Determinants



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 Determinants

Introduction
a 11 a 12 a 13
|A| = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

 umber of rows = Number of columns (i.e., defined only

N
⇒
corresponding to square matrices)
⇒ The number of rows (or columns) of a determinant is called order
of determinant
a 1 a2
 is a determinant of order 2 or we can say that it is a
b1 b2
second order determinant
Number of rows = 2
Number of columns = 2
Note:
Determinant is a special case of matrix

Expansion of a Determinant
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = a1b2c3 + b1c2a3 + c1a2b3 – a3b2c1 – b3c2a1 – c3a2b1
a3 b3 c3

Minors and Cofactors

Minors:
Minor Mij corresponding to element aij of determinant |[aij]| is the
determinant corresponding to submatrix obtained by eliminating ith row
and jth column.

Note:
Minor of an element of a determinant of order n (n ≥ 2) is a determinant
of order n – 1

Cofactor:
Cofactor Aij corresponding to element aij is defined as
Aij = (–1)i+j Mij
where Mij is minor of aij

Note:
 Minors and cofactors of the elements a11, a21 in the determinant
Determinants

a 11 a 12 a 13
∆ = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

1.
 Minor of a11
a a23
M11 = 22
a32 a33
= a22a33 – a23a32

Cofactor of a11
A11 = (–1)1+1M11 = a22a33 – a23a32

Minor of a21
a a 13
M21 = 12
a32 a33
= a12a33 – a13a32

Cofactor of a21
A21 = (–1)2+1M21
= – a12a33 + a13a32

Value of determinant:
Can be evaluated by adding the products of elements of any one row (or
column) with their corresponding cofactors hence
∆ = a11A11 + a12A12 + a13A13 (about R1)
∆ = a11A11 + a21A21 + a31A31 (about C1)
∆ = a12A12 + a22A22 + a32A32 (about C2)

Q. 1 −2
Find the minors and cofactors of all the elements of the determinants
4 3

Sol. for element “1”

A
⇒ M=3
= (–1)1+1.3 = 3
11

11
for element “–2” ⇒ M12 = 4
A12 = (–1)1+2.4 = –4
for element “4” ⇒ M21 = –2
A21 = (–1)2+1.(–2) = 2
for element “3” ⇒ M22 = 1
A22 = (–1)2+2.1 = 1
Determinants

2.
 Q. 2 4
Evaluate
−1 2

Sol. 2(2) – 4(–1)

=4+4=8

Q. x x+1
Evaluate
x−1 x

Sol. = x(x) – (x – 1) (x + 1)
= x2 – (x2 – 1) = 1

Q. 0 sinα −cosα
Evaluate ∆ = −sinα 0 sinβ
cosα −sinβ 0

Sol. Expansion about R1

0 sinβ −sinα sinβ −sinα 0
∆=0 – sinα – cosα
−sinβ 0 cosα 0 cosα −sinβ
∆ = 0 – sinα(–cosα sinβ) – cosα (sinα sinβ)
∆ = sinα cosα sinβ – sinα cosα sinβ
∆=0

Q. 3 x 3 2
Find value of x for which =
x 1 4 1

Sol. 3 – x2 = 3 – 8 ⇒ x2 = 8 ⇒ x = ±2 2
Determinants

3.
 Q. 2 3 −2
Evaluate 1 2 3 by expanding it along the second row.
−2 1 −3

3 −2 2 −2 2 3
Sol. =–1
1 −3
+2
−2 −3
−3
−2 1
= – 1(–9 + 2) + 2(–6 – 4) – 3(2 + 6)
= 7 – 20 – 24 = – 37

Q. ( )
tan A + P ( )
tan B + P ( )
tan C + P
Show that the value of the determinant tan ( A + Q ) tan (B + Q ) tan ( C + Q )
tan ( A + R ) tan (B + R ) tan ( C + R )

vanishes for all values of A, B, C, P, Q & R where A + B + C + P + Q + R = 0

Sol. After expanding the determinant

tan(A + P) tan(B + Q) tan(C + R) + tan(B + P) tan(C + Q)
tan(A + R) + tan(C + P) tan(A + Q) tan(B + R) – tan(A + R)
tan(B + Q) tan(C + P) – tan(B + R) tan(C + Q) tan(A + P)
– tan(C + R) tan(A + Q) tan(B + P) …(1)
Now ∵ α + β + γ = 0 then
tanαtanβtanγ = tanα + tanβ + tanγ hence from (1)
{tan(A + P) + tan(B + Q) + tan(C + R)} + {tan(B + P) +
tan(C + Q) + tan(A + R)} + {tan(C + P) + tan(A + Q) +
tan(B + R)} – {tan(A + R) + tan(B + Q) + tan(C + P)}
– {tan(B + R) + tan(C + Q) + tan(A + P)} – {tan(C + R)
+ tan(A + Q) + tan(B + P)}
= 0 Hence proved.

Note: 
If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any other row (or
column) then their sum is zero.
Determinants

4.
 Q. 2 −3 5
Find minors and cofactors of the elements of the determinant 6 0 4 and
1 5 −7
verify that a11A31 + a12A32 + a13A33 = 0

0 4
Sol. for “2” M11 =
5 −7
= −20

A11 = M11 = – 20
6 4
for “–3” M12= = −46
1 −7
A12 = – M12 = 46
6 0
for “5” M13= = 30
1 5
A13 = M13 = 30
−3 5
for “6” M21 = = –4
5 −7
A21 = – M21 = 4
2 5
for “0” M22 = = −19
1 −7
A22 = M22 = – 19
2 −3
for “4” M23 = = 13
1 5
A23 = – M23 = – 13
−3 5
for “1” M31 = = –12
0 4
A31 = M31 = – 12
2 5
for “5” M32 = = – 22
6 4
A32 = – M32 = 22
2 −3
for “–7” M33 = = 18
6 0
A33 = M33 = 18
Determinants

now
a11A31 + a12A32 + a13A33 = 2(–12) + (–3) (22) + 5(18) = 0

5.
 Properties of Determinants

Property-1
The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows and columns
are inter-changed
a 1 b1 c 1 a 1 a2 a3
D = a2 b2 c2 = b1 b2 b3 = D'
a3 b3 c3 c 1 c2 c3
Note: (i) D & D' are transpose of each other.
(ii) If D' = – D then it is Skew Symmetric
(iii) The value of a skew symmetric determinant of odd order is zero.

Property-2
If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the
value of determinant is changed in sign only.
a 1 b1 c 1 a2 b2 c2
Let D = a2 b2 c2 & D' = a 1 b1 c1
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
Then D' = – D

Property-3
If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical (all
corresponding elements are same) then value of determinant is zero.
a 1 b1 c 1
Let D = a 1 b1 c1 then it can be verified that D = 0
a3 b3 c3

Property-4
If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant is multiplied by
a constant k, then its value gets multiplied by k.
a1 b1 c1 ka 1 kb1 kc1
e.g., If D = a2 b2 c2 and D' = a2 b2 c2 then D' = kD
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

Property-5
If all elements of a row or column of a determinant are expressed as
sum of two (or more) terms, then the determinant can be expressed as
sum of two (or more) determinants.
Determinants

a 1 + x b1 + y c 1 + z a 1 b1 c 1 x y z
a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 + a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
6.
Property-6
If, to each element of any row (or column) of a determinant, the
equimultiples of corresponding elements of other row (or column) are
added, then value of determinant remains the same i.e., the value of
determinant remains same if we apply the operation
Ri → Ri + kRj or Ci → Ci + kCj
a1 b1 c1
Let D = a2 b2 c2 and
a3 b3 c3

a 1 + ma2 b1 + mb2 c1 + mc2

D' = a2 b2 c2 then D' = D
a3 + na 1 b3 + nb1 c3 + nc1

Note:
While applying this property atleast one row (or column) must remains
unchanged

Property-7
()
f1 r f2 r() ()
f3 r
(i) If ∆r = a b c where f1(r), f2(r), f3(r) are functions of r and a,
d e f

n n n

n
∑f (r) ∑f (r) ∑f (r)
r=1
1
r=1
2
r=1
3

b, c, d, e, f are constants. Then ∑∆ r

= a b c
r=1 d e f

f1 x( ) f2 x ( ) ( )
f3 x
(ii) Also for ∆(x) = a b c where f1(x), f2(x), f3(x) are functions
d e f

of x and a, b, c, d, e, f are constants. We have

q q q

q
∫f (x) dx ∫f (x) dx ∫f (x) dx
p
1
p
2
p
3

∫∆ (x) dx = a b c
p d e f
Determinants

7.
 Property-8
If by putting x = a ⇒ D = 0 then (x – a) is a factor of D.

Q. Without expanding prove that the value of the determinant

0 b −c
D = −b 0 a =0
c −a 0

0 −b c
Sol. D' = b 0 −a = −D
−c a 0
Hence D is skew symmetric determinant of order 3(odd) hence D = 0

Q. 1 1 1
If 1 β 2 = 0 , find possible values of β
1 β2 4

Sol. R1 → R1 – R2, R2 → R2 – R3

0 1−β −1
⇒ 0 β 1−β ( ) −2 = 0
1 β2 4
Expand about C1
⇒ 0 – 0 + 1{–2(1 – β) + β(1 – β)} = 0
⇒ (1 – β) (–2 + β) = 0
⇒ β = 1, 2

Q. 3 2 3
Evaluate ∆ = 2 2 3
3 2 3

Sol. Taking 2 common from C2 and 3 common from C3

3 1 1
Determinants

∆=2×3× 2 1 1
3 1 1
Now C2 and C3 are identical hence ∆ = 0
8.
 Q. 102 18 36
Evaluate 1 3 4
17 3 6

Sol. R1 → R1 – 6R3
0 0 0
1 3 4 =0
17 3 6

Q. a b c
Show that a + 2x b + 2y c + 2z = 0
x y z

Sol. In LHS apply

R2 → R2 – 2R3
a b c
now a b c = 0
x y z

Special Determinants
(i) Symmetric Determinant
a h g
h b f = abc + 2fgh –af2 – bg2 – ch2
g f c

(ii) Skew symmetric Determinant

0 a b
−a 0 c = 0
−b −c 0

(iii) Cyclic Determinants

1 1 1
Determinants

(a) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
a2 b2 c2

9.
 Proof: In LHS C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3

0 0 1
a −b b−c c
a2 − b2 b2 − c2 c2

C1 C2
Now C1 → , C →
(a − b ) 2
(b − c)

0 0 1
(a – b) (b – c) 1 1 c
a + b b + c c2
Expansion about R1
⇒ (a – b) (b – c) {0 – 0 + 1 (b + c – a – b)}
⇒ (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) Hence proved
1 1 1
(b) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c)
a3 b3 c3
Proof: In LHS C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3
0 0 1
a −b b−c c
a3 − b3 b3 − c3 c3
C1 C2
now C1 → , C2 →
( a − b ) ( − c)
b

0 0 1
(a – b) (b – c) 1 1 c
a + b + ab b + c + bc c3
2 2 2 2

Expansion about R1
⇒ (a – b) (b – c) {b2 + c2 + bc – a2 – b2 – ab}
⇒ (a – b) (b – c) {(c2 – a2) + b(c – a)}
⇒ (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (c + a + b) Hence proved.
1 1 1
2 2
(c) a b c2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
a3 b3 c3
Determinants

Proof: In LHS C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3

10.
 0 0 1
2 2 2 2
a −b b −c c2
a3 − b3 b3 − c3 c3

C1 C2
Now C1 → , C2 →
(a − b) (b − c )
0 0 1
(a – b) (b – c) a +b b+c c2
a2 + b2 + ab b2 + c2 + bc c3
Expansion about R1
⇒ (a – b) (b – c) {(a + b) (b2 + c2 + bc) – (b + c) (a2 + b2 + ab)}

⇒ (a – b) (b – c) {ab2 + ac2 + abc + b3 + bc2 + b2c – ba2 – b3 – ab2 – ca2
– cb2 – abc}
⇒ (a – b) (b – c) {ac(c – a) + b(c2 – a2)}
⇒ (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ac + bc + ba) Hence proved.
x +a x +b x +c
(d) x + b x + c x + a = (3x + a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 –c2)
x +c x +a x +b
Proof: R1 →R1 + R2 + R3
3x + a + b + c 3x + a + b + c 3x + a + b + c
x+b x+c x+a now R1 → R1/(3x + a + b + c)
x+c x+a x +b

1 1 1
(3x + a + b + c) x + b x + c x + a
x +c x +a x +b
Now C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3
0 0 1
(3x + a + b + c) b − c c − a x + a
c −a a −b x +b
Expansion about R1
⇒ (3x + a + b + c) {(a - b) (b – c) – (c – a)2}
⇒ (3x + a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2) Hence proved.
a b c
(e) b c a = – (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) ≤ 0 where a, b, c are positive
Determinants

c a b

11.
 Proof: C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
a +b+c b c
⇒ b + c + a c a now C1 → C1/(a + b + c)
c+a +b a b

1 b c
(a + b + c) 1 c a
1 a b
Expansion about C1
⇒ (a + b + c) {(cb – a2) – (b2 – ac) + (ab – c2)}
⇒ – (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) ≤ 0
⇒ – (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) ≤ 0 Hence proved.

Q. 41 1 5
Without expanding evaluate the determinant 79 7 9
29 5 3

Sol. apply C1 → C1 – (C2 + 8C3)

0 1 5
= 0 7 9 =0
0 5 3

Q. b2c2 bc b + c
Without expanding show that c2a2 ca c + a = 0
2 2
ab ab a + b

Sol. R1 → aR1, R2 → bR2, R3 → cR3

ab2c2
abc ab + ac
1 2 2
⇒ bc a abc bc + ab
abc
ca2b2 abc ac + bc

C1 → C1/(abc), C2 → C2/(abc)
Determinants

bc 1 ab + ac
⇒ abc ca 1 bc + ab
ab 1 ac + bc
12.
 C3 → C3 + C1

bc 1 ab + bc + ca
⇒ abc ca 1 ab + bc + ca
ab 1 ab + bc + ca

C3 → C3/(ab + bc + ca)

bc 1 1
⇒ abc(ab + bc+ ca) ca 1 1
ab 1 1
= 0 Hence proved.

(a ) (a )
2 2
x
+ a −x x
− a −x 1

(a ) (a )
2 2

Q.
y
Without expanding evaluate the determinant + a−y y
− a−y 1 where

(a ) (a )
2 2
z
+ a −z z
− a −z 1

a, b, c and x, y, z ∈ R

a2x + a −2x + 2 a2x + a −2x − 2 1

Sol. a2y + a −2y + 2 a2y + a −2y − 2 1

a2z + a −2z + 2 a2z + a −2z − 2 1

C1 → C1 – C2

4 a2x + a −2x − 2 1
4 a2y + a −2y − 2 1
4 a2z + a −2z − 2 1

C1 → C1/4

1 a2x + a −2x − 2 1
4 1 a2y + a −2y − 2 1 = 0
1 a2z + a −2z − 2 1
Determinants

13.
 Q. α β γ
2 2
Prove that α β γ 2 = (α – β) (β – γ) (γ – α) (α + β + γ)
β+γ γ+α α+β

Sol. C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3
α−β β−γ γ
2 2 2 2
α −β β −γ γ2
β –α γ –β α+β

C1 → C1/(α – β), C2 → C2/(β – γ)

1 1 γ
⇒ (α – β) (β – γ) α + β β + γ γ2
−1 −1 α + β

R1 → R1 + R3
0 0 α+β+γ
⇒ (α – β) (β – γ) α + β β + γ γ2
−1 −1 α+β

expansion about R1
⇒ (α – β) (β – γ) (α + β + γ) {– α – β + β + γ}
⇒ (α – β) (β – γ) (γ – α) {α + β + γ} Hence proved.

Q. x+1 x x
Prove that a ≠ 0, x x+a x = 0 represents a straight line parallel to
2
x x x+a

the y-axis

Sol. C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3,

1 0 x
−a a x =0
2 2
0 −a x+a
Expansion about R1
1(ax + a3 + a2x) – 0 + x(a3) = 0
Determinants

a(1 + a + a2)x = – a3
−a2
⇒x= (constant) Hence proved.
1 + a + a2

14.
 Q. a −b−c 2a 2a
Prove that 2b b−c−a 2b = (a + b + c)3
2c 2c c −a −b

Sol. C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3

(
− a +b+c ) 0 2a
(a + b + c ) (
− a +b+c ) 2b
0 (a + b + c ) c −a −b

C1 → C1/(a + b + c), C2 → C2/(a + b + c)

−1 0 2a
(a + b + c) 2
1 −1 2b
0 1 c −a −b
Expansion about R1
⇒ (a + b + c)2 [–1 (–c + a + b – 2b) + 2a(1)]
⇒ (a + b + c)3 Hence proved

Q. 1 + a2 − b2 2ab −2b
2 2
Evaluate 2ab 1−a +b 2a
2b −2a 1 − a2 − b2

Sol. R1 → R1/2b, R2 → R2/2a, R3 → R3/2

1 + a2 − b2
a −1
2b
1 − a2 + b2
⇒ 8ab b 1
2a
1 − a2 − b2
b −a
2

C1 → 2bC1, C2 → 2aC2, C3 → 2C3

1 + a2 − b2 2a2 −2
1 2 2 2
⇒ · 8ab 2b 1−a +b 2
8ab 2 2
2b −2a 1 − a − b2
2
Determinants

R1 → R1 + R2, R2 → R2 – R3

15.
 1 + a2 + b2 1 + a2 + b2 0
2 2
⇒ 0 1+a +b 1 + a2 + b2
2b2 −2a2 1 − a2 − b2

R1 → R1/(1 + a2 + b2), R2 → R2/(1 + a2 + b2)

1 1 0
⇒ (1 + a + b ) 2 2 2
0 1 1
2 2
2b −2a 1 − a − b22

Expansion about R1
⇒ (1 + a2 + b2)2[(1 – a2 – b2 + 2a2) – (–2b2)]
⇒ (1 + a2 + b2)3

Q. 2r − 1 2.3r − 1 4.5r − 1 n

If ∆r = x
n n
y
n
z show that ∑∆
r=1
r = constant
2 −1 3 −1 5 −1

n n n

n
∑ r=1
2r − 1 2∑ r=1
3r − 1 4 ∑5
r=1
r−1

Sol. ∑
r=1
∆r =
n
x
n
y
n
z
2 −1 3 −1 5 −1

n
(
1 2n − 1 ) =2
∑2
r−1 n
= −1
r=1
2−1

n
(
1 3n − 1 ) = (3 − 1) n

∑3
r−1
=
r=1
3−1 2

n
(
1 5n − 1 )=5 n
−1
∑
r=1
5r − 1 =
(5 − 1) 4

n 2n − 1 3n − 1 5n − 1
∑ ∆r = x y z =0
r=1
2n − 1 3n − 1 5n − 1
Determinants

16.
 Q. 2r − 1 n
Cr 1 n

If ∆r = n −12
2 n
n+ 1 where n ≥ r ≥ 0, then evaluate ∑∆ r

cos n2
( ) 2 2
cos n cos n + 1 2
( )
r =0

n n n

∑ ∑ ∑1
n
2r − 1 Cr
n r =0 r =0 r =0

Sol. ∑∆
2 n
r
= n −1 2 n+ 1
r =0
cos n 2
( )
2
cos n cos2 n + 1
2
( )

n
(
n n+ 1 )
∑ (2r − 1) = 2
r =0
2
– (n + 1) = n2 – 1

∑
n
Cr = 2n
r =0
n

∑ 1 = (n + 1)
r =0

n
n2 − 1 2n n+ 1

∑Ä
2 n
r
= n −1 2 n+ 1 =0
r =0
cos2 n2 ( ) cos2n cos2 n + 1 ( )

Q. n! (n + 1) ! (n + 2) !
For a fixed positive integer n if D = (n + 1) ! (n + 2) ! (n + 3) ! then show that
(n + 2 ) ! (n + 3 ) ! (n + 4 ) !
D
− 4 is divisible by n
( )
3
n!

Sol. R1 → R1/n!, R2 → R2/(n+1)!, R3 → R3/(n+2)!

1 (n + 1) (n + 2)(n + 1)
Determinants

D = n!(n + 1)! (n+2)! 1 (n + 2) (n + 3)(n + 2)

1 (n + 3) (n + 4 )(n + 3)
17.
 R3 → R3 – R2, R2 → R2 – R1

1 (n + 1) (n + 2)(n + 1)
D = n!(n + 1)! (n + 2)! 0 1 2 (n + 2 ) expansion about C1
0 1 2 (n + 3 )

D = n!(n + 1)! (n + 2)! {2(n + 3) – 2(n + 2)}

D = (n!)3 (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 1) × 2
D
= (n3 + 4n2 + 5n +2) × 2
(n!)
3

D
− 4 = 2n(n2 + 4n + 5) which is divisible by n
(n!)
3

Q. x2 + x x+1 x−2
2
Without expanding, prove that 2x + 3x − 1 3x 3x − 3 = xA + B where A and
2
x + 2x + 3 2x − 1 2x − 1

B are determinants of 3 × 3 square matrices not involving x.

Sol. Apply R2 → R2 – (R1 + R3)

x2 + x x+1 x−2
−4 0 0
x2 + 2x + 3 2x − 1 2x − 1

x2 x2
now R1 → R1 + R2, R3 → R3 + R
4 4 2
x x+1 x−2
−4 0 0 now R3 → R3 – 2R1
2x + 3 2x − 1 2x − 1

x x+1 x−2
= −4 0 0
3 −3 3
Determinants

18.
 x x x 0 1 −2
= −4 0 0 + −4 0 0
3 −3 3 3 −3 3

1 1 1 0 1 −2
= x −4 0 0 + −4 0 0 = xA + B
3 −3 3 3 −3 3

Q. If (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2 = a2

(x2 – x3)2 + (y2 – y3)2 = b2 and
(x3 – x1)2 + (y3 – y1)2 = c2 then prove that
2
x1 y1 1
4 x2 y2 1 = (a + b + c) (b + c – a) (c + a – b) (a + b – c)
x3 y3 1

Sol. Let three points in xy plane P(x1, y1), Q(x2, y2) and R(x3, y3) hence
given that
PQ2 = a2 ⇒ PQ = a
QR2 = b2 ⇒ QR = b
RP2 = c2 ⇒ RP = c
now area of ∆PQR
∆ = (
S S−a S−b S−c )( )( )
⇒ ∆2 = S(S – a) (S – b) (S – c)
2
2 x1 y1 1
 1  a + b + c  b + c − a   c + a − b  a + b − c
 2  x2 y2 1 =       
 2 2 2 2
x3 y3 1
2
x1 y1 1
4 x2 y2 1 = (a + b + c) (b + c – a) (c + a – b) (a + b – c) Hence proved.
x3 y3 1
Determinants

19.
 Q. a a3 a4 − 1
If a, b, c are all different and b b3 b4 − 1 = 0 then show that abc(ab + bc +
c c3 c4 − 1

ca) = a + b + c

Sol. Given determinant is

a a3 a4 a a3 1
3 4 3
b b b −b b 1 =0
3 4 3
c c c c c 1

1 a2 a3 1 a a3
abc 1 b2 b3 − 1 b b3 = 0
1 c2 c3 1 c c3

abc(a–b)(b-c)(c–a)(ab + bc + ca) – (a – b)(b – c) (c – a)(a + b + c) = 0

⇒ abc(ab + bc + ca) – (a + b + c) = 0
⇒ abc(ab + bc + ca) = (a + b + c)

Q. Prove that

(b + c ) (b + c )
2 2
ba ac a2 a2

(c + a ) (c + a )
2 2
ba cb = b2 b2 = 2abc(a + b + c)3

(a + b) (a + b)
2 2
ca cb c2 c2

Sol. C1 → C1/a, C2 → C2/b, C3 → C3/c

(b + c )
2

a a
a
(c + a )
2

abc b b
b
(a + b)
2
Determinants

c c
c

20.
now R1 → aR1, R2 → bR2, R3 → cR3

(b + c )
2
a2 a2
1
(c + a )
2
⇒ abc · b2 b2
abc
(a + b)
2
c2 c2

C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3

(b + c + a )(b + c − a ) 0 a2
(b + c + a )(b − c − a ) (c + a + b)(c + a − b) b2
(c + a + b)(c − a − b) (a + b)
2
0

C1 → C1/(a + b + c), C2 → C2/(a + b + c)

b+c−a 0 a2
(a + b + c)2 b − c − a c + a − b b2

(a + b)
2
0 c −a −b

R3 → R3 – (R1 + R2)

b+c−a 0 a2
(a + b + c)2 b − c − a c + a − b b2
(
2 a −b ) −2a 2ab

C1 → C1 + C2

b+c−a 0 a2
(a + b + c)2 0 c + a − b b2
−2b −2a 2ab

C1 → aC1 + C3, C2 → bC2 + C3

(
a b+c ) a2 a2
(a + b + c )
2

ab
b2 (
b c+a ) b2
0 0 2ab

Expansion about R3

(a + b + c )
2

[2ab{ab (b + c) (c + a) – a2b2}]
ab
Determinants

2(a + b + c)2[ab(bc + ab + c2 + ac – ab)]

2abc(a + b + c)3 Hence proved.

21.
 Q. Let P be a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that all the entries in P are from the set
{–1, 0, 1}. Then the maximum possible value of the determinant of P is

Sol. Let
a1 b1 c1
|P| = a2 b2 c2 where ai, bi, ci ∈{–1, 0, 1}
a3 b3 c3

(
= a 1b2c3 + b1c2a3 + c1a2b3 − a3b2c1 + b3c2a 1 + c3a2b1
  
)
x y

now x ≤ 3 and y ≥ – 3
but |P| cannot be 6
as if x = 3 ⇒ each term of x = 1 
 ⇒ Contradiction
and y = −3 ⇒ each termof y = −1

now next possibility |P| = 4 which is possible when a2 = b3 = - 1 and rest all ele-
ments = 1 hence
|P|max. = 4

Product of two determinants

1. Method of Multiplication: (Row by column)
a1 b1 c1 1 2 3
eg. Let ∆1 = a2 b2 c2 , ∆2 = m1 m2 m3
a3 b3 c3 n1 n2 n3
∆ = ∆1∆2
a 1 1 + b1m1 + c1n1 a 1 2 + b1m2 + c1n2 a 1 3 + b1m3 + c1n3
∆ = a2  1 + b2m1 + c2n1 a2  2 + b2m2 + c2n2 a2  3 + b2m3 + c2n3
a3  1 + b3m1 + c3n1 a3  2 + b3m2 + c3n2 a3  3 + b3m3 + c3n3

2. Method of multiplication: (Row by Row)

∆ = ∆1∆2

a 1 1 + b1 2 + c1 3 a 1m1 + b1m2 + c1m3 a 1n1 + b1n2 + c1n3

∆ = a2  1 + b2  2 + c2  3 a2m1 + b2m2 + c2m3 a2n1 + b2n2 + c2n3
a3  1 + b3  2 + c3  3 a3m1 + b3m2 + c3m3 a3n1 + b3n2 + c3n3
Determinants

22.
 Q.

Prove that

(a1 − b1 ) (a1 − b2 ) (a1 − b3 )

2 2 2

( a2 − b1 ) ( a2 − b2 ) ( a2 − b3 )
2 2 2

(a3 − b1 ) (a3 − b2 ) (a3 − b3 )

2 2 2

= 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (b3 – b1)

Sol. LHS is

a21 − 2a 1b1 + b21 a21 − 2a 1b2 + b22 a21 − 2a 1b3 + b32

a22 − 2a2b1 + b21 a22 − 2a2b2 + b22 a22 − 2a2b3 + b23
a23 − 2a3b1 + b21 a23 − 2a3b2 + b22 a23 − 2a3b3 + b23

a21 −2a 1 1 1 1 1
= a22 −2a2 1 × b1 b2 b3
a23 −2a3 1 b21 b22 b23

now the above determinants

1 a1 a21 1 1 1
2 1 a2 a22 × b1 b2 b3
1 a3 a32 b21 b22 b32

= 2(a1 – a2)(a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (b3 – b1)

Point to Remember!!!
3. Method of multiplication: (Column by column)
∆ = ∆1∆2 If A1, B1, C1, … are respectively
the cofactors of the elements
a 1 1 + a2m1 + a3n1 a 1 2 + a2m2 + a3n2 a 1 3 + a2m3 + a3n3 a1, b1, c1, ... of the determinant
∆ = b1 1 + b2m1 + b3n1 b1 2 + b2m2 + b3n2 b1 3 + b2m3 + b3n3
c1 1 + c2m1 + c3n1 c1 2 + c2m2 + c3n2 c1 3 + c2m3 + c3n3 a 1 b1 c 1
∆ = a2 b2 c2 , ∆ ≠ 0 then
a3 b3 c3
A 1 B1 C1
A2 B2 C2 = ∆ 2
Determinants

A3 B3 C3

23.
 Q. a 1α 1 + b1β1 a 1α2 + b1β2 a 1α3 + b1β3
Prove that a2 α 1 + b2β1 a2 α2 + b2β2 a2 α3 + b2β3 = 0
a3 α 1 + b3β1 a3 α2 + b3β2 a3 α3 + b3β3

Sol. Given determinant can be written as

a 1α 1 + b1β1 + 0 a 1α2 + b1β2 + 0 a 1α3 + b1β3 + 0
a2 α 1 + b2β1 + 0 a2 α2 + b2β2 + 0 a2 α3 + b2β3 + 0
a3 α 1 + b3β1 + 0 a3 α2 + b3β2 + 0 a3 α3 + b3β3 + 0
Which can be expressed as product of the following two determinants
a 1 b1 0 α 1 α2 α3
a2 b2 0 × β1 β2 β3 = 0 Hence proved.
a3 b3 0 0 0 0

Q. 1 x x2 x3 − 1 0 x − x4
If x x2 1 = 3 then find the value of 0 x − x4 x3 − 1
x2 1 x x − x4 x3 − 1 0

Sol. Required determinant is formed by replacing each element with its co-factor in
2
x3 − 1 0 x − x4 1 x x2
given determinant hence 0 x − x4 x3 − 1 = x x2 1 = 32 = 9
x − x4 x3 − 1 0 x2 1 x
Determinants

24.
 Q. 1 (
cos β − α ) ( )
cos γ − α
Express the determinant ∆ = cos α − β ( ) 1 cos ( γ − β ) as the prod-
cos ( α − γ ) (
cos β − γ ) 1

uct of two determinants and hence show that ∆ = 0

cosα sinα 0 cosα cosβ cosγ

Sol. Given determinants is ∆ = cosβ sinβ 0 × sinα sinβ sinγ
cosγ sinγ 0 0 0 0
⇒0×0=0

Q. If α, β are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and Sn = αn + βn then evaluate

3 1 + S1 1 + S2
1 + S1 1 + S2 1 + S3
1 + S2 1 + S3 1 + S4

Sol. We know that

α + β = – b/a
αβ = c/a
1+ 1+ 1 1+ α +β 1 + α2 + β2
now given determinant is 1+ α +β 1 + α2 + β2 1 + α3 + β3
1 + α2 + β2 1 +3 +β3 1 + α4 + β4

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 α β × 1 α α2 = {(1 – α) (α – β) (β – 1)}2
1 α2 β2 1 β β2
= (–1 + α + β – αβ)2{(α + β)2 – 4αβ}
2
 b c  b2 4c 
=  −1 − −   2 − 
 a a a a 


=
1
a 4
(a + b + c )
2
(b2
− 4ac )
Determinants

25.
 Q. Which of the following values of ‘α’ satisfy the equation

( 1 + α ) ( 1 + 2α ) ( 1 + 3α )
2 2 2

( 2 + α ) ( 2 + 2α ) ( 2 + 3α )
2 2 2
= −648α

( 3 + α ) ( 3 + 2α ) ( 3 + 3α )
2 2 2

(A) – 4 (B) 9 (C) – 9 (D) 4

Ans. (BC)

Sol. Given equation

1 + 2α + α2 1 + 4α + 4α2 1 + 6α + 9α2
4 + 4α + α2 4 + 8α + 4α2 4 + 12α + 9α2 = −648α
9 + 6α + α2 9 + 12α + 4α2 9 + 18α + 9α2

1 2α α2 1 1 1
2
4 4α α × 1 2 3 = – 648α
9 6α α2 1 4 9

1 1 1 1 1 1
3
2α 4 2 1 × 1 2 3 = −648α
9 3 1 1 4 9
– 2α3{(1 – 2) (2 – 3) (3 – 1)}2 = – 648α
– 8α3 = – 648α ⇒ α = 0, α2 = 81 ⇒ α = ± 9

Q. 2 α+β+γ+δ αβ + γδ
Evaluate α + β + γ + δ (
2 α+β γ+δ )( ) ( )
αβ γ + δ + γδ α + β ( )
αβ + γδ αβ ( γ + δ ) + ( α + β ) γδ 2αβγδ

1 1 0 1 ( α + β) αβ

Sol. ( γ + δ) ( α + β) 0× 1 ( γ + δ) γδ = 0
γδ αβ 0 0 0 0
Determinants

26.
System of linear equations
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
For example x = 3, y = 3 and z = 6 is the solution of the system of
equations
5x – 6y +3z = 15
7x + 4y – 2z = 21
2x + y + 6z = 45

Solution of a system of linear equations (theorem: cramer’s rule)

The solution of the system of linear equations
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 … (i)
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 … (ii)
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 … (iii)
D1 D2 D
is given by x = ,y = and z = 3 provided that D ≠ 0
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
where D = a2 b2 c2 D1 = d2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3

a 1 d1 c1 a 1 b1 d1
D2 = a2 d2 c2 D3 = a2 b2 d2
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

System of homogeneous linear equations

a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 …(i)
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 …(ii)
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 …(iii)

Summary
(i) If D ≠ 0, then given system of equations has only trivial solution and
the number of solutions in this case is one.
(ii) If D = 0, then given system of equations has nontrivial solution as well
as trivial solution and the number of solutions in this case is infinite

Special case
When D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 ⇒ no solution or infinite many solution
eg. x + y + z = 1, x + y + z = 2 and x + y + z = 3 has no solution since all
Determinants

are parallel planes.

eg. x + y + z = 1, 2x + 2y + 2z = 2 and 3x + 3y + 3z = 3 has infinite
solutions since all plane coincides

27.
 Q. Solve by cramer’s rule
x+y+z=6
x–y+z=2
3x + 2y – 4z = – 5

1 1 1 6 1 1
Sol. D = 1 −1 1 = 14 , D1 = 2 −1 1 = 14
3 2 −4 −5 2 −4

1 6 1 1 1 6
D2 = 1 2 1 = 28, D3 = 1 −1 2 = 42
3 −5 −4 3 2 −5

D1 D2 D3
x= = 1, y = = 2, z = =3
D D D

Q. For what value of p and q, the system of equation

2x + py + 6z = 8
x + 2y + qz = 5
x + y + 3z = 4 has
(i) no solution
(ii) a unique solution
(iii) infinitely many solutions.

2 p 6
Sol. D = 1 2 q = (2 – p) (3 – q)
1 1 3

8 p 6
D1 = 5 2 q = (p – 2) (4q – 15)
4 1 3

2 8 6
D2 = 1 5 q = 0
1 4 3

2 p 8
D3 = 1 2 5 = (p – 2)
Determinants

1 1 4

28.
 (i) D = 0, atleast one Di ≠ 0 ⇒ p ≠ 2, q = 3
(ii) D ≠ 0 ⇒ p ≠ 2, q ≠ 3
(iii) D = 0 & Di = 0 ⇒ p = 2, q∈R (∵ all planes are not parallel)

Q. If x, y, z are not all zero such that

ax + y + z = 0
x + by + z = 0
x + y + cz = 0
1 1 1
then prove that + + =1
1−a 1−b 1−c

a 1 1
Sol. D= 1 b 1 =0
1 1 c
R1 → R1 – R2, R2 → R2 – R3

a − 1 1−b 0
0 b− 1 1−c = 0
1 1 c
expand about R1
⇒ (a – 1) {c(b – 1) – (1 – c)} – (1 – b) {– (1 – c)} = 0
⇒ c(1 – a) (1 – b) + (1 - a) (1 – c) + (1 - b) (1 – c) = 0
c 1 1
⇒ + + =0
1−c 1−b 1−a
1 1 1
⇒ + + =1
1−a 1−b 1−c

Q. If sinq ≠ cosq and x, y, z satisfy the equations

xcosp – y sinp + z = cosq + 1
xsinp + y cosp + z = 1 – sinq
xcos(p + q) – ysin(p + q) + z = 2 then find the value of x2 + y2 + z2

Sol. x cosp – y sinp + z = cosq + 1 …(i)

x sinp + y cosp + z = 1 – sinq …(ii)
xcos(p + q) – y sin(p + q) + z = 2 …(iii)
(i) × cosq – (ii) × sinq
Determinants

x cos(p + q) – ysin(p + q) + z(cosq – sinq) = 1 + (cosq – sinq) …(iv)

29.
 (iv) – (iii)
z(cosq – sinq – 1) = (cosq – sinq – 1)
⇒z=1
from (i) x cosp – y sinp = cosq …(v)
from (ii) x sinp + y cosp = – sinq …(vi)
(v)2 + (vi)2 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 1
Hence x2 + y2 + z2 = 2

Q. Investigate for what values of λ, µ the simultaneous equations

x + y + z = 6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + λz = µ have
(a) A unique solution
(b) An infinite number of solutions
(c) No solution

1 1 1
Sol. D= 1 2 3 = λ−3 ( )
1 2 λ

6 1 1
D1 = 10 2 3 = 2λ + µ – 16
µ 2 λ

1 6 1
D2 = 1 10 3 = 2(2λ – µ + 4)
1 µ λ

1 1 6
D3 = 1 2 10 = (µ – 10)
1 2 µ
(i) D ≠ 0 ⇒ λ ≠ 3
(ii) D = 0 & Di = 0 ⇒ λ = 3, µ = 10
(iii) D = 0 & atleast one Di ≠ 0 ⇒ λ = 3, µ ≠ 10
(∵ all planes are not parallel)
Determinants

30.
 Q. For what values of p, the equations:
x+y+z=1
x + 2y + 4z = p and
x + 4y + 10z = p2 have a solution?
Solve them completely in each case.

1 1 1
Sol. D= 1 2 4 =0
1 4 10

1 1 1
D1 = p 2 4 = 2(p – 1)(p – 2)
p2 4 10

1 1 1
D2 = 1 p 4 = – 3(p – 1) (p – 2)
1 p2 10

1 1 1
D3 = 1 2 p = (p – 1) (p – 2)
1 4 p2
system have infinite solution for p = 1, 2
for p = 1 ⇒ x + y + z = 1 …(1)
x + 2y + 4z = 1 …(2)
(2) – (1) ⇒ y + 3z = 0 ⇒ y = – 3z
⇒ x = 1 + 2z
(x, y, z) ≡ (1 + 2z, – 3z, z); Z∈R
for p = 2 ⇒ x + y + z = 1 …(1)
x + 2y + 4z = 2 …(2)
(2) – (1) ⇒ y + 3z = 1 ⇒ y = 1 – 3z
x = 2z
(x, y, z) ≡ (2z, 1 – 3z, z); Z∈R
Determinants

31.
 Q. Solve the equations:
kx + 2y – 2z = 1
4x + 2ky – z = 2
6x + 6y + kz = 3
Considering specially the case when k = 2

k 2 −2
Sol. D = 4 2k −1
6 6 k

(
= 2 k3 + 11k − 30 )
( )( 2
= 2 k − 2 k + 2k + 15 )
1 2 −2
D1 = 2 2k −1
3 6 k

(
= 2 k2 + 4k − 12 )
(
= 2 k−2 k+6 )( )
k 1 −2
D2 = 4 2 −1
6 3 k
= (2k + 3) (k – 2)
k 2 1
D3 = 4 2k 2
6 6 3
= 6(k – 2)2
when k ≠ 2 then

x=
k+6
,y =
2k + 3
,z =
(
3 k−2 )
2
k + 2k + 15 ( 2
2 k + 2k + 15 ) (k 2
+ 2k + 15 )
when k = 2 then 2x + 2y – 2z = 1 …(1)
6x + 6y + 2z = 3 …(2)
1 − 2x
(2) – (1) × 3 ⇒ z = 0, y =
2
 1 − 2x 
Determinants

(x, y, z) ≡  x, , 0  ∀x∈R
 2 

32.
 Q. The system of equations
αx + y + z = α – 1
x + αy + z = α – 1
x + y + αz = α – 1
has infinite solutions, if α is
(A) – 2 (B) either – 2 or 1 (C) not 1 (D) 1

Ans. (D)
α 1 1
Sol. D= 1 α 1 = (α – 1)2 (α + 2)
1 1 α

for infinite solution D = 0 ⇒ α = 1, –2

for α = 1 all equations are identical ⇒ infinite solutions
for α = – 2 equations are
– 2x + y + z = – 3 …(1)
x – 2y + z = – 3 …(2)
x + y – 2z = – 3 …(3)
(1) + (2) + (3) ⇒ 0 = – 9 No solution

Q. 5 5α α
Let A = 0 α 5α If |A2| = 25 then |α| equals.
0 0 5
1
(A) (B) 5 (C) 25 (D) 1
5

Ans. (A)

Sol.
|A| = 25α also
|A2| = 25 ⇒ |A|2 = 25
(25α)2 = 25 ⇒ 25α2 = 1
1
|α| =
5
Determinants

33.
 Q. Let a, b, c be any real numbers. Suppose that there are real numbers x, y, z not
all zero such that x = cy + bz, y = az + cx and z = bx + ay then a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc
is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) Zero (D) 3

Ans. (B)

Sol. Given equations are

x – cy – bz = 0
cx – y + az = 0
bx + ay – z = 0
the system have non-trivial solution hence
D=0
1 −c −b
c −1 a = 0
b a −1
1(1 – a2) + c(–c - ab) – b(ac + b) = 0
⇒ – a2 – b2 – c2 – 2abc + 1 = 0
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1

Q. The number of values of k for which the linear equation

4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
and 2x + 2y + z = 0 posses a non-zero solution is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) Zero (D) 3

Ans. (A)

Sol. for non-zero solution D = 0

4 k 2
k 4 1 =0
2 2 1
4(2) – k (k – 2) + 2(2k – 8) = 0
⇒ 8 – k2 + 2k + 4k – 16 = 0
⇒ k2 – 6k + 8 = 0
(k – 2) (k – 4) = 0 ⇒ k = 2, 4 (two values)
Determinants

34.
 Q. If the system of linear equations
x – 4y + 7z = g
3y – 5z = h
– 2x + 5y – 9z = k is consistent then
(A) g + h + k = 0 (B) 2g + h + k = 0
(C) g + h + 2k = 0 (D) g + 2h + k = 0

Ans. (B)

1 −4 7
Sol. D= 0 3 −5 = 0
−2 5 −9
so for the system to be consistent D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
g −4 7
D1 = h 3 −5 = g(–2) – h(1) – k(1) = 0
k 5 −9
⇒ 2g + h + k = 0
1 g 7
D2 = 0 h −5 = 1(–9h + 5k) – 2(–5g – 7h) = 0
−2 k −9
⇒ 2g + h + k = 0
1 −4 g
D3 = 0 3 h = 1 (3k – 5h) – 2(–4h – 3g) = 0
−2 5 k
⇒ 2g + h + k = 0

Q.The values of λ and µ for which the system of linear equations

x+y+z=2
x + 2y + 3z = 5
x + 3y + λz = µ
has infinitely many solutions are, respectively
(A) 6 to 8 (B) 5 and 8 (C) 5 and 7 (D) 4 and 9

Ans. (B)
Determinants

Sol. for infinite solutions D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0

35.
 1 1 1
D= 1 2 3 =0
1 3 λ

( ) ( ) ()
⇒ 2λ − 9 − λ − 3 + 1 = 0
⇒λ=5

1 1 2
D3 = 1 2 5 = 0
1 3 µ

( ) ( )
⇒ 2µ − 15 − µ − 5 + 2 1 = 0 ()
⇒µ=8

Q. The system of linear equations

x + λy – z = 0
λx – y – z = 0
X + y – λz = 0 has a non-trivial solution for:
(A) Infinitely many value of λ
(B) Exactly one value of λ
(C) Exactly two values of λ
(D) Exactly three values of λ

Ans. (D)

Sol. For non-trivial solution

D=0
1 λ −1
λ −1 −1 = 0
1 1 −λ
1(λ + 1) – λ(–λ2 + 1) – 1 (λ + 1) = 0
⇒ λ + 1 + λ3 – λ – λ – 1 = 0
⇒ λ3 – λ = 0 ⇒ λ = –1, 0, 1
Determinants

36.
 Q.  b1 
 
Let S be the set of all column matrices b2  such that b1, b2, b3∈R and the
b 
 3
system of equations (in real variables)

– x + 2y + 5z = b1
2x – 4y + 3z = b2
x – 2y + 2z = b3
has atleast one solution. Then which of the following system(s) (in real varia-
 b1 
 
bles) has (have) atleast one solution of each b2  ∈ S ?
b 
 2
(A) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
(B) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and –2x – y – 3z = b3
(C) –x + 2y – 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(D) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3

Ans. (ACD)

Sol. for given system D = 0 hence for atleast one solution

D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 ⇒ b1 + 7b2 = 13b3 …(1)
option (A) D ≠ 0 ⇒ unique solution
option (D) D ≠ 0 ⇒ unique solution
option (C) D = 0 now equations are
x – 2y + 5z = – b1
x – 2y + 5z = b2/2
x – 2y + 5z = b3
which can be consistent only if
b
– b1 = 2 = b3 = k(let)
2

⇒ b1 = – k, b2 = 2k, b3 = k
Determinants

37.
 put in (1)
 b1 
 
(–k) + 7(2k) = 13(k) which is true ∀ k ∈ R hence for every element b2  this
b 
 3
system will have atleast one solution
option (D)
D = 0, D1 = 0 but D2 = 3(b1 + b2 + 3b3) from (1) we can say that one of the set of
values
(b1, b2, b3) can be (7, –1, 0) but for this set D2 ≠ 0 hence system will not have any
solution
Determinants

38.
39.
40.