Chapter 8:

IP Addressing

Introduction to Networks

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 8.1 IPv4 Network
Addresses

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 IPv4 Address
IP Address and Address Space
▪ The identifier used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite to identify
the connection of each device to the Internet.
▪ An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines
the connection of a host or a router to the Internet.
▪ The IP address is the address of the connection, not the host or the
router because if the device is moved to another network, the IP address
may be changed.
▪ Address Space: An address space is the total number of addresses used
by the protocol.
▪ If a protocol uses b bits to define an address, the address space is 2b
because each bit can have two different values (0 or 1).
▪ IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, which means that the address space is 232
or 4,294,967,296 (more than four billion)

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 IPv4 Address Structure
Binary Notation
▪ Binary notation refers to the fact that computers communicate in 1s
and 0s
▪ For ease of use by people, binary patterns representing IPv4
addresses are expressed as dotted decimals.
▪ This is first accomplished by separating each byte (8 bits) of the 32-bit
binary pattern, called an octet, with a dot.

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Hierarchy in Addressing

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address
▪ To define the network and host portions of an address, a device
uses a separate 32-bit pattern called a subnet mask

▪ The subnet mask does not actually contain the network or host
portion of an IPv4 address, it just says where to look for these
portions in a given IPv4 address

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 Types of IPv4 Address
Classful Addressing

▪ The whole Address space was divided into five classes (Class A, B, C,
D and E)
▪ The unicast address classes A, B, and C defined specifically-sized
networks and specific address blocks for these networks.
▪ A company or organization was assigned an entire network from class
A, class B, or class C address block.
▪ This use of address space is referred to as classful addressing.
▪ It also defined class D (multicast) and class E (experimental)
addresses, as previously presented.

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 Types of IPv4 Address
occupation of the address space in Classful Addressing

From Forouzan’s book

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 Types of IPv4 Address
Classful Addressing

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 Types of IPv4 Address
Classless Addressing

Limits to the Class-based System

▪ Not all organizations' requirements fit well into one of these three
classes.
▪ Classful allocation of address space often wasted many addresses,
which exhausted the availability of IPv4 addresses.
▪ For example, a company that had a network with 260 hosts would need
to be given a class B address with more than 65,000 addresses.

Classless Addressing/Prefix length

▪ Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR, pronounced

“cider”)
▪ Created a new set of standards that allowed service providers to
allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit boundary (prefix length)
instead of only by a class A, B, or C address

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 IPv4 Address
Prefix Length

▪ The prefix length is another way of expressing the subnet mask.

▪ The prefix length is the number of bits set to 1 in the subnet mask.
▪ It is written in “slash notation”, a “/” followed by the number of bits set to1.
▪ For example, if the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, there are 24 bits set to
1 in the binary version of the subnet mask, so the prefix length is 24 bits
or /24.
▪ The prefix and the subnet mask are different ways of representing the
same thing - the network portion of an address.

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Examining the Prefix Length
▪ Let’s examine an example in Section 8.1.2.3.

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Examining the Prefix Length

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Examining the Prefix Length (cont.)

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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Bitwise AND Operation
1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 0 AND 0 = 0

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 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Unicast Transmission
In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of three different ways:
Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast

#1 Unicast – the
process of sending a
packet from one host to
an individual host.

Let’s see the

animation
(Section 8.1.3.3).

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 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Broadcast Transmission
In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of three different
ways: Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast.

#2 Broadcast – the
process of sending a
packet from one host to
all hosts in the network.
Directed broadcast
▪ Destination
172.16.4.255
▪ Hosts within the
172.16.4.0/24 network
Limited broadcast
▪ Destination
255.255.255.255
▪ NOTE: Routers do not
forward a limited
broadcast!
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 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Multicast Transmission
In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of three different ways:
Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast.

#3 Multicast – The process of sending a packet from one host to a

selected group of hosts, possibly in different networks.
▪ Reduces traffic
▪ Some examples: Video and audio broadcasts, Routing information
exchange, Distribution of software, Remote gaming
▪ Reserved for addressing multicast groups – 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255.
▪ Link local – 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 (Example: routing information
exchanged by routing protocols)
▪ Globally scoped addresses – 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255 (Example:
224.0.1.1 has been reserved for Network Time Protocol)

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 Types of IPv4 Address
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
Private address blocks are:
▪ Hosts that do not require access to the Internet can use private
addresses
▪ 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
▪ 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)
▪ 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)

Shared address space addresses:

▪ Not globally routable
▪ Intended only for use in service provider networks
▪ Address block is 100.64.0.0/10

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 Types of IPv4 Address
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses

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 Types of IPv4 Address
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
Public address:
▪ Public IP address of a system is the IP address which is used to
communicate outside the network.
▪ Public IP address is basically assigned by the ISP (Internet Service
Provider).
▪ Besides private IP addresses, rest are public.

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 Types of IPv4 Address
Special Use IPv4 Addresses
▪ Network and Broadcast addresses – within each network the first
and last addresses cannot be assigned to hosts
▪ Loopback address – 127.0.0.1 a special address that hosts use to
direct traffic to themselves (addresses 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
are reserved)
▪ Link-Local address – 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
(169.254.0.0/16) addresses can be automatically assigned to the local
host
▪ TEST-NET addresses – 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 (192.0.2.0/24) set
aside for teaching and learning purposes, used in documentation and
network examples
▪ Experimental addresses – 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254 are listed
as reserved for future use. Currently using for research and
experimental use.

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 8.2 IPv6 Network
Addresses

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 IPv4 Issues
The Need for IPv6
▪ IPv6 is designed to be the successor to IPv4.
▪ Depletion of IPv4 address space has been the motivating factor for
moving to IPv6.
▪ Projections show that all IPv4 addresses will run out between 2015
and 2020.
▪ With an increasing Internet population, a limited IPv4 address space,
issues with NAT and an Internet of things, the time has come to begin
the transition to IPv6!
▪ IPv4 has a theoretical maximum of 4.3 billion addresses, plus private
addresses in combination with NAT.
▪ IPv6 larger 128-bit address space provides for 340 undecillion (36
zeros) addresses.
▪ IPv6 fixes the limitations of IPv4 and includes additional
enhancements, such as ICMPv6.
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 IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
The migration techniques can be divided into three categories:
Dual-stack, Tunnelling, and Translation.

Dual-stack

Dual-stack: Allows IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the same network.

Devices run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks simultaneously.
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 IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence (cont.)
Tunnelling

Tunnelling: A method of transporting an IPv6 packet over an IPv4

network. The IPv6 packet is encapsulated inside an IPv4 packet.
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 IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence (cont.)

Translation

Translation: The Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64) allows

IPv6-enabled devices to communicate with IPv4-enabled devices
using a translation technique similar to NAT for IPv4. An IPv6 packet
is translated to an IPv4 packet, and vice versa.

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 IPv6 Addressing
Hexadecimal Number System

▪ Hexadecimal is a base
sixteen system.
▪ Base 16 numbering
system uses the
numbers 0 to 9 and the
letters A to F.
▪ Four bits (half of a byte)
can be represented with
a single hexadecimal
value.

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 IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation
▪ 128 bits in length and written as a string of hexadecimal values
▪ In IPv6, 4 bits represents a single hexadecimal digit, 32 hexadecimal
value = IPv6 address

2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0000:0000:0000:0200
FE80:0000:0000:0000:0123:4567:89AB:CDEF

▪ Hextet used to refer to a segment of 16 bits or four hexadecimals

▪ Can be written in either lowercase or uppercase

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 IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation (cont.)

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 IPv6 Addressing
Rule 1- Omitting Leading 0s
▪ The first rule to help reduce the notation of IPv6 addresses is any
leading 0s (zeros) in any 16-bit section or hextet can be omitted.
▪ 01AB can be represented as 1AB.
▪ 09F0 can be represented as 9F0.
▪ 0A00 can be represented as A00.
▪ 00AB can be represented as AB.

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 IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 - Omitting All 0 Segments
▪ A double colon (::) can replace any single, contiguous string of one or
more 16-bit segments (hextets) consisting of all 0’s.
▪ Double colon (::) can only be used once within an address otherwise
the address will be ambiguous.
▪ Known as the compressed format.
▪ Incorrect address - 2001:0DB8::ABCD::1234.

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 IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 - Omitting All 0 Segments (cont.)

Example #1

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 IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 - Omitting All 0 Segments (cont.)

Example #1

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 IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 - Omitting All 0 Segments (cont.)

Example #1

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 IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 - Omitting All 0 Segments (cont.)

Example #1

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 IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2 - Omitting All 0 Segments (cont.)

Example #1

Example #2

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 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Prefix Length
▪ IPv6 does not use the dotted-decimal subnet mask notation
▪ Prefix length indicates the network portion of an IPv6 address using
the following format:
▪ IPv6 address/prefix length
▪ Prefix length can range from 0 to 128
▪ Typical prefix length is /64

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 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Address Types

There are three types of IPv6 addresses:

▪ Unicast
▪ Multicast
▪ Anycast (beyond the scope of the syllabus).

Note: IPv6 does not have broadcast addresses.

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 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Unicast
▪ Uniquely identifies
an interface on an
IPv6-enabled
device.
▪ A packet sent to a
unicast address is
received by the
interface that is
assigned that
address.

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 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses (cont.)

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 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses (cont.)
Global Unicast
▪ Similar to a public IPv4 address
▪ Globally unique
▪ Internet routable addresses
▪ Can be configured statically or assigned dynamically
Link-local
▪ Used to communicate with other devices on the same local link
▪ Confined to a single link; not routable beyond the link

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 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses (cont.)
Loopback
▪ Used by a host to send a packet to itself and cannot be assigned to a
physical interface.
▪ Ping an IPv6 loopback address to test the configuration of TCP/IP on
the local host.
▪ All-0s except for the last bit, represented as ::1/128 or just ::1.
Unspecified Address
▪ All-0’s address represented as ::/128 or just ::
▪ Cannot be assigned to an interface and is only used as a source
address.
▪ An unspecified address is used as a source address when the device
does not yet have a permanent IPv6 address or when the source of
the packet is irrelevant to the destination.

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 Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses (cont.)
Unique Local
▪ Similar to private addresses for IPv4.
▪ Used for local addressing within a site or between a limited
number of sites.
▪ In the range of FC00::/7 to FDFF::/7.
IPv4 Embedded (not covered in this course)
▪ Used to help transition from IPv4 to IPv6.

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 IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses

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 ICMP
ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 Messages
▪ ICMP messages common to both ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 include:
▪ Host confirmation
▪ Destination or Service Unreachable
▪ Time exceeded
▪ Route redirection
▪ Although IP is not a reliable protocol, the TCP/IP suite does provide
for messages to be sent in the event of certain errors, sent using the
services of ICMP.

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 ICMP
ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router
Advertisement Messages
▪ ICMPv6 includes four new protocols as part of the Neighbor Discovery
Protocol (ND or NDP):
▪ Router Solicitation message
▪ Router Advertisement message
▪ Neighbor Solicitation message
▪ Neighbor Advertisement message
▪ Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement Message – Sent
between hosts and routers.
▪ Router Solicitation (RS) message – RS messages are sent as an
IPv6 all-routers multicast message.
▪ Router Advertisement (RA) message – RA messages are sent by
routers to provide addressing information.

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