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v What is multiplexing?

v What are the purposes of multiplexing?

v How many types of multiplexing are there?

v What are the conditions for multiplexing?

Chapter 8: Multiplexing
8.1 Concepts and types
v Multiplexing
§ A set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a
single data link.
§ Can utilize higher capacity links without adding additional lines for each device – better
utilization of bandwidth.
v Multiplexer (MUX)
§ Combines multiple streams into a single stream (many to one).
v Demultiplexer (DEMUX)
§ Separates the stream back into its component transmission (one to many) and directs them
to their correct lines.

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8.1 Concepts and Categories
v What is multiplexing?
v Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allow the simultaneous
transmission of multiple signals across a single data link

If the full capacity of each link is Four pairs share the capacity of a single link.
not used, some of that capacity is
wasted.

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8.1 Concepts and Categories
Purpose of Multiplexing
v Purpose: Increase efficiency of the transmission medium

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8.1 Concepts and Categories

Categories of Multiplexing

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8.2 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

v Applied when the bandwidth of a link is greater than the

combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted

Filter

Main
Filter
Modulator

FDM signal
Filter

Sub-carrier modulation

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8.2 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
In FDM signals generated by each device modulate different carrier
frequencies. These modulated signals are combined into a single
composite signal that can be transported by the link.
BWFDM= n.BWi +(n-1)BWguard

n Assigns different analog frequencies to each connected device

n Channels must be separated by strips of unused B.W - guard B.W

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8.2 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

v Signals of each channel are modulated onto different carrier signal
v The resulting modulated signals are then combined into a single composite
signal that is sent out over a media link
v The link should have enough bandwidth to accommodate it

FDM PORCESS 8

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8.2 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)

v Demultiplexer uses a series of filters to decompose the multiplexed signal into its
constituent component signals
v The individual signals are then passed to a demodulator that separates them from
their carriers and passes them to the waiting receivers

Filter

FDM signal
Filter
Main demodulator

FDM signal
Filter

Demodulator

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8.2 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
n Demultiplexer uses a series of filters to decompose the multiplexed signal into its
constituent component signals
n The individual signals are then passed to a demodulator that separates them from
their carriers and passes them to the waiting receivers

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• Assume that a voice channel occupies a B.W of 4 KHz. We need

to combine 3 voice channels into a link with a B.W of 12 KHz, from
20 to 32 KHz. Show the configuration using the frequency domain
without the use of guard bands.

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• Assume that a voice channel occupies a B.W of 4 KHz. We need

to combine 3 voice channels into a link with a B.W of 12 KHz, from
20 to 32 KHz. Show the configuration using the frequency domain
without the use of guard bands
Solution
Shift (modulate) each of the 3 voice channels to a different B.W

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5 channels, each with a 100-KHz B.W, are to be multiplexed together. What is the
minimum B.W of the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz between the
channels to prevent interference?
BWFDM= n.BWi +(n-1)BWguard

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5 channels, each with a 100-KHz B.W, are to be multiplexed together. What is the
minimum B.W of the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz between the
channels to prevent interference?
Solution
v For 5 channels, we need at least 4 guard bands.
v the required B.W is at least 5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz

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8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
v Applied when data rate capacity of the transmission medium is greater
than the data rate required by the sending and receiving devices
n Digital process that allows several connections to share the high bandwidth of a link
n Time Slots and Frames
n Each input given a (time slot)
n A frame consists of one complete cycle of time slots, with one slot dedicated to each
sending device.

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8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
v Synchronous TDM
The term synchronous means the multiplexer allocates exactly
the same time slot to each device at all times, whether or not a
device has anything to transmit

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8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
- All of the inputs have the same data rate
- Time slots are grouped into frames.
- Number of time slots in each frame is equal to the number of
input lines.
n

RTDM = n x Rbi

Rbi

TDM FRAMES
v Mux-to-mux speed = aggregate terminal speeds
§ data rate of the link that carries data from n connections must be n
times the data rate of a connection to guarantee the flow of data
§ i.e., the duration of a frame in a connection is n times the duration of a
time slot in a frame

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8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
v Interleaving

RTDM = n x Rbi

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8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

RTDM = n x Rbi
Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit is 1 bit.
Find
a. The duration of 1 bit before multiplexing.
b. The transmission rate of the link.
c. The duration of a time slot.
d. The duration of a frame.

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vFour 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit is 1 bit.

Find
§ the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing
§ the transmission rate of the link
§ the duration of a time slot, and
§ the duration of a frame?
vSolution
§ The duration of 1 bit = 1/1 Kbps = (1 ms).
§ The rate of the link = 4 * 1 Kbps =4 Kbps.
§ Time slot duration = 1/4 ms = 0.25 ms
§ Frame duration = 4 * 0.25 ms = 1 ms.
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8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
INTERLEAVING
v Process of taking a specific amount of data from each device
in a regular order
v May be done by bit, byte, or any other data unit
§ Character (byte) Interleaving
 Multiplexing perform one/more character(s) or byte(s) at a time
§ Bit Interleaving
 Multiplexing perform on one bit at a time

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Example 4

Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each channel sends

100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte/ channel. Find
• The size of the frame
• Frame rate =RFrame = Rbi/m
• Duration of a frame
• Bit rate for the link.

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Example

A multiplexer combines four 100-Kbps channels using a time

slot of 2 bits.
§ Show the output with four arbitrary inputs.
§ What is the frame rate? 400 Kbps/8 = 50K frame/sec
§ What is the frame duration? (1/50K) = .02 ms = 20 µs
§ What is the bit rate? 4 * 100kbps = 400 Kbps
§ What is the bit duration? ( 1/400 K) = 2.5 µs

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SYNCHRONIZING
8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
v Framing bit (s) is (are) added to each frame for synchronization between the MUX
and DEMUX
Synchronization bits allows the DEMUX to synchronize with the incoming stream so it can
separate time slots accurately
v If 1 framing bit per frame, framing bits are alternating between 0 and 1

•RFrame = Rbi/m

RTDM(Syn.) = n x Rbi + RFrame;

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8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

v Framing Bits:

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We have four sources, each creating 250 char/ sec. If the interleaved unit is a
character and 1 synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find

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We have four sources, each creating 250 char/ sec. If the interleaved unit is a
character and 1 synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find
(1) Data rate of each source 2000 bps = 2 Kbps
(2) Duration of each character in each source 1/250 s = 4 ms
(3) Frame rate link needs to send 250 frames/sec
(4) Duration of each frame 1/250 s = 4 ms
(5) Number of bits in each frame 4 x 8 + 1 = 33 bits
(6) Data rate of the link. 250 x 33 = 8250 bps

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• 2 channels, one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and another

with a bit rate of 200 Kbps, are to be multiplexed.
1. How this can be achieved?
2. What is the frame rate?
3. What is the frame duration?
4. What is the bit rate of the link?

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• 2 channels, one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and another with a bit rate of 200
Kbps, are to be multiplexed.
1. How this can be achieved?
2. What is the frame rate?
3. What is the frame duration?
4. What is the bit rate of the link?

Solution
1. Allocate 1 slot to the 1st channel and 2 slots to the 2nd channel.
• Each frame carries 3 bits.
2. The frame rate is 100k frames/sec because it carries 1 bit from the first channel.
3. The frame duration is 1/100,000s= 10 us.
4. The bit rate is 100,000 frames/s x 3 bits/frame= 300 Kbps

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8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
v Asynchronous TDM: Asynchronous time-division multiplexing,
or statistical time-division multiplexing, is designed to avoid
wasting line capacity when using synchronous TDM

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8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
v Asynchronous TDM
- Allows a number of lower-speed input lines to be
multiplexed to a single higher-speed line
- The total speed of the input lines can be greater than the
capacity of the path
- If we have � input lines, the frame contains a no more than
� time slots
- Given the same link, asynchronous TDM can support more
devices than synchronous TDM

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8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
v Asynchronous TDM

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8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)

v Asynchronous TDM
- Asynchronous TDM must have a addressing
method to multiplex correctly
- Address, for local use only, is attached by the
multiplexer and discarded by the demultiplexer
once it has been read

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8.3 . Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
v Asynchronous TDM is efficient only when the size of the time slots is
kept relatively large
v Variable-Length Time Slots: A synchronous TDM can accommodate
traffic of varying data rates by varying the length of the time slots.
Stations transmitting at a faster data rate can be given a longer slot

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