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Lecture 1-Introduction

The document covers the contents of a course on structural analysis including: reactions, internal forces in beams, trusses, frames, and arches, influence lines for moving loads on various structures, and introductions to types of structures, loads, supports, and equations of equilibrium. It also discusses determinacy, stability, intermediate hinges, and link members.

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elkhouly882
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views

Lecture 1-Introduction

The document covers the contents of a course on structural analysis including: reactions, internal forces in beams, trusses, frames, and arches, influence lines for moving loads on various structures, and introductions to types of structures, loads, supports, and equations of equilibrium. It also discusses determinacy, stability, intermediate hinges, and link members.

Uploaded by

elkhouly882
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course Contents:

• Introduction.
• Reactions.
• Internal Forces:
▪ Beams.
▪ Trussed & Inclined Beams.
▪ Frames.
▪ Arches.
▪ Trusses.
• Influence Lines:
Internal Forces due to a moving Load 1 t,
for Beams, Frames & Trusses.
Introduction
Structure is an element or combination of elements jointed together to carry a given loads
and to transmit these loads to supporting elements. The loads and the reactions of the
supports must be in equilibrium so that the structure can perform this task (Stable Structure).
Structural analysis deals with the calculations of the distribution of internal forces and
stresses in any element of the structure.
P P
❖ Types of Structures
L (Span)
Beam
P Frame

Truss Arch
❖ Types of Loads
(b) Distributed Loads:
w t/m
w t/m'
(a) Concentrated Loads:
wL (t) wL/2 (t)
Pt Lm 2L/3 m L/3
Uniform Dist. Ld. Non-uniform Dist. Ld.
Concentrated Load (Triangular Ld.)
M mt w2 t/m w2 t/m
w1 w1

Concentrated Moment
w1L t (w2 - w1)L/2 w1L/2 w2L/2 t
L/2 L/3 L/3 L/3 L/3
Lm Lm
Non-uniform Distributed Load (Trapezoidal Ld.)
❖ Types of Supports OR tan  =Y / X
Y Y X = R cos 
(a) Roller Support: X Y = R sin 
 R = X 2 +Y 2


Y
R
 Y ( +  = 90O )

(b) Hinged Support: X X X OR X

Y Y Y Y
M M
(c) Fixed Support: X X

Y Y
❖ Equation of Equilibrium
(a) Plane Structure (Plane Analysis): 3 Equations; ∑X=0, ∑Y=0 & ∑M=0
Summation of forces in any two perpendicular directions should be equal to zero, and
summation of moment about any point in the plane should be equal to zero.
Plane Structure: the whole structure and all the applied loads are at the same plane.
(b) Space Structure (Space Analysis): 6 Equations; ∑X=0, ∑Y=0, ∑Z=0,
∑M @ x=0, ∑M @ y=0 & ∑M @ z=0
❖ Determinacy & Stability
Number of Equations › Number of Unknowns ↔ Unstable Structure
Number of Equations = Number of Unknowns ↔ Statically Determinate Structure
Number of Equations ‹ Number of Unknowns ↔ Statically Indeterminate Structure

No. of Eq. = 3 (∑X=0, ∑Y=0 & ∑M=0 ) + one or more Eq. for each Intermediate Hinge (IH)
No. of Unk. = No. of Reactions (Externally) + 3 Unk. for each Closed Frame (Internally)

Stable Structure is the one which fulfill the Conditions of Equilibrium


• Intermediate Hinge (I.H.)
I.H. is a pin joint that cannot resist moment, so the moment about any I.H. from one side
only, is always equal to zero. Structure can be divided at each I.H.

X1 X2

1 eq. 2 eq. Y1 Y2
Y3
X X X 1 - X 2 - X 3 = 0 X3
Y Y Y1 + Y2 - Y3 = 0

For each I.H.: Number of Equations = Number of Parts − 1

2 eq. 3 eq. 1 eq. 2 eq.


• Link Member (L.M.)
L.M. is a straight element started and ended with Hinge or I.H. and has no loads in between.
In this special case, the hinge has only one reaction (or internal force) in member direction
(axial force), and the perpendicular reaction to the member is always equal to zero.

Yb R

Xb = 0
L
Xa = 0 
X
Ya 
R Y
M @ b = 0  X a L = 0 tan  =Y / X
Xa =0 X = R cos 
X = 0 Xb =Xa =0 Y = R sin 
Y = 0 Y b =Y a R = X 2 +Y 2

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