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Blood Groups

This document provides an overview of blood groups, including ABO blood groups and Rh factor. It defines blood groups as variations in red blood cell surface antigens and discusses the ABO antigens and genetics. It also describes Landsteiner's discovery of the ABO system, the importance of blood typing, and consequences of incompatible transfusions like hemolysis.

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26 views23 pages

Blood Groups

This document provides an overview of blood groups, including ABO blood groups and Rh factor. It defines blood groups as variations in red blood cell surface antigens and discusses the ABO antigens and genetics. It also describes Landsteiner's discovery of the ABO system, the importance of blood typing, and consequences of incompatible transfusions like hemolysis.

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ammar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Blood Groups
Contents of lecture (outline)
 Introduction
 ABO Basics
 ABO BLOOD GROUP
 Importance of ABO
 Major ABO Blood Group
 Landsteiner’s Rule
 Genetics
 Groups: A, B, AB, O
 Hemolysis
 Rh (D) Antigen
 Prevention
 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn – How it Occurs
Introduction
What is the definition of a blood group?

Taken literally, any variation or polymorphism detected in the


blood could be considered a blood group. However, the term
blood group is usually restricted to blood cell surface antigens,
and generally to red cell surface antigens.
- The outer layer of RBCs membrane contain
certain antigens which are chemically
glycoproteins and called agglutinogens.

- According to the presence of these antigens ,


human blood can be classified into many groups.

- Most of these antigens are weak and are mainly


of importance in genetic studies.
ABO Basics
• Blood group antigens are actually sugars
attached to the red blood cell.
• Antigens are “built” onto the red cell.
• Individuals inherit a gene which codes for
specific sugar(s) to be added to the red
cell.
• The type of sugar added determines the
blood group.
ABO BLOOD GROUP
History
1. Landsteiners discovered the ABO Blood Group System in
1901

2. He and five co-workers began mixing each others red


blood cells and serum together and accidentally performed
the first forward and reverse ABO groupings.

3. Landsteiners Rule: If an antigen (Ag) is present on a


patients red blood cells the corresponding antibody (Ab)
will NOT be present in the patients plasma, under ‘normal
conditions’.
Importance of ABO
• There are two principles
1-almost all normal healthy individuals above 3-6
months of age have “ naturally occurring Abs” to the
ABO Ags that they lack. These Abs termed naturally
occurring because they were thought to arise
without antigenic stimulation.
2- These “naturally occurring” Abs are mostly IgM
class. That means that, they are Abs capable of
agglutinating saline/ low protein suspended red cell
without enhancement and may activate complement
cascade.
Major ABO Blood Group

If an antigen (Ag) is present on a patients red blood cells


the corresponding antibody (Ab) will NOT be present in
the patients plasma, under ‘normal conditions’.
Major ABO Blood Group

If an antigen (Ag) is present on a patients red blood cells


the corresponding antibody (Ab) will NOT be present in
the patients plasma, under ‘normal conditions’.
Genetics
• Two genes inherited, one from each
parent.
• Individual who is A or B may be
homozygous or heterozygous for the
antigen.
• Heterozygous: AO or BO
• Homozygous: AA or BB
• Phenotype is the actual expression of the
genotype, ie, group A
• Genotype are the actual inherited genes
which can only be determined by family
studies, ie, AO.
Examples
Mom Dad Offspring
Blood Group
AA BB 100% AB

BO OO 50% each of B
or O
OO OO 100% O

OO AO 50% each of A
or O
Hemolysis
• If an individual is transfused with an incompatible
blood group destruction of the red blood cells will
occur.
• This may result in the death of the recipient.
Summary

Blood Group Antigens on cell Antibodies in Transfuse with


plasma group

A A Anti-B A or O

B B Anti-A B or O

AB A and B None AB, A, B or O

O None Anti-A & B O


Rh (D) Antigen
• Unlike the ABO blood group system, individuals who
lack the D antigen do not naturally make it.
• Production of antibody to D requires exposure to the
antigen.
• The D antigen is very immunogenic, ie, individuals
exposed to it will very likely make an antibody to it.
• For this reason all individuals are typed for D, if
negative must receive Rh (D) negative blood.
Rh (D) Antigen
.

 Rh refers to the presence or absence of the D


antigen on the red blood cell.
Prevention

• Anti-D antibodies (RhoGam) injection given to


Rh –ve mothers after delivery of Rh +ve baby.
Hemolytic Disease of the Neborn –
How it Occurs
• A child is Rh pos
• B during pregnancy fetal Rh pos rbc’s escape into maternal
circulation
• C Mother produces antibodies to Rh (D) antigen
• D Second pregnancy with Rh (D) pos child results in destruction of
fetal D pos rbcs
Slide Blood Typing - continued
 The slide is divided into halves.
 On one side a drop of anti-A is added, this will attach to and cause
clumping of RBCs possessing the A antigen.
 On the other side a drop of anti-B is added which will cause
clumping of RBCs with the B antigen.
 A drop of RBCs is added to each side and mixed well with the
reagent.
 The slide is tilted back and forth for one minute and observed for
agglutination (clumping) of the RBCs
Interpretation of Slide Typing
Testing with Anti-A Anti-Serum
• If an RBC contains the A antigen
the red blood cells will be
agglutinated by anti-A, a positive
reaction.
• If an RBC does not have the A
antigen there will be no
clumping, a negative reaction.
Interpretation of Slide Typing
Testing with Anti-B Anti-Serum
• If an RBC contains the B antigen the
red blood cells will be agglutinated
by anti-B, a positive reaction.
• If an RBC does not have the B
antigen there will be no clumping
by anti-B, a negative reaction.
Thank you
for Listening

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