he engaged with more socially conscious themes. His
shift towards a more reflective and critical stance showcased his versatility and commitment to
using art as a means of societal reflection and commentary.

Norman Rockwell's legacy endures as a chronicler of the American spirit. His ability to distill
complex emotions into scenes of ordinary life has left an indelible mark on American art.