Integration-BASICS

Integration is a way of adding slices to find the whole.

Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many useful things. But it is
easiest to start with finding the area under the curve of a function like this:

What is the area under y  f  x  ?

Slices

We could calculate the function at a few points and add up

slices of width Δx like this (but the answer won't be very
accurate):

We can make Δx a lot smaller and add up many small

slices (answer is getting better):

And as the slices approach zero in width, the answer

approaches the true answer.

We now write dx to mean the Δx slices are approaching

zero in width.
Integration is the reversal of differentiation hence functions can be integrated
by identifying the anti-derivative.

TERMINOLOGY(Dr. Mundeep GillBrunel University

There are two types of integrals:
Indefinite and Definite.

Indefinite integrals are those with no limits

Definite integrals have limits.

When dealing with indefinite integrals you need to add a constant of

integration. For example, if integrating the function f ( x ) ) with respect to x :
 f  x dx  g  x   C where g  x  is the integrated function.
C is an arbitrary constant called the constant of integration.
dx indicates the variable with respect to which we are integrating, in this
Case, x .
The function being integrated, f  x  , is called the integrand.

RULES
 Power Rule
x n 1
   C Provided n  1`
n
x dx
n 1

Examples:

x6
1.  x5 dx  C
6
x 3
2.  x 4 dx  C
3
 When n  1

1
x dx   dx  ln x  C
1

 Constant Rule

 kdx  kx  C
Example:
 2dx  2x  C
 Exponentials
1 kx
e dx  e C
kx

k
Example
1
e dx  e9 x  C
9x
1.
9

ax
 a dx   C , a  0, a  1
x

ln a
Example
1 a2x
 a dx  C
2x
2.
2 ln a

 Trig Functions
Cos
 cos xdx  sin x  C
1
 cos kxdx  k sin kx  C where k is a constant

Example
1
3.  cos 6 xdx  6 sin 6 x  C
Sin
 sin xdx   cos x  C
1
 sin kxdx   k cos kx  C
Example
1
4.  sin 8 xdx   8 cos 8 x  C
1
5.  sin  3x dx  3 cos(3x)  C
QUIK INTEGRATION BY INSPECTION
Two simple formulas to enable us to find antiderivatives almost immediately
 f ( x) 
n 1

  f  x  f   x 
n
 dx   C , n  1
n 1
f ( x)
  dx  ln f  x   C
f ( x)

Examples:
 ln x   ln x   C
2 3
1
 dx    ln x  dx 
2
1.
x x 3
1 1
1 1 3 

 x x  3dx   x  x  3 2 dx     
1
2
2. 2 2
2 x x 2
 3 2 dx   x 2
 3 2

23 
 2 
cos x
3.  cot xdx   sin x dx  ln sin x  C
x2 1 3x 2 1
 x3  5 3  x3  5dx  3 ln x  5  C
 3
4. dx

LINEARITY
Suppose f  x  and g  x  are two functions in terms of x , then:

  f ( x)  g ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx

Additionally, if A and B are constants, then

  Af ( x)  Bg ( x)dx  A f ( x)dx  B g ( x)dx

Examples:
 x5   x 6 
1.  
 2 x  3x dx   2 x dx   3x dx  2 x dx  3 x dx  2    3    C
4 5
 4 5 4 5

 5  6

1  1 
 5cos  3x   3e dx  5 cos 3 xdx  3 e 7 x dx  5  sin 3 x   3  e 7 x   C
7x
2.
3  7 
QUESTIONS

 6 3
1
1.   x  x 2
 5 dx
x 
2.  3x  x  5dx
8

 9x  x dx
2 1
3.

 sin 4x  e dx
3x
4.

 cos 7 x  7 x dx
2
5.

Definite Integrals

 f  x dx  g  x   g b   g  a 
b b

a a

integrate the function first (find g(x)) then substitute in the given limits
(always substitute the upper limit first).

Examples:
b
x3
1 0  
1 3 3 1
1
1.  x dx  2

0 3 a
3 3

  2 x  1dx   x  x    32  3  12  1  10
3 3
2
2. 1
1
 
 
3.  2
cos xdx  sin x 02  sin    sin  0   1  0  1
0
2

QUESTIONS
  3x  2 x  5dx
2
2
1.
1
1
 e dx
7x
2.
0

3.  sin 2xdx
0