integration [217 marks]

The following diagram shows part of the graph of f(x) = (6 − 3x) (4 + x), x ∈ R.
The shaded region R is bounded by the x-axis, y-axis and the graph of f .

1a. Write down an integral for the area of region R. [2 marks]

1b. Find the area of region R. [1 mark]

1c. The three points A(0, 0) , B(3, 10) and C(a , 0) define the vertices of a [2 marks]
triangle.

Find the value of a , the x-coordinate of C, such that the area of the triangle is
equal to the area of region R.

The production of oil (P ), in barrels per day, from an oil field satisfies the
1000
differential equation ddP = 2+t
where t is measured in days from the start of
t
production.

2a. Find ∫ 5 1000 dt. [1 mark]

0 2+t
2b. State in context what this value represents. [1 mark]

The production of oil at t = 0 is 20, 000 barrels per day.

2c. Find an expression for P in terms of t. [4 marks]

2d. Determine ∫ 365 P (t) dt and state what it represents. [2 marks]

0

( )
 The rate of change of the height (h) of a ball above horizontal ground, measured
in metres, t seconds after it has been thrown and until it hits the ground, can be
modelled by the equation
dh = 11. 4 − 9. 8t
dt
The height of the ball when t = 0 is 1. 2 m.

3a. Find an expression for the height h of the ball at time t. [6 marks]
3b. Find the value of t at which the ball hits the ground. [2 marks]

3c. Hence write down the domain of h . [1 mark]

3d. Find the range of h . [3 marks]

 A theatre set designer is designing a piece of flat scenery in the shape of a hill.
The scenery is formed by a curve between two vertical edges of unequal height.
One edge is 2 metres high and the other is 1 metre high. The width of the scenery
is 6 metres.
A coordinate system is formed with the origin at the foot of the 2 metres high
edge. In this coordinate system the highest point of the cross‐section is at (2, 3. 5)
.

A set designer wishes to work out an approximate value for the area of the
scenery (A m2 ).

4a. Explain why A < 21. [1 mark]

4b. By dividing the area between the curve and the x‐axis into two [4 marks]
trapezoids of unequal width show that A > 14. 5, justifying the direction
of the inequality.

In order to obtain a more accurate measure for the area the designer decides to
model the curved edge with the polynomial
h(x)= ax3 + bx2 + cx + da, b, c, d ∈ R where h metres is the height of the
curved edge a horizontal distance x m from the origin.

4c. Write down the value of d. [1 mark]

4d. Use differentiation to show that 12a + 4b + c = 0. [2 marks]

4e. Determine two other linear equations in a, b and c. [3 marks]

( )
4f. Hence find an expression for h(x). [3 marks]

4g. Use the expression found in (f) to calculate a value for A. [2 marks]
 A company’s profit per year was found to be changing at a rate of
dP = 3t2 − 8t
dt
where P is the company’s profit in thousands of dollars and t is the time since the
company was founded, measured in years.

5a. Determine whether the profit is increasing or decreasing when t = 2. [2 marks]

4
5b. One year after the company was founded, the profit was 4 thousand [4 marks]
dollars.
Find an expression for P (t), when t ≥ 0.
 A modern art painting is contained in a square frame. The painting has a shaded
region bounded by a smooth curve and a horizontal line.

When the painting is placed on a coordinate axes such that the bottom left corner
of the painting has coordinates (−1, − 1) and the top right corner has
coordinates (2, 2), the curve can be modelled by y = f(x) and the horizontal line
can be modelled by the x-axis. Distances are measured in metres.

6a. Use the trapezoidal rule, with the values given in the following table, to [3 marks]
approximate the area of the shaded region.

− 3−3 2+4 +12

 −x3−3x2+4x+12
The artist used the equation y= 10
to draw the curve.

6b. Find the exact area of the shaded region in the painting. [2 marks]

6c. Find the area of the unshaded region in the painting. [2 marks]

2
 The graphs of y = 6 − x and y = 1. 5x2 − 2. 5x + 3 intersect at (2, 4) and
(−1, 7), as shown in the following diagrams.
In diagram 1, the region enclosed by the lines y = 6 − x, x = −1, x = 2 and the
x-axis has been shaded.

7a. Calculate the area of the shaded region in diagram 1. [2 marks]

2
 In diagram 2, the region enclosed by the curve y = 1. 5x2 − 2. 5x + 3, and the
lines x = −1, x = 2 and the x-axis has been shaded.

7b. Write down an integral for the area of the shaded region in diagram 2. [2 marks]

7c. Calculate the area of this region. [1 mark]

= 6−
7d. Hence, determine the area enclosed between y = 6 − x and [2 marks]
y = 1. 5x2 − 2. 5x + 3.

A sector of a circle, centre O and radius 4. 5 m, is shown in the following diagram.

8a. Find the angle AÔB. [3 marks]

8b. Find the area of the shaded segment. [5 marks]

8m
 A square field with side 8 m has a goat tied to a post in the centre by a rope such
that the goat can reach all parts of the field up to 4. 5 m from the post.

[Source: mynamepong, n.d. Goat [image online] Available at: https://thenounproject.com/term/goat/1761571/

This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en [Accessed 22 April 2010] Source adapted.]

8c. Find the area of the field that can be reached by the goat. [4 marks]
 Let V be the volume of grass eaten by the goat, in cubic metres, and t be the
length of time, in hours, that the goat has been in the field.
The goat eats grass at the rate of ddV = 0. 3 te−t .
t

8d. Find the value of t at which the goat is eating grass at the greatest rate. [2 marks]

8
8e. The goat is tied in the field for 8 hours. [3 marks]
Find the total volume of grass eaten by the goat during this time.

Consider the curve y = √x.

9a. Find d y . [2 marks]

dx
9b. Hence show that the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point [2 marks]
(0. 16, 0. 4) is y = 1. 25x + 0. 2.
 The shape of a piece of metal can be modelled by the region bounded by the
functions f , g , the x-axis and the line segment [AB], as shown in the following
diagram. The units on the x and y axes are measured in metres.

The piecewise function f is defined by

√x 0 ≤ x ≤ 0. 16
f(x)= {
1. 25x + 0. 2 0. 16 < x ≤ 0. 5
The graph of g is obtained from the graph of f by:

a stretch scale factor of 12 in the x direction,

followed by a stretch scale factor 12 in the y direction,
followed by a translation of 0. 2 units to the right.
Point A lies on the graph of f and has coordinates (0. 5, 0. 825). Point B is the
image of A under the given transformations and has coordinates (p, q).

9c. Find the value of p and the value of q. [2 marks]

 The piecewise function g is given by
h(x) 0. 2 ≤ x ≤ a
g(x)= {
1. 25x + b a<x≤p

9d. Find an expression for h(x). [2 marks]

9e. Find the value of a . [1 mark]

9f. Find the value of b. [2 marks]

= ( ) = 0. 5
9g. Find the area enclosed by y = f(x), the x-axis and the line x = 0. 5. [3 marks]

The area enclosed by y = g(x), the x-axis and the line x = p is 0. 0627292 m2
correct to six significant figures.

9h. Find the area of the shaded region on the diagram. [4 marks]
 Irina uses a set of coordinate axes to draw her design of a window. The base of
the window is on the x-axis, the upper part of the window is in the form of a
quadratic curve and the sides are vertical lines, as shown on the diagram. The
curve has end points (0, 10) and (8, 10) and its vertex is (4, 12). Distances are
measured in centimetres.

The quadratic curve can be expressed in the form y = ax2 + bx + c for 0 ≤ x ≤ 8

.

10a. Write down the value of c. [1 mark]

10b. Hence form two equations in terms of a and b. [2 marks]

10c. Hence find the equation of the quadratic curve. [2 marks]

10d. Find the area of the shaded region in Irina’s design. [3 marks]
 Sieun hits golf balls into the air. Each time she hits a ball she records θ, the angle
at which the ball is launched into the air, and l, the horizontal distance, in metres,
which the ball travels from the point of contact to the first time it lands. The
diagram below represents this information.

Sieun analyses her results and concludes:

dl = −0. 2θ + 9, 35° ≤ θ ≤ 75°.
dθ

11a. Determine whether the graph of l against θ is increasing or decreasing [3 marks]

at θ = 50°.

40°
11b. Sieun observes that when the angle is 40°, the ball will travel a [5 marks]
horizontal distance of 205. 5 m.
Find an expression for the function l(θ).
 A company produces and sells electric cars. The company’s profit, P , in thousands
of dollars, changes based on the number of cars, x, they produce per month.
The rate of change of their profit from producing x electric cars is modelled by
dP = −1. 6x + 48, x ≥ 0.
dx
The company makes a profit of 260 (thousand dollars) when they produce 15
electric cars.

12a. Find an expression for P in terms of x. [5 marks]

12b. The company regularly increases the number of cars it produces. [2 marks]
Describe how their profit changes if they increase production to over 30 cars per
month and up to 50 cars per month. Justify your answer.

[AB]
 The cross-sectional view of a tunnel is shown on the axes below. The line [AB]
represents a vertical wall located at the left side of the tunnel. The height, in
metres, of the tunnel above the horizontal ground is modelled by
y = −0. 1x3 + 0. 8x2 , 2 ≤ x ≤ 8, relative to an origin O.

Point A has coordinates (2, 0), point B has coordinates (2, 2. 4), and point C has
coordinates (8, 0).

13a. Find d y . [2 marks]

d x
13b. Hence find the maximum height of the tunnel. [4 marks]

When x = 4 the height of the tunnel is 6. 4 m and when x = 6 the height of the
tunnel is 7. 2 m . These points are shown as D and E on the diagram, respectively.

13c. Use the trapezoidal rule, with three intervals, to estimate the cross- [3 marks]
sectional area of the tunnel.
13d. Write down the integral which can be used to find the cross-sectional [2 marks]
area of the tunnel.

13e. Hence find the cross-sectional area of the tunnel. [2 marks]

[AB]
 The cross-sectional view of a tunnel is shown on the axes below. The line [AB]
represents a vertical wall located at the left side of the tunnel. The height, in
metres, of the tunnel above the horizontal ground is modelled by
y = −0. 1x3 + 0. 8x2 , 2 ≤ x ≤ 8, relative to an origin O.

Point A has coordinates (2, 0), point B has coordinates (2, 2. 4), and point C has
coordinates (8, 0).

14a. Find d y . [2 marks]

d x
14b. Hence find the maximum height of the tunnel. [4 marks]

Find the height of the tunnel when

14c. x = 4. [2 marks]

14d. x = 6. [1 mark]
14e. Use the trapezoidal rule, with three intervals, to estimate the cross- [3 marks]
sectional area of the tunnel.

14f. Write down the integral which can be used to find the cross-sectional [2 marks]
area of the tunnel.
14g. Hence find the cross-sectional area of the tunnel. [2 marks]

The diagram shows a circular horizontal board divided into six equal sectors. The
sectors are labelled white (W), yellow (Y) and blue (B).

A pointer is pinned to the centre of the board. The pointer is to be spun and when
it stops the colour of the sector on which the pointer stops is recorded. The
pointer is equally likely to stop on any of the six sectors.
Eva will spin the pointer twice. The following tree diagram shows all the possible
outcomes.
15a. Find the probability that both spins are yellow. [2 marks]
15b. Find the probability that at least one of the spins is yellow. [3 marks]

15c. Write down the probability that the second spin is yellow, given that the [1 mark]
first spin is blue.

( ) = 4 − 2ex
 Let f (x) = 4 − 2ex . The following diagram shows part of the graph of f .

16a. Find the x-intercept of the graph of f . [2 marks]

16b. The region enclosed by the graph of f , the x-axis and the y-axis is [3 marks]
rotated 360º about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid formed.

Sila High School has 110 students. They each take exactly one language class
from a choice of English, Spanish or Chinese. The following table shows the
number of female and male students in the three different language classes.

A χ 2 test was carried out at the 5 % significance level to analyse the relationship
between gender and student choice of language class.

17a. Write down the null hypothesis, H0 , for this test. [1 mark]
17b. State the number of degrees of freedom. [1 mark]

Use your graphic display calculator to write down

17c. the expected frequency of female students who chose to take the [1 mark]
Chinese class.

The critical value at the 5 % significance level for this test is 5.99.

17d. State whether or not H0 should be rejected. Justify your statement. [2 marks]
 One student is chosen at random from this school.

17e. Find the probability that the student does not take the Spanish class. [2 marks]

Another student is chosen at random from this school.

17f. Find the probability that neither of the two students take the Spanish [3 marks]
class.
17g. Find the probability that at least one of the two students is female. [3 marks]
 All lengths in this question are in metres.

= √ 4−8x , for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2. In the following diagram,

2
Consider the function f (x)
the shaded region is enclosed by the graph of f and the x-axis.

A container can be modelled by rotating this region by 360˚ about the x-axis.

18a. Find the volume of the container. [3 marks]

 Water can flow in and out of the container.
The volume of water in the container is given by the function g (t), for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4 ,
where t is measured in hours and g (t) is measured in m 3. The rate of change of
the volume of water in the container is given by g ′ (t) = 0.9 − 2.5 cos (0.4t2 ).

The volume of water in the container is increasing only when p < t < q.

18b. Find the value of p and of q. [3 marks]

18c. During the interval p < t < q, he volume of water in the container [3 marks]
increases by k m3. Find the value of k.

18d. When t = 0, the volume of water in the container is 2.3 m3. It is known [5 marks]
that the container is never completely full of water during the 4 hour
period.

Find the minimum volume of empty space in the container during the 4 hour
period.

1 1
 1
Let f (x) = , for x > 12 .
√2x−1

19a. Find ∫ (f (x))2 dx. [3 marks]

19b. Part of the graph of f is shown in the following diagram. [4 marks]

The shaded region R is enclosed by the graph of f, the x-axis, and the lines x = 1
and x = 9 . Find the volume of the solid formed when R is revolved 360° about the
x-axis.

2
 Let f (x) = 6x2 − 3x. The graph of f is shown in the following diagram.

20a. Find ∫ (6x2 − 3x) dx. [2 marks]

20b. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graph of f , the x-axis and [4 marks]
the lines x = 1 and x = 2 .

In an international competition, participants can answer questions in only one of

the three following languages: Portuguese, Mandarin or Hindi. 80 participants took
part in the competition. The number of participants answering in Portuguese,
Mandarin or Hindi is shown in the table.

21a. State the number of boys who answered questions in Portuguese. [1 mark]
 A boy is chosen at random.

21b. Find the probability that the boy answered questions in Hindi. [2 marks]

21c. Two girls are selected at random. [3 marks]

Calculate the probability that one girl answered questions in Mandarin and the
other answered questions in Hindi.

Let g(x) = −(x − 1)2 + 5.

22a. Write down the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of g. [1 mark]

2
 Let f(x) = x2. The following diagram shows part of the graph of f.

The graph of g intersects the graph of f at x = −1 and x = 2.

22b. On the grid above, sketch the graph of g for −2 ≤ x ≤ 4. [3 marks]

22c. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of f and g. [3 marks]