Advanced Fluid Flow Answers

PGE-531
Abdul Rehman Sheikh

20203842
Q1: (ANS)
Reynolds transport theorem (also known as the Leibniz-
Reynolds transport theorem), or in short Reynolds theorem, is a
three-dimensional generalization of the Leibniz integral rule.
This theorem is used to compute derivatives of integrated
quantities. Reynolds transport theorem can be simply stated as
- What was already there plus what goes in minus what comes
out is equal to what is there. Reynolds theorem is used in
formulating the basic conservation laws of continuum
mechanics, particularly fluid dynamics and large-deformation
solid mechanics. These conservation laws (law of conservation
of mass, law of conservation of linear momentum, and law of
conservation of energy) are adopted from classical mechanics
and thermodynamics where the system approach is normally
followed. In fluid mechanics, it is often more convenient to
work with control volumes as it is difficult to identify and follow
a system of fluid particles. Thus, there is a need to relate the
system equations and corresponding control volume equations.
The link between the two is given by the Reynolds transport
theorem. The theorem is named after Osborne Reynolds
(1842–1912).
Imagine a system and a coinciding control volume with a
control surface. Reynolds transport theorem states that the
rate of change of an extensive property N, for the system is
equal to the time rate of change of N within the control volume
and the net rate of flux of the property N through the control
surface. For an example, the law of conservation of mass states
that rate of change of the property, mass, is equal to the sum of
the rate of accumulation of mass within a control volume and
the net rate of flow of mass across the control surface. The
differential forms of these equations with additional
assumption of Newton's viscosity law are commonly known as
the Navier-Stokes equations.
General form
The Reynolds transport theorem refers to any extensive
property, N, of the fluid in a particular control volume. It is
expressed in terms of a substantive derivative on the left-hand
side.
Let the total amount of property in a system be B. B is known as
an extensive property.
Then its intensive counterpart, b, the amount of property per
unit mass, is defined as
b=dB/dm In other words it can be written as:
B = M bdm = bd
Using a slightly different form of Bcv in the CV, the RTT is
obtained
DBsys/Dt = /t cvbd + cvbV.ndA
Timre rate of change of B for the system = Time rate of change
of B inside the CV + The net flux of B through the CS of CV
 = Volume, CV = Control Volume, CS = Control Surface
a) If the CV is fixed, /t cvbd = cv /t (b)d
DBsys/Dt = cv /t (b)d + cvbV.ndA
b) If the flow is steady, DBsys/Dt = cvbV.ndA
Intergeral Conversation Equations

Combining the laws of mechanics and the RTT, the integral or
control volume forms of the laws of fluid mechanics are
obtained.
The dummy variable B becomes respectively, mass (m),
linear momentum (mV) and energy (E).
Conservation of Mass
Let B=m, Then b=1 and RTT reduces into
DMsys/Dt = /t cvd + cv(V.n)dA = 0
The continuity equation is
/t cvd + cv(V.n)dA = 0
Conservation of Mass
For a steady flow,
cv(V.n)dA = 0
For an incompressible fluid (i.e.  = constant)
cv(V.n)dA = 0 and cv(V.n)dA = 0
Consider an arbitrary control surface, CS1
cs1(V.n)dA = Q1
Where Q1 is the volume flux through the CS1 and called
Discharge. In pipe and channel sections average velocity is
defined. V1 = Q1 /A1
In steady flow when there are number of CS with cross-
sectional average values of density and velocity, the
continuity may be expressed as
(iViAi)in = (iViAi)out
Where iViAi = iQi = mi is known as mass flux.
Conversation of Momentum
Newton’s second law of motion
Fexternal = ma = m DV/Dt = D(mV)/Dt
Where
Fexternal = FB+ FS = FB + Ft +Fn
Let B = mV then b = V and RTT reduces into
D(mV)/Dt = Fexternal = /t cvd + cvV(V.n)dA
Momentum equation
FS + FB = /t cvd + cvV(V.n)dA
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Consider an arbitrary system. It may move and deform but
may not transfer mass across its boundary.
Let
Q = the net heat added to the system
W = The net work done by the system on the surrounding
during time interval delta(t).
{DE/Dt}system = dQ/dt – dW/dt
dBsys/dt = /t cvd + cvb(V.n)dA
For thermal energy balance we must now replace the total
energy by internal energy
{DE/Dt}sys = dQ/dt – dW/dt = d/dtcv ued + cv ue(V.n)dA +
cvQ. ndA
Q2(Ans):
a) The immiscible displacement of oil by water through a
porous and permeable reservoir rock can be described by
the use of fractional flow curve water flooding project
parameter can be obtained from the fractional flow curve,
however developing a representative fractional flow curve
for a specific reservoir can be quite challenging. When
fluid end special core analysis data is limited or
compromised. Hence, a mathematical model for
dependence of fw w on s is developed by solving material
balanced equation algorithm using production data. The
results of the model were compared with forecast from
the conventional Blunkett Leveret fractional flow equation
and Corey’s correlation and were found to be ferrite with
mass time and effort.
b) From the definition of fractional flow

qw = fwqr
qo = (1-fw)qr
Substitute into the darcy’s equation for each phase,
qo = (1-fw)qr = -koA/uo{Po/x + ogsinα}
qw = fwqr = -kwA/uw{Pw/x + wgsinα}
Rearranging equations:
Solving the resulting equation for the fractional flow of
water, provide the complete fractional flow equation
fw = 1/{1+(kouw/kwuo)} + {koA/uoqr{{Pc/x + gsinα}/1+
(kouw/kwuo)}
c) We can evaluate the derivate from the fractional flow
equation graphically or analytically.
The fractional flow of water at the front fwf is determined

from the tangent line originating at Swc. The corresponding
water saturation at the front is Swf, is given by the
intersection at fw=
The location of the front is determined by the given equation
above with the slope of the tangent to the fractional curve
used for the derivative function.
Q3(Ans):
a) Ko/Kw
0
335.5
51.7
19.38095
8.971429
4.481481
2.265823
1.257143
0.640288
0.307263
0.137615
0.041667
0

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PGE-531

Abdul Rehman Sheikh

Intergeral Conversation Equations

b) From the definition of fractional flow

The fractional flow of water at the front fwf is determined

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