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Lecture II

The document discusses different types and classifications of plant resistance to pests. It describes ecological resistance, genetic resistance, and different functional categories of resistance including non-preference, antibiosis, and tolerance. It also discusses vertical and horizontal resistance based on genetics.

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Jo-ann Aggasid
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8 views14 pages

Lecture II

The document discusses different types and classifications of plant resistance to pests. It describes ecological resistance, genetic resistance, and different functional categories of resistance including non-preference, antibiosis, and tolerance. It also discusses vertical and horizontal resistance based on genetics.

Uploaded by

Jo-ann Aggasid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture II

Resistance can be assessed by the following


characteristics:
1. Resistance is heritable – genetically controlled
either by 1 or more genes
2. Resistance is relative – can be measured only
by comparison with a susceptible cultivar of the
same plant species
3. Resistance is measurable, i.e., its magnitude
can be qualitatively determined by analysis of
the standard scoring systems (rating scales) or
quantitatively by insect establishment (counts).
4. Resistance is variable and is likely to be
modified by the biotic and abiotic
environment (needs to have R and S
checks)
Types and Classification of Resistance
(functional resistance categories)
1. Ecological Resistance (Pseudoresistance) –
transitory; highly affected by environmental factors
Types:
a) Escape – lack of infestation of, or injury
to, the host plant due to transitory
circumstances such as incomplete
infestation, uneven distribution of
pest, low pest pop’n., aggregation
of arthropods.
b) Host evasion – occurs when under some
circumstances a host plant may
pass through the most susceptible
stage quickly or at a time when
insect numbers are reduced/low
c) Induced resistance – the temporary increased
resistance of a plant resulting from
some conditions of a plant or
environment, such as change in soil
fertility, water and other soil
amendments.
2. Genetic Resistance (True Resistance) – stable;
govern by genes; transmitted thru generations

Types:
1. Non-preference (by Painter 1951) – denotes
arthropod responses that lead them away from
the use of a particular plant for oviposition,
food, or shelter or combination of the three.
Antixenosis (by Kogan and Ortman 1978) –
denotes plant characters that deter or
reduce colonization by arthropods for food,
shelter or oviposition or combination of the
three
Due to:
a) plant color and other physical features
b) chemical composition of host plant
Examples: aphids, moths, onion
thrips. Spw
Manifestations in arthropods:
a) low initial population
b) low damage (oviposition or feeding)
c) low mortality or high mortality (in
forced feeding expts.) but no damage
in host
2. Antibiosis – the adverse effects on the biology
of the arthropod when a resistant plant is
used for food.

Due to:
a) toxic materials
b) nutrient insufficiency (qualitatively and
quantitatively)
c) unavailability of food nutrients
Manifestations in arthropods

a) High mortality
b) reduction in size and weight
c) reduced fecundity
d) prolonged development
e) reduced longevity
f) abnormal (aberrant) behavior
3. Tolerance – the ability of a plant to withstand
damage inflicted by a pest at a population
level to which a non-tolerant plant would
already succumb.
* ideal for minute insects (difficult to
count)
*Manifestations in plants
a) no economic loss in yield even with high
pest population
b) formation of new shoots/tillers as a
response to pest damage
c) low damage even with high pest
population due to repair (patching up
due to induced differentiation of cells)
4. Others (Mechanical Barriers)
- plant responses or features which
contribute to resistance
- acting as mechanical barriers to
arthropod boring, insect penetration or
feeding of sucking insects purely
physical in nature
- although physical/chemical stimuli are
present in plant
a) long husk of corn – weevil
- earworm
b) thick bean pods – mirid bugs
c) thick layer of cells surrounding the
vascular tissues

Manifestation:
1) starvation – death or death due to
starvation
2) mortality – high feeding punctures
(damage) but not
reaching specific food site
Based on genetics (Types of resistance) as
used by Gallun and Khush 1980 (although
commonly used on diseases as used by
Vander Plank 1963,1968):

a) Vertical resistance – resistance expressed


against only one or specific biotype
- controlled by major genes [usu. 1 or
more biotype(s)]
- biotype specific
- generally of high level resistance
- less stable
- easier to develop
e.g. wheat resistance against Hessian fly in
the U.S.A. (by Painter), rice resistance to bph
in Asia (by Khush)

b) Horizontal resistance – resistance expressed


against all types of biotypes (non-
biotype specific)
- controlled by minor genes (polygenes) each
contributing to resistance trait
- generally of moderate level
- more stable
- doesn’t exert a high selection pressure on
the pest
- takes time to accumulate polygenes to
build up level of R
Categories Expressing Various
Intensities of Resistance:
1. Immunity – inherent property of plants to remain
completely free of insect damage
and literally not being colonized by
the insect for whatever purpose.
*an immune plant actually is a non-host
2. Resistance – any degree of host reaction lesser
than full immunity
- the plant must be a host of
the insect so it should not be pest
(insect) free.
3. Susceptibility – when a plant manifests or has
more than average damage by an
insect

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