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ICT Chapter 1

This document discusses the different types and components of a computer system. It covers hardware and software, main components like the CPU, RAM, motherboard and different types of memory. It also discusses operating systems, input/output devices, and different types of computers.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
34 views64 pages

ICT Chapter 1

This document discusses the different types and components of a computer system. It covers hardware and software, main components like the CPU, RAM, motherboard and different types of memory. It also discusses operating systems, input/output devices, and different types of computers.

Uploaded by

Holly Yeti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 64

01 TYPES AND

CHAPTER

COMPONENTS OF A
COMPUTER SYSTEM

Wai Lin • 09798447984


In this chapter you will learn about:

● 1.1 – Hardware and Software

Learning ● 1.2 – Main Components of Computer System

Objective ●


1.3 – Operating Systems

1.4 – Types of Computer

● 1.5 – Impact of emerging Technologies


1.1 Hardware & Software
Hardware
● Hardware is tangible physical component of a computer system

● Tangible means that it can be touched and picked up

● Hardware falls into two categories:

External Hardware Devices: Internal Hardware Devices:


● Monitor ● Processor

● Keyboard ● Motherboard

● Mouse ● RAM & ROM

● Printer ● Video & Sound Cards

● External Storage Devices : Memory ● Internal Hard Disk Drives : HDD, solid
Stick, External HDD, etc. state drive (SSD)
Hardware Functions

Works with software to carry out jobs such as:

● Producing images on a computer screen (Monitor)

● Producing sound (Speaker)

● Moving cursors/ pointers around a screen (Mouse)etc.

*Peripheral devices : Devices that connect directly to a computer, but does not contribute to
the computer's primary function.
External Hardware Devices: Internal Hardware Devices:
● Monitor ● Central Processing Unit (CPU)

● Keyboard ● Motherboard

● Mouse ● Random Access Memory (RAM)

● Microphone ● Read-Only Memory (ROM)

● Speaker ● Sound Card

● Webcam ● Graphic/Video Card

● Scanner ● Internal Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

● Printer ● Internal Solid State Drive (SSD)

● Memory Stick, ● CD/DVD Drive

● External HDD/SSD, etc. ● Power Supply Unit (PSU)

● SATA cable, etc.


Software
● Programs that control computer systems

● Set of instructions that make computer do something (display, sound)

● You cannot physically touch software

● Relates to ideas & instructions for using physical objects

● Without software, most hardware would be useless

Two types of software:


● System software

● Application software
System Software

Works with software to carry out jobs such as:

● Programs that allow the hardware to run properly

● Control computer's hardware and application program

● Communicate with user

● Eg: OS, Drivers, Utilities, Compiler, Linker, Interpreter, Device Manager, Error handling,
Task Manager, etc.
Levels of Programming Languages
Different Operating System (OS)
Application Software

Programs that allow the user to do

● specific task

● Design to carry out tasks

● Can be general purpose software or custom-made software (specialist software)

● Eg: Word Processing Software, Spreadsheet Software, Database Software,


Presentation Software, Video Editing Software, Web Browser, Games, etc.
Basic Layers of a Computer System
Any Questions?
1.2 – Main Components of
Computer System
What is Computer System?
A computer system is a set of integrated devices that input, output, process, and store data and
information.

● Processing devices detail in Chapter 1

● Input, output & DDE devices detail in Chapter 2

● Storage devices detail in Chapter 3


Motherboard

● main printed circuit board

● holds and allows communication between many of the electronic components

● Communicate and send signals to each other via then BUS network.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

● Part of computer that interprets and executes the commands from the computer
hardware and software.

● Processing done by central processing unit (Brain of most PCs)

● Made up of discrete components & small integrated circuits

● Due to modern techniques, referred as Microprocessor


Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Three main components:

● Control unit (CU) - coordinates input and output devices and carries out program
instructions

● Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) – performs calculations and logical comparison: 1 + 1 = 2, A>B ?

● Memory Unit (MU) - Stores data and instructions to process data.

❑ Immediate access store (IAS) - holds data and program instruction in current use (RAM)
Von Neumann Architecture
Internal Memory

● There are two types of internal memory:


○ Random Access Memory (RAM)
○ Read Only Memory (ROM)
● Store computer data
● Directly accessed by CPU
● RAM and ROM are sometimes referred to as ‘Primary Storage’
Random Access Memory (RAM)

● Random access memory (RAM) is an internal chip


● where data is stored temporarily
● Contents are lost when computer power is turned off
● Referred to as volatile memory
● Memory can be written (save) to and read (open) from very quickly
● Very fast data transfer speed
● Stores anything that needs to be changed
● All program and data are being used on RAM
● More RAM → more programs can run at the same time
● Measure in GB (Gigabytes) 2GB, 4GB, 8GB
Read Only Memory (ROM)

● ROM is memory used to store permanent information


● Chips cannot be altered, only read (open) from
● Data not lost when computer is turned off
● Referred to as non-volatile memory
● Used to contain configuration data for a computer etc.
● Configuration file such as boot file → know as BIOS
BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

● Program instruction code, tells computer what to do when turned on.


● Hardware check (present or not, functional)
● Loads the operating system OS into RAM
● Store date/time and system configuration in non-volatile chip → CMOS
● CMOS (Complementary metal oxide semiconductor) → need power for date/time
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) / Solid State Drive (SSD)

● Main internal storage device


● Sometime referred as ‘Secondary Storage’
● Store:
○ Operating System (OS)
○ Software
○ Files – text, photo, music, etc.
● More detail in Chapter 3
Graphic Card / Video Card

● Allows computer to send graphical information


● Send to display devices → monitor, television, projector
● Connects to the motherboard
● Made up of:
○ A processing unit
○ Memory unit (RAM)
○ A cooling mechanism (heat sink, fan)
○ Connection ports (VGA, HDMI, DVI)
Sound Card

● Allows computer to produce and accept audio information


● Send to → speaker
● Accept from → microphone (mic)
● Connects to the motherboard
● Useful in the conversion of analogue data into digital and vice versa
Any Questions?
1.3 – Operating System (OS)
Operating System (OS)
● OS is a software program that manages computer resources

● Enables users to communicate with computer systems

● Controls operation of input, output & backing storage

● Supervises loading, running & storage of application program

● Deals with error in application programs

● Maintains security of whole computer system

● Maintains a computer log


User Interface (UI)

Two main types of interfaces:

● Command Line Interface (CLI)

● Graphical User Interface (GUI)


Command Line Interface (CLI)

● Types commands to tell the computer what to do


○ The user must know all the commands
○ Must not make typing errors
● Used by technicians
● Can access everything on the computer system
● GUI users can only access places they have icons for
Command Line Interface (CLI)
Advantages Disadvantages
● Knowing the correct commands, this ● Can be confusing
can be much faster than any other
interface type ● Commands must be typed precisely, if
there is a spelling error the command will
● Uses much less RAM than any other fail
interface type
● Low resolution, cheap monitors can be ● If you mistype an instruction, it is often
used necessary to start all over again

● CLI does not require Window to run ● Large number of commands need to be
learned
Graphical User Interface (GUI)

● Uses graphics to stand for the complicated actions


● Uses icons
● Uses a mouse to selector the icons
● Screen divided into windows allows different things on each
● WIMP - Windows Icons Menus Pointers
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Advantages Disadvantages
● Easy to use because requires little IT ● Larger amount of hard disk space than other
knowledge interfaces
● Easy to explore and find your way ● Significantly more memory (RAM) to run than
around the system other interface type
● Do not have to learn complicated
commands ● GUI use more processing power than other
types of interfaces
● Exchange data between different
software ● GUI can be slow for experienced programmers
to use, they find CLI much faster
● Good help facilities provided with GUIs
Any Questions?
1.4 – Types of computer
What is computer?
● Computer is electronic device that can accept information and then manipulate it to
produce a result.

● Many Types of computer, some common types are:

○ Desktop computer (Desktop PC)

○ Laptop computer (Laptop PC)

○ Tablets

○ Smartphone

○ Smartwatch

○ Mainframe computer
Desktop computer (Desktop PC)

● Refers to general purpose computers

● Used by one person at a time

● PC refers to IBM compatible computers, distinguishing them from the Macs

● Made up of separate monitor, keyboard, mouse and processing unit


Uses of desktop PC

● Standalone computer

○ Self-sufficient and can operate without connecting to other PC

● Networked computer

○ PC joined together on a network

○ Share resources – printer, programs and information

○ Designed for multiple users


Network Topology Example
Laptop computer (Laptop PC)
● Refers to computers where monitor, keyboard, pointing device and
processor together in a single unit
● Extremely portable systems
○ Lightweight
○ Low power consumption
○ Processor doesn't generate too much heat

Uses of laptop PC
● Can be used as standalone or networked computer
Desktop PC over Laptop PC

Advantages Disadvantages
● Components are easily upgradeable ● Not portable since they are made up of
separate components, large and bulky
● Spare parts standardized results in low
costs ● Wiring clutters up desk space
● Tend to have better specifications for
given price ● Necessary to copy files as they aren't
portable
● Large casing allows good dissipation of
heat build up ● Need constant power supply as no
batteries
● Less damage due to fixed in one location
● Better internet access since no moving
around (same data transfer rate)
Laptop PC over Desktop PC

Advantages Disadvantages
● Portable because monitor, pointing ● Easy to steal
device, keyboard,
● Limited battery; need to carry charger
● processor & backing store units are
together in one box ● Keyboard and pointing device awkward to use
● No trailing wires
● Heat dissipation is difficult due to laptop
● Full advantage of Wi-Fi (built in Wi-Fi) structure
● Can link into any multimedia system
Tablets
● These are small hand-held devices that can perform many functions that PCs & laptops do
● Often use touch screens to operate
● On-screen virtual keyboard replaces physical keyboard
● Often used by graphic designers to digitize their content with a stylus pen
● Can be used like a PC and/or a Smartphone

Uses of tablet
● Multimedia, Internet access (Wi-Fi or 3G,4G,5G), Game, e-book reader
Tablet

Advantages Disadvantages
● Small light & portable ● Less storage spaces
● Built in cameras for photos & videos ● Lacks power of laptop/PC
● Touchscreen can be used with a stylus pen ● Digital keyboard can be difficult to use
● Long battery life ● Touchscreen may be difficult to use for
detailed work
Smartphone
● Main use of smartphones is social media & day-to-day planning
● Operating System (iOS, Android or Windows)
● Use varies from person to person

Uses of smartphone
● Phone calls
● SMS (short message service)
● Camera
● Streaming (music, video)
● Internet access
● Game
● Social media
● Instant messaging
● Recorder
● Calendar and Organizer
● GPS satellite navigation
● Wireless (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth)
● etc.
Smartphone

Advantages Disadvantages
● Smallest lightest most portable ● Small screen may be difficult to use
● Integrated/virtual keyboard ● Not as powerful as other devices
● Often the least expensive device ● Often has the lowest battery life
● More practical for day-to-day use ● Small size makes it easy to steal/lose
Smartwatch
● Allow user to wear mini-computer on wrists
● OLED display technology
● Connects to smartphone with Bluetooth

Uses of smartwatch
● Internet connectivity (browsing, sending emails and so on)
● Ability to make and take phone calls
● Messaging via text or video
● Weather forecasts
● Fitness and health-monitoring capability
● GPS
Smartwatch

Advantages Disadvantages
● More convenient than smartphones ● Large and bulky display
● Very easy to use for monitoring fitness ● Need to charging battery
and health
● Easy to steal
Mainframe computer Uses of mainframe computer
● Large size ● Large organizations (Enterprise)
● Very Powerful ● Server (file, web, mail, game)
● Several CPUs ● Commercial/ Critical applications
● Very fast processor speeds ● Banking
● Multiple operating systems ● Insurance
● Huge amounts of storage capacity ● Hospital
● Huge amounts of RAM ● Governments
Any Questions?
1.5 – Impact of Emerging
Technologies
Emerging Technologies
● Artificial intelligence (AI) biometrics
● Vision enhancement
● Robotics
● Quantum cryptography
● Computer-assisted translation (CAT)
● 3D and holographic imaging
● Virtual reality
Artificial intelligence (AI)

● Artificial Intelligence is a trending field in computer science that is focused on


creating computer systems that simulate human intelligence.

● The term was first used in 1956 by a computer scientist at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) who was focused on trying to make computers
behave like humans.

● Here is the link to the facial recognition AI that I’ve created before:
https://wlobjdetection.netlify.app/
Artificial Intelligence In Different Areas

● Game Bots

○ Computers developed to play games against human players.

○ For example: In 1997, a computer named ‘Deep Blue’ defeated a world champion in
a game of chess.

● Expert Systems

○ These are computers that have been programmed to make decisions based on
information they are given.

○ For example: Medical expert systems can diagnose patient’s illnesses based on
symptoms entered.

● Languages

○ This type of AI involves computers that can understand different human languages
as they are spoken to them.
Artificial Intelligence In Different Areas
● Robotics

○ Robotic artificial intelligence is where machines are programmed to imitate a human.

● Weather Prediction

○ AI software will soon be used to sift through weather data more accurately that humans
can and will be used to predict approaching storms and automatically issue warnings.

● Household Chores

○ Robotic vacuum cleaners are becoming more and more popular. These can detect walls
and other objects in order to vacuum around them.

○ People can leave them running whilst they enjoy extra spare time.

● Safer Transportation

○ Cars that can self-park already exist and it’s predicted that cars that drive themselves
will be available in the near future. These could drastically reduce road accidents.

○ Driverless trains already exist in some countries!


Artificial Intelligence In Different Areas

● Personal Safety

○ Modern home alarm systems use artificial


intelligence software that can tell the
difference between the home owners and
the intruders.

○ The software automatically alerts the


police when the intruders are detected.

● Improved Medical Care

○ Robotic Surgery Assistants are being used


to quickly and accurately pass the correct
surgical tools to the doctors.

○ A split second saved in getting the correct


tools to the doctor can save patients’ lives.
Vision Enhancement

● Low-vision enhancement systems (LVES)

○ Use video technology

○ Projected images in front of the eyes

○ Bring object closer

● Night vision enhancement (NVE)

○ Amplifies infrared light and visible light

○ Image can see in darkness

○ Military use

○ Converts light into electrons


Robotics

● Manufacturing industry
● Weld/ Spray car bodies
● Fit items such as windscreens
● Drones → flying devices
● Reconnaissance mission
● Survey → weather condition/ phenomena (hurricane, fire fighting in natural disasters)
● Surgical procedures (camera arms, interactive mechanical arms)
● More precision
● Flexibility
Quantum Cryptography

● Making message unintelligible to any unauthorized user (hacker)


● Referred to as encryption
● Security system (Web)
● Quantum cryptography → based on the use of photons (light)
● Fiber optic cables
● Chapter 8 – Safety and security
Computer-assisted Translation (CAT)

● Language translator
○ Terminology database
○ Translation memories
3D & Holographic Imaging

● Holography → 3D image
○ A source of laser light
○ Interference of light
○ Light diffraction
○ Light intensity recording
Virtual Reality

● Artificial environment
● Data goggles
● Sensor suits
● Data gloves or helmets
● Feel reality
● Training
● Education
● Entertainment
THE END
Any Questions?

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