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The document discusses impulse response, unit impulse sequence, Gaussian distribution, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), and their definitions and characteristics. Impulse response is the output of a system when an impulse is applied as input. A unit impulse sequence is defined as 1 for n=0 and 0 otherwise. A Gaussian distribution follows a bell-shaped curve and most values cluster in the middle. AWGN is a basic noise model that is additive, white, and Gaussian.

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15 views4 pages

Assignment

The document discusses impulse response, unit impulse sequence, Gaussian distribution, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), and their definitions and characteristics. Impulse response is the output of a system when an impulse is applied as input. A unit impulse sequence is defined as 1 for n=0 and 0 otherwise. A Gaussian distribution follows a bell-shaped curve and most values cluster in the middle. AWGN is a basic noise model that is additive, white, and Gaussian.

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Supercavitating Torpedo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Impulse:

In signal processing, the impulse response, or impulse response function (IRF), of a dynamic system is its
output when presented with a brief input signal, called an impulse. Unit impulse signal is only defined at
t=0 secs having infinite magnitude, zero width and unit area, but in frequency we are giving all the
frequencies at the systems input to check its impulse response. When we say that we want to get the
response of a system to an input, it basically means that we want to see how the system respond to
every individual frequency element of the input signal (an arbitrary non-sinusoidal signal is a
combination of more than one single-frequency elements). The impulse that is referred to in the
term impulse response is generally a short-duration time-domain signal. For continuous-time systems,
this is the Dirac delta function δ(t)δ(t), while for discrete-time systems, the Kronecker delta
function δ[n]δ[n] is typically used. A system's impulse response (often annotated as h(t)h(t) for
continuous-time systems or h[n]h[n] for discrete-time systems) is defined as the output signal that
results when an impulse is applied to the system input.

Unit Impulse Sequence


It is denoted as δnn in discrete time domain and can be defined as;
δ(n)={1, for n=0
{0, Otherwise

Gussain curve

Gaussian distribution (also known as normal distribution) is a bell-shaped curve, and it is


assumed that during any measurement values will follow a normal distribution with an equal
number of measurements above and below the mean value.

A normal distribution is an arrangement of a data set in which most values cluster in


the middle of the range and the rest taper off symmetrically toward either extreme.
Height is one simple example of something that follows a normal distribution pattern:
Most people are of average height the numbers of people that are taller and shorter
than average are fairly equal and a very small (and still roughly equivalent) number of
people are either extremely tall or extremely short.Here's an example of a normal
distribution curve:
A graphical representation of a normal distribution is sometimes called a bell curve
because of its flared shape. The precise shape can vary according to the distribution of
the population but the peak is always in the middle and the curve is always
symmetrical. In a normal distribution the mean mode and median are all the same.

Formula
2
−(x− µ)
1
y= e❑ 2 σ
√2 π
Where
 μ = Mean
 σ = Standard Deviation
 π ≈ 3.14159π≈3.14159
 e ≈ 2.71828

AWGN:

A basic and generally accepted model for thermal noise in communication channels, is the set of
assumptions that

• the noise is additive, i.e., the received signal equals the transmit signal plus some noise, where the
noise is statistically independent of the signal.

• the noise is white, i.e, the power spectral density is flat, so the autocorrelation of the noise in time
domain is zero for any non-zero time offset.

• the noise samples have a Gaussian distribution. Mostly it is also assumed that the channel is Linear
and Time Invariant.

The most basic results further assume that it is also frequency non-selective. [6] Additive White
Gaussian Noise (AWGN) is the statistically random radio noise characterized by a wide frequency range
with regards to a signal in a communications channel.
The performance of a digital communication system is quantified by the probability of bit detection
errors in the presence of thermal noise. In the context of wireless communications, the main source
of thermal noise is addition of random signals arising from the vibration of atoms in the receiver
electronics.
The term additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) originates due to the following reasons:

 [Additive] The noise is additive, i.e., the received signal is equal to the transmitted signal plus
noise. This gives the most widely used equality in communication systems.
r(t)=s(t)+w(t)

Moreover, this noise is statistically independent of the signal. Remember that the above equation
is highly simplified due to neglecting every single imperfection a Tx signal encounters, except the
noise itself.

 [White] Just like the white colour which is composed of all frequencies in the visible spectrum,
white noise refers to the idea that it has uniform power across the whole frequency band. As a
consequence, the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of white noise is constant for all frequencies
ranging from −∞−∞ to +∞+∞, as shown in Figure below.

 [Gaussian] The probability distribution of the noise samples is Gaussian with a zero mean, i.e., in
time domain, the samples can acquire both positive and negative values and in addition, the
values close to zero have a higher chance of occurrence while the values far away from zero are
less likely to appear. This is shown in Figure below. As a result, the time domain average of a
large number of noise samples is equal to zero.
.

In reality, the ideal flat spectrum from −∞−∞ to +∞+∞ is true for frequencies of interest in wireless
communications (a few kHz to hundreds of GHz) but not for higher frequencies. Nevertheless, every
wireless communication system involves filtering that removes most of the noise energy outside the
spectral band occupied by our desired signal. Consequently after filtering,

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