SOLAR SCARECROW WITH SOUND SENSING

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Electric fences can be used to protect farmhouses, farmlands, forest bungalows,

etc from animals. In a way, these simulate the job of a forest guard. Already popular in
countries where manpower is expensive, electric fences are slowly becoming popular in
India as well.

Nowadays the use of electric fence for control and content livestock are having a
large application in almost all countries of the world. Electric Fence was starting to use in
the thirties and nowadays is used in all world in little and big farms. Brazil, like the major
exporter of beef cattle is a great consumer of this technology. Big farms with large areas
of control need electric fences energizers of large capacity to keep high voltage in all its
extension. But not much information about safety use and project is presented in papers
and available for consumers and manufacturers as well electric fences characteristics.
There are inBrazil many manufacturers of this kind of equipment, but these manufacturers
use empiric rules to design this kind of equipment. This work intends to be a starting
point to change this reality involving the academic researchers in the study of this
problem. The electric fence presents the following parts: Energizer, Wire, Isolation and
Ground.

Agriculture in India is the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in
the overall socioeconomic factor of India. The increasing news articles in television and
newspaper on wild animals raiding agricultural crops during harvest season shows that
these animals can destroy a farmer’s livelihood. In such areas Electric fencing system can
be employed in which the animals experience a high voltage low current shock for a very
short time. Because of the small magnitude of current there is no threat to the animal’s
life at the same time the large magnitude voltage scares away the animals.

Usually, PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect
whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive,
low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. For that reason they are commonly found in

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appliances and gadgets used in homes or businesses. They are often referred to as PIR,
"Passive Infrared", "Pyroelectric", or "IR motion" sensors. A photoelectric sensor, or
photo eye, is a device used to detect the distance, absence, or presence of an object by
using a light transmitter, often infrared, and a photoelectric receiver. They are used
extensively in industrial manufacturing. There are three different functional types:
opposed (through beam), retro-reflective, and proximity-sensing (diffused).

The practices employed by farmers to deter elephants are also wide ranging.
These generally include active traditional deterrents such as shouting, drum beating,
bursting firecrackers, torch lighting, and setting fire to raw jute or tires fixed at the end of
bamboo sticks. Usually, farmers guard their crops on their own, however during peak
raiding season two to three neighbouring farmers form groups to ride elephants back.

Biological Deterrents: Some farmers use natural deterrents such as chili peppers, tobacco,
or certain plants with strong odors to deter animals like elephants. These substances are
often spread around the perimeter of the farm to create a barrier that animals are reluctant
to cross.

1. Physical Barriers: In addition to electric fences, physical barriers such as trenches

or walls are sometimes used to keep animals away from crops. These barriers can
be effective but may require more resources to construct and maintain.
2. Community Efforts: In areas where wildlife-human conflict is prevalent,
communities may come together to implement strategies for mitigating damage
caused by animals. This can include forming patrols to monitor wildlife
movement and quickly respond to potential threats.
3. Technology Integration: Some farmers are exploring the use of technology such as
drones or sensor-based systems to monitor and deter animals from entering
agricultural areas. For example, drones equipped with cameras can provide real-
time surveillance of farmland and alert farmers to the presence of wildlife.
4. Government Support: Governments in regions affected by wildlife-human conflict
may provide support to farmers in the form of compensation for crop damage or
assistance with implementing deterrent measures. This support can help alleviate
the financial burden on farmers and encourage them to adopt more effective
deterrent strategies.

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5. Research and Development: Continued research into animal behavior and

effective deterrent methods is crucial for finding sustainable solutions to wildlife-
human conflict. This includes studying the effectiveness of different deterrent
techniques and developing new technologies to better protect crops and livestock.
6. Education and Awareness: Educating farmers about the importance of wildlife
conservation and the role they can play in coexisting with wildlife is essential for
fostering positive attitudes towards conservation efforts. This can help reduce
conflicts between humans and animals and promote more sustainable land use
practices.

1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT:

The project "Solar Scarecrow" aims to develop an efficient, sustainable, and

technologically advanced scarecrow system that can effectively deter birds and other
pests from agricultural fields. The solar-powered scarecrow integrates renewable energy
sources with modern technology to provide a reliable and eco-friendly solution for
protecting crops. Here is a detailed breakdown of the aims and features of this project:

1.Sustainable Power Source:

• Feature: Utilizes solar panels to convert sunlight into electrical energy, providing
a renewable power source for the scarecrow.
• Importance: This ensures that the scarecrow operates independently of external
power supplies, reducing the need for fossil fuels and lowering operational costs.
It also makes the system environmentally friendly and sustainable.

2. Reliable Operation:

• Feature: Includes a rechargeable battery to store solar energy, ensuring continuous

operation during times when sunlight is not available, such as at night or during
cloudy weather.
• Importance: This guarantees that the scarecrow can function effectively 24/7,
providing consistent protection for crops regardless of weather conditions.

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3. Effective Pest Deterrence:

• Feature: Equipped with sound sensors, a microcontroller, and deterrent

mechanisms (such as noise emitters, lights, or moving parts) to detect and scare
away pests.
• Importance: These technologies enhance the effectiveness of the scarecrow in
deterring birds and other pests, reducing crop damage and increasing yield. The
smart response system ensures that the scarecrow reacts promptly and
appropriately to potential threats.

4. Ease of Use and Maintenance:

• Feature: Designed for easy installation and minimal maintenance, with

components such as LEDs or indicator lights to show system status (e.g., active,
low battery).
• Importance: Farmers can quickly set up and monitor the scarecrow without
requiring specialized skills or frequent interventions, making it user-friendly and
practical for everyday agricultural use.

5. Scalability and Integration:

• Feature: The system can be easily expanded and integrated with other agricultural
technologies, such as IoT devices and automated monitoring systems.
• Importance: This allows farmers to scale the solution according to their needs and
integrate it into broader smart farming initiatives, enhancing overall farm
management and efficiency.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 LITERTURE REVIEW:

[1] “Design & Manufacturing of Smart Agri-scare Crow” BY Arajpure et al.(2022).
The study focused on an automatic smart scarecrow is an effective op on for
providing crop security both day and night. Compared to a normal scarecrow, it is
more efficient as it provides continuous protection from birds, animals, and theft.
The automatic smart scarecrow is equipped with sensors, movable arms, a 360°
rotating camera, and an alarming device, making it a superior choice for crop
protection.

[2] “Solar Based Birds Repeller to Protect Crops From Birds and Animals” by
P.Nagaraju etal.(2019).
Ultrasonic waves can effectively repel birds from designated areas without being
audible to human ears. A solar-powered electronic device was developed to produce
ultrasonicwaves with varying frequencies and high sound pressure levels. The waves
created an unfavourable environment for pest birds and eventually pushed them
away from the designated area.

[3] “Protection of Crops from Wild Animals Using Intelligent Surveillance System” by
Vikaset al.(2018).
The author states that crop vandalization by wild animals is a major social problem
that requires urgent attention and effective solutions. The project aims to address this
problem by designing a low-cost, energy-efficient smart embedded farmland
protection and surveillance system.

[4] “Damage Caused By Birds And Rodent In Field Crops And Their Control By El-
eleem” et al.(2014).
The study focused on effective rodent control strategies should consider economic
and ecological factors, including differences in species composition, population
dynamics, and seasonal variations in activity. The use of grey and green-colored

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baits can be effective in preparing rodenticides, and the choice of control methods
should depend on locality, neighboring factors, and available food.

[5] “Design And Implementation Of Low-cost Solar Powered Bird Repellent Technique
ForPrevention Of High Economic Crops” By Uzma et al.(2021).
The article presents the design and implementation of a low-cost solar-powered bird
repellent technique for the prevention of high economic crops in agricultural fields.
The researchers developed a solar-powered bird- scarer that uses predator sounds to
deter birds from causing damage to crops. The study found that the success of the
bird-scarer mainly depends on the predator sound type, its volume, quality,
frequency, and its repetitive nature.

[6] “Design, Manufacture And Test Of A Solar Powered Audible Bird Scarer And Study
OfSound Ranges Used In It” by Rajesh Et Al.(2015).
The study focused that the audible bird scarer designed, manufactured, and tested in
this research was effective enough to scare birdsaway.

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CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Agricultural crops are susceptible to damage from birds and pests, leading to
significant losses in yield and revenue for farmers worldwide. Traditional scarecrow methods,
such as static figures or noise-making devices, often prove ineffective in deterring persistent
pests. Additionally, reliance on non-renewable energy sources for scarecrow operation can be
costly and environmentally detrimental. Therefore, there is a need for an innovative solution
that combines renewable energy and advanced sensing technology to create a more efficient
and sustainable scarecrow system. The proposed solution aims to develop a solar-powered
scarecrow equipped with sound-sensing technology. This system will utilize solar panels to
harness energy from the sun, ensuring continuous operation without the need for external
power sources or batteries. The integration of sound-sensing technology will enable the
scarecrow to detect approaching birds and pests based on their auditory cues, triggering
appropriate deterrent measures.

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Solar panel POWERSUPPLY UNIT

Voice record and

play

Sound sensor Arduino uno

Speaker

FIG: 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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3.2 WORKING:

WORKING PROCESS
In this project, the model operates by harnessing solar energy through a
built-in panel, storing it in a rechargeable battery for power. Equipped with a
sound sensor, it detects specific noises like animal sounds or human voices. A
microcontroller processes these signals, activating deterrent mechanisms upon
detecting predefined triggering sounds. These mechanisms may include emitting
loud noises, creating movement like flapping wings or waving arms, or activating
lights to scare off pests or intruders. After activation, the scarecrow conserves
energy in standby mode until the next sound triggers its operation, ensuring
efficient use of solar power and continuous protection.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• ARDUINO UNO
• MICRO CONTROLLER
• SOUND SENSOR
• VOICE RECORDER
• SOLAR PANELS
• SPEAKERS
• LCD

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• ARDUINO IDE
• EMBEDDED C

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CHAPTER 4
OBJECTIVE OF PROPOSED WORK

• Designing a Weather-Resistant Solar-Powered Scarecrow: This involves

engineering a scarecrow structure that can withstand various weather
conditions, including rain, wind, and sunlight. The design should be durable and
stable, ensuring its longevity in outdoor agricultural settings.
• Developing Sound-Sensing Technology: This objective focuses on creating
advanced sound-sensing technology capable of accurately detecting the
presence of birds and pests in the vicinity of the scarecrow. This technology
should be sensitive enough to distinguish between different types of sounds and
reliably trigger the scarecrow's deterrent mechanisms.
• Implementing Effective Deterrent Measures: Upon detecting the presence of
birds or pests, the scarecrow should deploy effective deterrent measures to
discourage them from approaching the crops. This could include emitting loud
noises, activating mechanical motion, or other deterrent tactics designed to
startle or repel the pests.
• Optimizing Energy Efficiency: To ensure continuous operation without the need
for external power sources, the scarecrow's energy efficiency must be optimized.
This involves designing efficient solar panels, energy storage systems, and power
management algorithms to maximize the utilization of solar energy and minimize
energy wastage.
• Conducting Field Trials: Field trials are essential to evaluate the effectiveness of
the solar-powered scarecrow in real-world agricultural environments. These
trials will assess its ability to reduce crop damage caused by birds and pests and
measure its impact on increasing crop yield. Feedback from farmers and data
collected during the trials will inform any necessary adjustments or
improvements to the scarecrow design and functionality.

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4.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:

4.1.1 ARDUINO

Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software company, project,

and user community that designs and manufactures Single-board microcontrollers and
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and
control objects in the physical world.

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or
a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet).

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a powerjack, an ICSP header, and a
reset button.

FIG: 4.1 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an open-source project that created microcontroller-based kits for

building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices.

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The project is based on microcontroller board designs, produced by several vendors, using
various microcontrollers. These systems provide sets of digital and analog input/output
(I/O) pins that can interface to various expansion boards (termed shields) and other
circuits. The boards feature serial communication interfaces, including Universal Serial
Bus (USB) on some models, for loading programs from personal computers. For
programming the microcontrollers, the Arduino project provides an integrated
development environment (IDE) based on a programming language named Processing,
whichalso supports the languages C and C++.

FIG: 4.2 ARDUINO UNO INTERFACE WITH SOUND SENSOR

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter. Arduino Uno has a
number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino board, or other
microcontrollers.

4.1.2 ATMEGA328 IC

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The ATmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the mega

AVR family. The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 kB ISP
flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 kB EEPROM, 2 kB SRAM, 23
general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable
USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit
A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable
watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving
modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The device achieves throughput
approaching1 MIPS per MHz.

FIG:4.3 ATmega328P IC

FIG: 4.4 PIN DIAGRAM

• High Performance, Low Power Atmel®AVR® 8-Bit

Microcontroller Family

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• Advanced RISC Architecture

▪ 131 Powerful Instructions

▪ Most Single Clock Cycle Execution

▪ 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

▪ Fully Static Operation

▪ Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20MHz

▪ On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
▪ 4/8/16/32KBytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
program memory
▪ 256/512/512/1KBytes EEPROM
▪ 512/1K/1K/2KBytes Internal SRAM
▪ Write/Erase Cycles:10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROMC(1)
°C/100 years at 25°-Data retention: 20 years at 85
▪ Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-
System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
▪ True Read-While-Write Operation
▪ Programming Lock for Software Security Atmel® QTouch®
library support
▪ Capacitive touch buttons, sliders and wheels ̶ QTouch and
QMatrix® acquisition
▪ Up to 64 sense channels
• Peripheral Features

▪ Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate

Prescaler andCompare Mode
▪ One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate
Prescaler, CompareMode, and Capture Mode
▪ Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

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▪ Six PWM Channels

▪ 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package

▪ Temperature Measurement

▪ 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package

▪ Temperature Measurement
▪ Programmable Serial USART ̶
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
▪ Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial
Interface(Philips I2 Ccompatible)
▪ Programmable Watchdog Timer with
Separate On-chipOscillator
▪ On-chip Analog Comparator

▪ Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change

• Special Microcontroller Features

▪ Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

▪ Internal Calibrated Oscillator

▪ External and Internal Interrupt Sources

▪ Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction,

Power-save,Power-down, Standby, and Extended
Standby

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FIG: 4.5 ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM

• I/O and Packages

▪ 23 Programmable I/O Lines

▪ 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLF

and 32-padQFN/MLF

• Operating Voltage: 1.8 - 5.5V

• Temperature Range: -40°C to 85°C

• Speed Grade: 0 - [email protected] - 5.5V, 0 - [email protected] - 5.5.V, 0 - 20MHz@

4.5 - 5.5V C°

• Power Consumption at 1MHz, 1.8V, 25

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▪ Active Mode: 0.2Ma

▪ Power-down Mode: 0.1µA

▪ Power-save Mode: 0.75µA (Including 32kHz RTC)

4.1.3 SOUND SENSOR

A sound sensor comprises a microphone element at its core, capturing sound

waves and converting them into electrical signals. This element typically includes a
diaphragm and a coil or piezoelectric material, where sound-induced vibrations generate
voltage changes. These weak signals undergo amplification and conditioning within the
sensor's signal processing circuitry to enhance their quality and prepare them for further
processing. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) then converts these analog signals into
digital format for compatibility with digital systems like microcontrollers or computers.
Additionally, some sound sensors feature sensitivity adjustments to fine-tune their
response to varying sound levels or frequencies, making them adaptable for diverse
applications.

FIG: 4.6 SOUND DETECTION SENSOR

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The output from a sound sensor can take various forms, including analog voltage
levels or digital signals like Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), facilitating easy integration
with different electronic devices. These sensors find wide utility across industries and
applications, from sound detection and analysis in environmental monitoring or security
systems to voice recognition in smart devices and musical instruments. Their ability to
detect and process sound waves makes them invaluable for tasks ranging from detecting
anomalies or alarms to enabling sophisticated audio-based interactions in modern
technological environments.

4.1.4 VOICE RECORDER

A voice recorder consists of several key components that work together to

capture, store, and playback audio recordings. At its core is a microphone, similar to that
in a sound sensor, which captures sound waves and converts them into electrical signals.
This microphone element may be optimized for voice frequencies and is often designed to
minimize background noise for clear recordings. The signal from the microphone is then
processed through amplification and filtering circuits to enhance the audio quality and
reduce unwanted noise interference.

FIG: 4.7 VOICE RECORDER

In addition to the microphone, a voice recorder includes an analog-to-digital

converter (ADC) to convert the analog audio signals into digital format. This digital audio

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data is then stored in memory, typically using solid-state storage such as flash memory.
The recorder may also have features like adjustable recording quality settings, storage
capacity indicators, playback controls, and connectivity options for transferring
recordings to other devices. Overall, a voice recorder provides a portable and convenient
way to capture and store audio, making it useful for dictation, interviews, lectures,
meetings, and various audio recording needs.

4.1.5 SOLAR PANELS

Solar panels, essential components of solar energy systems, harness sunlight to

generate electricity through photovoltaic technology. Comprising interconnected solar
cells made of semiconductor materials like silicon, these panels convert solar radiation
into direct current (DC) electricity via the photovoltaic effect. Encased in tempered glass
with protective encapsulation and a sturdy aluminium frame, solar panels withstand
environmental factors while maximizing sunlight absorption. The generated DC
electricity flows through output terminals in the junction box, facilitating connections to
other panels or inverters for conversion into usable alternating current (AC) electricity,
powering homes, businesses, and utilities with clean, renewable energy.

FIG: 4.8 SOLAR PANELS

Beyond their technical structure, solar panels play a pivotal role in sustainable
energy adoption, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating environmental impact.
Their versatility in various applications, from rooftop installations to large-scale solar
farms, underscores their significance in advancing renewable energy transitions globally.
As efficiency improvements and technological advancements continue to drive solar

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panel innovation, they remain integral to achieving long-term energy sustainability goals
and fostering a greener future.

4.1.6 SPEAKERS

Speakers, fundamental components of audio systems, convert electrical signals

into sound waves, enabling the reproduction of audio content. They consist of several key
elements, including a cone-shaped diaphragm, voice coil, magnet assembly, and
enclosure. When an electrical signal passes through the voice coil, it interacts with the
magnetic field produced by the magnet assembly, causing the diaphragm to vibrate and
produce sound waves. The size, design, and materials used in speakers influence their
frequency response, power handling capacity, and overall audio quality.

FIG: 4.9 SPEAKRS

Enclosed within a housing or enclosure, speakers are designed to enhance sound

projection, clarity, and bass response while minimizing distortion and resonance. The
enclosure type, such as sealed, ported, or horn-loaded, affects the speaker's acoustic
characteristics and performance in different environments. From compact bookshelf
speakers to high-fidelity floor-standing models, speakers play a crucial role in delivering
immersive audio experiences across music playback, home theater systems, public
address systems, and professional audio setups, enriching entertainment, communication,
and auditory experiences.

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4.1.7 LCD

LCD technology could be applied to auxiliary components such as a control panel

or monitoring system. For example, an LCD display integrated into the control panel
could provide real-time feedback on the scarecrow's operational status, including battery
charge levels, solar power generation metrics, and sound sensor readings. This visual
interface would allow users to monitor the system's performance and make informed
decisions regarding maintenance or adjustments based on the displayed information.

FIG: 4.10 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

Additionally, LCD displays can serve as user interfaces for configuring and
customizing the scarecrow's settings. Users could utilize the display to adjust sensitivity
levels of the sound sensor, set activation thresholds for deterrent mechanisms, or access a
menu system for fine-tuning operational parameters. This interactive functionality
enhances the usability and versatility of the solar-powered scarecrow, providing a
convenient way for users to tailor its behavior to specific environmental conditions or
pest deterrent needs.

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SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:

4.1.8 ARDUINO IDE:

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE)-

contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with
buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and
Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These
sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor
has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives
feedback while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text
output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other
information. The bottom righthand corner of the window displays the configured board
and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create,
open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools >
Board and Tools > Port menus. The boards are described below. On the Mac, the serial
port is probably something like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or Mega2560 or
Leonardo) or /dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a Duemilanove or earlier USB board), or
/dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a Key span USB-to-Serial
adapter). On Windows, it'sprobably COM1 or COM2 (for a serial board) or COM4,
COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find out, you look for USB serial device in
the ports section of the Windows Device Manager. On Linux, it should be
/dev/ttyACMx , /dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once you've selected the correct serial port
and board, press the upload button in the toolbar or selectthe Upload item from
the Sketch menu. Current Arduino boards will reset automatically and begin the upload.
With older boards (pre-Diecimila) that lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the reset
button on the board just before starting the upload. On most boards, you'll see the RX and
TX LEDs blink as the sketch is uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will display a
message when the upload is complete, or show an error.

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When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program that
has been loaded on to the microcontroller on your board. It allows you to upload code
without using any additional hardware. The bootloader is active for a few seconds when
the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most recently uploaded to the
microcontroller. The bootloader will blink the on-board (pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e.
when the board resets).

4.1.9 EMBEDDED C:
Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by
the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C
extensions for different embedded systems.

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by

the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C
extensions for different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming
requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such
as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a

larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing
constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and
mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are manufactured as components of
embedded systems.

Examples of properties of typical embedded computers when compared with

general-purpose counterparts are low power consumption, small size, rugged operating
ranges, and low per-unit cost. This comes at the price of limited processing resources,
which make them significantly more difficult to program and to interact with. However,
by building intelligence mechanisms on top of the hardware, taking advantage of possible
existing sensors and the existence of a network of embedded units, one can both
optimally manage available resources at the unit and network levels as well as provide
augmented functions, well beyond those available. For example, intelligent techniques
can be designed to manage power consumption of embedded systems.
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Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPU's with
integrated memory or peripheral interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external
chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also common, especially in more-
complex systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general
purpose to those specialized in certain class of computations, or even custom designed for
the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital
signal processor (DSP).

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and
performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies
of scale.

Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3
players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely
complex systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from
low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multipleunits, peripherals and
networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

4.1.10 SENSOR INTERFACING:

Sensor interfacing is a mix of amplification, filtering, and other signal

conditioning as well as analog-to-digital conversion. The analog-to-digital converter
(ADC) may be in your microcontroller, but you will still need to make the sensor
compatible with the ADC input.

4.1.11 PREPARING POWER SUPPLY UNIT:

A power supply unit (or PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC

power for the internal components of a controller. A power supply is used to reduce the
mains electricity at 240 volts AC down to something more useable, say 12 volts DC.
There are two types of power supply, linear and switch mode. A linear power supply uses
a transformer to reduce the voltage. The AC signal is rectified and regulated to produce a
high DC voltage.

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An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of external power

supply, often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Adapters for battery-powered
equipment may be described as chargers or rechargers (see also battery charger). AC
adapters are used with electrical devices that require power but do not contain internal
components to derive the required voltage and power from main power. The internal
circuitry of an external power supply is very similar to the design that would be used for a
built-in or internal supply.

4.1.12 MICRO-CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING:

A microcontroller is a programmable IC, capable of multiple functions dependingon

how it’s programed. Many different kinds of microcontrollers exist that offer a wide range
of functionality. The versatility of the microcontroller is what makes it one of the most
powerful tools in modern design. This guide will explain the basics of microcontrollers
and how they are programmed.

4.1.13 READING ANALOG DATA

The microcontroller of the board has a circuit inside called an analog-to-digital

converter or ADC that reads this changing voltage and converts it to a number between 0
and 1023. When the shaft is turned all the way in one direction, there are 0 volts going to
the pin, and the input value is 0. When the shaft is turned all the way in the opposite
direction, there are 5 volts going to the pin and the input value is 1023. In between,
analog Read() returns a number between 0 and 1023 that is proportional to the amount of
voltage being applied to the pin.

4.1.14 TEST AND DEBUG

Testing means verifying correct behavior. Testing can be done at all stages of
module development: requirements analysis, interface design, algorithm design,
implementation, and integration with other modules. In the following, attention will be

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directed at implementation testing. Implementation testing is not restricted to execution

testing. An implementation can also be tested using correctness proofs, code tracing, and
peer reviews, as described below.

Debugging is a cyclic activity involving execution testing and code correction.

The testing that is done during debugging has a different aim than final module testing.
Final module testing aims to demonstrate correctness, whereas testing during debugging
is primarily aimed at locating errors. This difference has a significant effect on the choice
of testing strategies.

FIG: 4.11 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

A solar-powered scarecrow with sound-sensing capabilities typically involves

several components and circuits working together. Here's an explanation of a basic circuit
diagram for such a device:

1. Solar Panel

• Function: The solar panel is responsible for capturing sunlight and

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converting it into electrical energy. This is done through

photovoltaic cells, which are designed to generate electricity when
exposed to sunlight.

• Importance: The solar panel is crucial because it provides a

renewable and sustainable power source for the scarecrow, ensuring
that it can operate independently without needing an external power
supply. This is particularly useful in agricultural settings where
running power lines might be impractical or expensive.

2. Battery:

• Function: The battery stores the electrical energy generated by

the solar panel. This is typically a rechargeable battery, such as a
lithium-ion battery, which can be charged and discharged many
times.

• Importance: The battery allows the scarecrow to function even

when there is no sunlight, such as at night or during cloudy days.
This ensures continuous operation and protection of the crops,
regardless of weather conditions.

3. Sound Sensor:

• Function: The sound sensor detects noises or sound disturbances

in the vicinity of the scarecrow. This sensor usually consists of a
microphone that picks up sound waves and converts them into
electrical signals that can be processed.

• Importance: The sound sensor is essential for the scarecrow to

detect the presence of pests or intruders. For instance, the noise
made by birds or animals can trigger the sensor, prompting the
scarecrow to take action to scare them away.

4. Microcontroller:

• Function: The microcontroller acts as the brain of the scarecrow.

It processes the input signals from the sound sensor and controls
the scarecrow's actions based on predefined programming.

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Common microcontrollers used in such projects include Arduino

and Raspberry Pi.

• Importance: The microcontroller enables the scarecrow to

respond intelligently to detected sounds. For example, if the
sound sensor picks up a loud noise, the microcontroller can
activate deterrents such as moving parts, sounds, or lights to
scare away pests.

5. LEDs or Indicator Lights:

• Function: LEDs or indicator lights can serve multiple purposes,

such as showing the operational status of the scarecrow. These
lights can indicate when the scarecrow is active, when the
battery is low, or when the system is charging.

• Importance: These indicators provide visual feedback to farmers

or users, allowing them to quickly assess the scarecrow's status.
For instance, a low battery indicator can prompt the user to
check the solar panel or battery, ensuring that the scarecrow
remains functional.

FIG: 4.12 3D MODEL

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The 3D model of the solar-powered scarecrow with sound-sensing capabilities

encompasses a design that integrates essential components seamlessly. This model
typically includes a realistic representation of solar panels arranged atop the scarecrow's
structure, capturing sunlight to generate electrical energy. Positioned strategically within
the model is the sound sensor, depicted to detect specific sounds associated with pests or
intruders, triggering deterrent mechanisms like speakers or moving parts. The control
unit, housed within the model, manages the processing of sound signals, activation of
deterrent actions, and efficient utilization of solar-generated power.Additionally, the 3D
model incorporates an enclosure that protects the electronic components from
environmental elements, ensuring durability and longevity. Mounting and support
structures are included in the design to position the scarecrow optimally for effective pest
deterrence. Overall, the 3D model visually represents the interconnectedness of solar
energy utilization, sound detection, processing, and pest deterrent mechanisms, offering a
comprehensive depiction of the project's functionality and design.

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CHAPTER 5

METHODOLOGY

5.1 DESIGN OF THE SOLAR-POWERED SYSTEM:

Solar power serves as a sustainable and renewable energy source for the proposed
scarecrow system. The design considerations involve selecting appropriate solar panels,
specifying the battery and charge controller, and seamlessly integrating these components
intothe scarecrow structure.

1. Selection of Solar Panels:

Solar panels are critical components for harnessing solar energy. The selection
processinvolves several considerations:

• Type of Solar Panels: Choosing between monocrystalline, polycrystalline, or

thin-film solar panels based on factors such as efficiency, space availability, and
cost-effectiveness.
• Efficiency and Power Output: Assessing the efficiency of solar panels to
maximize energy conversion and selecting panels with an appropriate power
output to meet the scarecrow's energy needs.
• Size and Form Factor: Determining the physical dimensions of the solar panels
to ensure they fit the available space on the scarecrow structure without
obstructing its functionality.
• Durability and Weather Resistance: Selecting solar panels with adequate
durability and weather resistance to withstand outdoor conditions, including rain,
wind, and temperature variations.
• Integration Flexibility: Ensuring compatibility and ease of integration with the
scarecrow structure to optimize solar exposure and energy capture.
2. Battery and Charge Controller Specification:

Efficient energy storage and management are crucial for maintaining the scarecrow's
functionality during periods of low sunlight. The selection of batteries and charge
controllers involves the following considerations:

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• Battery Type: Choosing between lead-acid, lithium-ion, or other battery types

based on factorssuch as energy density, lifespan, and cost.
• Capacity and Voltage: Determining the batteryacity and voltage to store
sufficient energy for continuous scarecrow operation, considering the energy
consumption of the sound sensing mechanism and any other integrated
components.
• Charge Controller Type: Selecting an appropriate charge controller, such as
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) or MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), to
regulate the charging process and prevent overcharging or undercharging.
• Integration with Solar Panels: Ensuring seamless integration between the solar
panels, charge controller, and battery for efficient energy transfer and storage.
• Energy Management System: Implementing an energy management system that
optimizes the use of stored energy, ensuring the scarecrow remains operational
during periods of low solar irradiance.

The methodology for a smart solar scarecrow typically involves several steps:

• Identify the specific crop or area that needs protection and the type of
animals that are causingdamage.

• Determine the appropriate size and design of the scarecrow based on the area to be
protected.
• Select the appropriate sensors, such as motion detectors or infrared sensors, to
detect the presence of animals and trigger the scarecrow's movement and sound
mechanisms.

• Determine the power requirements and select appropriate solar panels and
batteries to power the scarecrow.
• Develop the software and programming to control the scarecrow's movements and
sounds, and
to schedule its operation during specific times of day or night.

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CHAPTER 6

PERFORMANCE OR RESULT ANALYSIS

6.1 RESULTS:

The results of the solar-powered scarecrow project with sound-sensing capabilities are
expected to include:

• Effective Pest Deterrence: The scarecrow's ability to detect specific sounds

associated with pests and activate deterrent mechanisms such as loud noises or
movement is expected to effectively deter pest intrusion and protect crops or
property.
• Sustainability: By harnessing solar power for operation, the project promotes
sustainability by reducing reliance on traditional energy sources and minimizing
environmental impact, contributing to eco-friendly pest control practices.
• Cost Savings: Over time, the use of solar energy eliminates recurring energy
costs, making the project cost-effective and financially advantageous compared to
non-solar alternatives.
• Operational Autonomy: The project's autonomy, powered by solar energy and
sound-sensing technology, allows for continuous operation without manual
intervention, enhancing efficiency and productivity in pest management.
• Scalability: The modular design and customizable settings of the project enable
scalability to different environments and applications, accommodating varying
pest control needs and operational requirements.
• Data Insights: Integration with IoT and smart features can provide valuable data
insights, such as pest activity patterns, system performance metrics, and energy
utilization trends, enabling informed decision-making and optimization of pest
control strategies.

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FIG: 6.1 ACTUAL MODEL

• The actual physical model of a solar-powered scarecrow with sound-sensing
capabilities would be a compact and purposeful design. It would feature a
recognizable structure with solar panels integrated into its body or mounted on
top, showcasing the project's reliance on renewable energy. A distinct component,
such as a small microphone-like sensor, would represent the sound sensor,
strategically placed to detect specific sounds from pests or intruders. Inside the
scarecrow's body or a designated compartment, the control unit would be housed,
containing electronic elements like a microcontroller, batteries, sound processing
circuitry, and controls for activating deterrent actions.
• Externally, the model would exhibit the deterrent mechanisms in action, such as
moving parts mimicking scarecrow gestures or audible deterrents produced by
miniature speakers. An enclosure made of durable materials would protect the
internal electronics from environmental elements, ensuring longevity and
reliability. Clear labeling or markings on the model would highlight key
components and their functions, providing a visual demonstration of how solar
energy, sound detection, and pest deterrence synergize in this innovative solution.

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6.3 ADVANTAGES:

The solar-powered scarecrow with sound-sensing capabilities offers several

advantages:

1. Environmentally Friendly: By utilizing solar power, the scarecrow reduces

reliance on traditional energy sources, making it eco-friendly and sustainable. It
minimizes carbon footprint and contributes to renewable energy adoption.
2. Cost-effective: Operating on solar energy eliminates the need for external power
sources or batteries, reducing operational costs over time. Once installed, the
scarecrow can function autonomously without recurring expenses.
3. Efficient Pest Deterrence: The sound-sensing capabilities enable targeted and
effective pest deterrence. The scarecrow can detect specific sounds associated
with pests or intruders, triggering deterrent mechanisms like loud noises or
movement to protect crops or property.
4. Low Maintenance: Solar-powered systems generally require minimal
maintenance compared to traditional power sources. With proper installation and
upkeep, the scarecrow can operate reliably for extended periods without
significant intervention.
5. Versatile Deployment: The project's modular design and customizable settings
make it suitable for various environments and applications. Whether used in
agricultural fields, gardens, or other areas requiring pest control, the scarecrow's
flexibility enhances its usability across different scenarios.
6. Scalability: The project can be scaled up or modified to accommodate larger
areas or different types of pests. Additional sensors, connectivity options, or
advanced features can be integrated to enhance functionality and coverage as
needed

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6.4 DISADVANTAGES:

While the solar-powered scarecrow with sound-sensing capabilities offers several

advantages, it also has some potential disadvantages to consider:

1. Weather Dependency: The system's effectiveness can be reduced during cloudy

or rainy weather, affecting its ability to operate optimally.
2. Night time Limitations: Without sufficient battery capacity or backup power, the
scarecrow's functionality may be limited during night time hours when pests are
still active.
3. Initial Cost: The initial investment in solar panels, batteries, and equipment may
be higher compared to non-solar alternatives, potentially posing a financial barrier
for some users.

6.2 APPLICATIONS:

The solar-powered scarecrow with sound-sensing capabilities has several

applications across different industries and environments:

1. Agriculture: In agricultural settings, the scarecrow can protect crops from birds,
rodents, and other pests by detecting their presence through sound sensors and
activating deterrent mechanisms such as loud noises or movement.
2. Gardens and Orchards: Homeowners, gardeners, and orchard managers can use
the scarecrow to deter pests like squirrels, rabbits, and deer from damaging plants
and fruits, promoting healthier growth and yield.
3. Outdoor Facilities: The project can be deployed in outdoor facilities such as
parks, golf courses, and recreational areas to deter wildlife or nuisance animals
from causing damage or disturbance.
4. Urban Environments: In urban areas, the scarecrow can be used to protect
gardens, rooftop farms, and green spaces from pest infestations without relying on
harmful chemicals or pesticides.
5. Industrial and Commercial Sites: Businesses, warehouses, and industrial
facilities can benefit from the scarecrow's pest control capabilities, protecting

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outdoor storage areas, equipment, and property from damage caused by wildlife or
pests.
6. Residential Properties: Homeowners can use the solar-powered scarecrow to
safeguard gardens, flower beds, and backyard areas from pest intrusion, enhancing
the overall aesthetics and maintenance of outdoor spaces.
7. Aquaculture Farms: Deter birds and other predators from fish ponds and
aquaculture installations. Protects fish stocks, ensuring better yields and reducing
losses.

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 SOLAR SCARECROW WITH SOUND SENSING

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the development of a scarecrow with a solar-powered system and

sound sensing mechanism represents a significant step forward in agricultural
technology. The integration of renewable energy and smart sensing technology not
only enhances the traditional scarecrow's efficiency but also aligns with the global
push towards sustainable and eco-friendly farming practices.

The solar-powered scarecrow addresses the energy challenges associated with

conventional scarecrows, providing an autonomous and environmentally friendly
solution. The sound sensing mechanism adds an extra layer of sophistication, enabling
the scarecrow to detect and respond topotential threats more effectively.

Through this project, we have successfully demonstrated the feasibility and

functionality of a modernized scarecrow. The user-friendly interface allows farmers to
easily manage and customize the scarecrow's settings, contributing to a seamless
integration into existing agricultural practices.

The solar-powered scarecrow with sound-sensing capabilities represents an

innovative and sustainable approach to pest control and property protection. By
harnessing solar energy for operation and integrating advanced sound detection
technology, the project offers an effective and environmentally friendly solution to
deter pests and intruders. The combination of solar panels, sound sensors, control
units, and deterrent mechanisms showcases the project's holistic design and
functionality.

In conclusion, the solar-powered scarecrow project demonstrates the potential of

renewable energy and smart technology integration in agriculture, outdoor
environments, and property management. Its scalability, versatility, and eco-friendly
features make it a valuable asset for promoting sustainable practices, reducing
reliance on traditional energy sources, and enhancing pest control strategies. As

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 SOLAR SCARECROW WITH SOUND SENSING

technology continues to evolve, such projects pave the way for innovative solutions
that balance effectiveness, efficiency, and environmental stewardship.

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

1. Advanced Sensing Technologies:

Explore and integrate more advanced sensing technologies, such as

computer vision or machine learning algorithms, to improve the scarecrow's
ability to distinguish between different types of pests and birds.

2. Communication and Connectivity:

Implement wireless connectivity features to enable real-time monitoring

and control of multiple scarecrows from a central location. This can facilitate data
collection and analysis for further optimization.

3. Weather Resistance:
Enhance the scarecrow's durability and weather resistance to withstand
harsh environmental conditions, ensuring reliable operation in various climates
and seasons.

4. Energy Storage Optimization:

Research and implement advanced energy storage solutions, such as improved

battery technologies or energy-efficient capacitors, to enhance the overall
reliability and lifespan of the solar-powered system.

5. Integration with Farm Management Systems:

Integrate the scarecrow with existing farm management systems to provide

farmers with comprehensive insights into pest activity, crop health, and overall
field conditions.

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 SOLAR SCARECROW WITH SOUND SENSING

6. Multi-Sensor Integration:

Combine sound sensing with other sensors, such as infrared or humidity

sensors, to create a multi-sensor system that offers a more comprehensive
understanding of the agricultural environment.

7. Customization for Crop Types:

Develop customization options for different types of crops, allowing farmers

to tailor the scarecrow's settings based on the specific needs and vulnerabilities of
their crops.

8. Data Analytics and Predictive Models:

Implement data analytics and predictive modeling capabilities to analyze

historical data and predict potential pest threats, enabling proactive measures and
resource allocation.

9. Collaboration with Pest Control Systems:

Collaborate with other pest control systems, such as drones or automated

traps, to create a holistic and integrated approach to pest management in
agriculture.

10. Educational Outreach:

Conduct educational programs and outreach to farmers to promote the

adoption of solar- powered scarecrows and provide training on their installation,
maintenance, and optimization.

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 SOLAR SCARECROW WITH SOUND SENSING

CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES

8.1 REFERENCES:
[1] Arajpure, G., Mane, D., Raut, R., Dhengre, P., Banait, V. (2022). Design &
Manufacturing of Smart Agri-scare Crow.European Journal of Advances in
Engineering and Technology, 9(4s),573-580.

[2] P. Nagaraju, A. Madhavi, B. Bhavani, G. Sunilkumar, & A. Vamsi (2019). Solar

Based Birds Repeller to Protect Crops From Birds and Animals. International
Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Science, 9(Special Issue 1),
133-138.doi: 10.22214/ijreis.v9iSI1.1826.

[3] Bavane, V., Raut, A., Sonune, S., A.P.Bawane, P.M.Jawandhiya5. (2018).
Protection of Crops from Wild Animals Using Intelligent Surveillance System.
International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT),Special Issue
National Conference “CONVERGENCE 2018.

[4] Abd El-Aleem, D. (2014). DAMAGE CAUSED BY BIRDS AND RODENT IN

FIELD CROPS AND THEIR CONTROL. J. Glob. Innov. Agric. Soc. Sci., 2(4),
169-170.

[5] Uzma, R., Sayeed, Y., Ahmed, M., Zubair, K., Siddiqui, N., Shrivastava, R., Pa l,
U.(2021). Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Solar Powered Bird Repellent
Technique for Prevention of High Economic Crops. International Journal of
Science Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 360-362.

[6] Rajesh, V. (2015). Design, Manufacture and Test of a Solar Powered Audible Bird
Scarer and Study of Sound Ranges Used in it. International Journal of Science and
Research, 4(10), 1709-1711.

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 SOLAR SCARECROW WITH SOUND SENSING

[7] Dhokane, R., Dange, M., Karpe, P., Jadhav, S., Thosar, C. (2022). REVIEW ON
SMART SCARECROW. International Journal of Science Development and
Research, 7(5), 540- 545.

[8] Shwiff , S., N. Kirkpatrick, K., T. Sterner, R., Gebhardt, K. (2008).The Economic
Impacts of Bird and Rodent Damage toCalifornia Crops: A Methodology to Select
Counties for Input-Output Modeling. USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, National
Wildlife Research Center,Fort Collins, Colorad.

[9] Kolhekar, A., Bhoge, K., Kamdi, A., Shendre, S., Hatwar, H., & Kautkar, N.V.
(2022). Smart Agriculture Scarecrow: An Innovative Approach to Crop
Protection. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 16(3), 320-322.

[10] Kulkarni, N. Parashuram, Punith, H J., Rahul, J., Avinash, S. (2021).

Fabrication Of Solar Powered Bird Scarer. Journal of Emerging Technology and
Innovative Research, 8(7), 30-35.

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