GSM based Vehicle Accident Alert System

Abstract

One of the basic reasons for road accidents is speed. Road accidents are
rising suddenly today and are one of the key causes of human deaths. Human life is
more important than anything else, and timely assistance is more important than
lending a helping hand. If emergency service could get accident reports and reach
it in time, more lives could have been saved. In saving human lives, the time
between the accident and when the ambulance reaches the site of the accident plays
an important role. If we reduce the time between when an accident happens and
when a medical ambulance is dispatched to the area, we can save human lives by
reducing mortality rates. GPS has become an integral part of a vehicle system
nowadays. The accelerometer senses a sudden shift in the vehicle's axles. It will be
tested by Arduino. The Arduino sends the warning message via the GSM module
to the police control room or a rescue team, including the location. So, after
receiving the information, the police can automatically track the location via the
GPS module. Then, the appropriate action will be taken after verifying the venue.
 CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION TO ACCIDENT ALERTING SYSTEM

The primary goal of the accident warning system is to save people in crashes. This
device helps the owner to observe and find out vehicle activity and its past vehicle
movements, the latest such as GPS are highly useful now-a-days.

Over the past decade, the use of auto mobiles has improved linearly, which
increased the risk of human life. This is because the emergency services are
inadequate. We use an alert system in this paper that helps to strengthen the
emergency system of the crash system, [1].

This device senses the occurrence of the accident and the coordinated accident is
reported to the emergency team. In the event of no causality, a switching
mechanism is used to shut off. Using the Accelerometer Sensor, an accident is
observed. The angle where the car rolled off is shown by a message, [2], [3]. This
application aims to provide the weak emergency facilities with a suitable
alternative.

This accident warning system identifies the accident and the location of the
accident and sends GPS coordinates to the Smart Phone, device, etc. listed in it,

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

An accident happens at night or in areas where no individuals are heard in

that particular setting and victims are not saved at the right time.

Many of them are losing their lives because of this.

This device solves the above problem by submitting data directly after an accident
to the emergency team.

Objectives

1. To instantly rescue accident victims by sending a message to the rescue

team with a GSM .
2. Designing and implementing the notification mechanism for GSM
 CHAPTER – II

PROPOSED SYSTEM

The Arduino controller used in this project is the controller that is used to control
all the circuit modules. Two of the key sections of the circuit. The two key
components other than the controller are the GPS module used as a receiver and
GSM is another module.

The GPS module is used to receive the coordinates of the vehicle and GSM will
send the received coordinates to the user via SMS. If a person driving the vehicle
has an accident, the sudden change of information about the accelerometer axis
sends to the Arduino and the location of the vehicle is sent to the GSM module and
the vehicle coordinates are sent to the GSM module.

he GSM module plays an important role in receiving the signal from the Arduino
UNO in the above block diagram. When the power supply is supplied to the circuit
until the Accelarometer sensor senses sudden axis shift, it sends the signal to the
Arduino and the position of the vehicle obtained by the GPS module, and the
vehicle coordinates are sent to the GSM module. The received data is gathered and
sent via SMS to the valued individual.

3.3 Circuit Diagram

The circuit diagram of the GSM-based accident detection system using Arduino
UNO is shown in figure 2.
The received information is collected and is send to the respected person through
SMS,

BLOCK DIAGRAM
 CHAPTER – III

MODULE DESCRIPTION

3.1 POWER SUPPLY:

Power supply block consists of following units:

 Step down transformer.

 Bridge rectifier circuit.
 Input filter.
 Voltage regulators.
 Output filter.
 Indicator unit.

3.1.1 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:

The step-down transformer is used to step down the supply voltage of 230v
ac from mains to lower values, as the various IC’s used in this project require
reduced voltages. The transformer consists of primary and secondary coils.
To reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain
less number of turns in its secondary core. The outputs from the secondary coil
which is center tapped are the ac values of 0v, 15v and 15v. The conversion of
these ac values to dc values to dc values is done using the full wave rectifier unit.
3.1.2 RECTIFIER UNIT:

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four diodes connected in a bridge

circuit. That provides the polarity of output voltage of any polarity of the input
voltage. When used in its most common application, for conversion of alternating
current (A.C) input into direct current (D.C) output, it is known as a bridge
rectifier. The diagram describes a diode-bridge design known as a full wave
rectifier. This design can be used to rectify single phase A.C. when no transformer
center tap is available.
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to
achieve full wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with
individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the
diode bridge is wired internally.

For both positive and negative swings of the transformer, there is a forward
path through the diode bridge. Both conduction paths cause current to flow in the
same direction through the load resister, accomplishing full-wave rectification.
While one set of diodes is forward biased, the other set is reversing biased and
effectively eliminated from the circuit.
3.1.3 INPUT FILTER:

Capacitors are used as filters. The ripples from the dc voltages are removed
and pure dc voltage is obtained. The primary action performed by capacitor is
charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the ac voltage and it
will discharge in negative half cycle. So it allows only ac voltage and does not
allow the dc voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Capacitors used
here are of the value 1000uF.
3.1.4 REGULATOR UNIT:

Regulator regulates the output voltage to a specific value. The output

voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input dc voltage.
Whenever there are any ac voltage fluctuations, the dc voltage also changes, and to
avoid this regulators are used.
3.1.5 REGULATORS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:

1. POSITIVE REGULATOR, WHICH REGULATES THE POSITIVE

VOLTAGE (7805, 7812)

1. Input pin.

2. Ground pin.

3. Output pin.

2. NEGATIVE REGULATOR, WHICH REGULATES THE NEGATIVE

VOLTAGE (7912).
1. Ground pin.

2. Input pin.

3. Output pin.

3. REGULATORS USED IN THIS APPLICATION:

 7805 which provides 5v dc.

 7812 which provides 12v dc.
 7912 which provides -121v dc.
3.1.6 OUTPUT FILTER:

This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found
ripples in the output received finally. Capacitors used here are of value 10F.

3.2 ARDUINO:
Arduino interface boards provide the engineers, artists, designers, hobbyists and
anyone who tinker with technology with a low-cost, easy-to-use technology to
create their creative, interactive objects, useful projects etc., A whole new breed of
projects can now be built that can be controlled from a computer.

Fig 3.2: ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is a open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible,

easy-to-use hardware and software .It’s intended for artists, designers, hobbyists,
and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. It’s an open-
source physical computing platform based on a microcontroller board, and a
development environment for writing software for the board.

In simple words, Arduino is a small microcontroller board with a USB plug to

connect to your computer and a number of connection sockets that can be wired up
to external electronics, such as motors, relays, light sensors, laser diodes,
loudspeakers, microphones, etc., They can either be powered through the USB
connection from the computer or from a 9V battery. They can be controlled from
the computer or programmed by the computer and then disconnected and allowed
to work independently.

Anyone can buy this device through online auction site or search engine. Since
the Arduino is an open-source hardware designs and create their own clones of the
Arduino and sell them, so the market for the boards is competitive. An official
Arduino costs about $30 and a clone often less than $20.

The name “Arduino” is reserved by the original makers. However, clone

Arduino designs often have the letters “duino” on the end of their name, for
example, Freeduino or DFRduino. The software for programming your Arduino is
easy to use and also freely available for Windows, Mac, and LINUX computers at
no cost.

3.2.1 MICROCONTROLLER:
Microcontroller can be described as a computer embedded on a rather small
circuit board. To describe the function of a microcontroller more precisely, it is a
single chip that can perform various calculations and tasks, and send/receive
signals from other devices via the available pins. Precisely what tasks and
communication with the world it does, is what is governed by what instructions we
give to the Microcontroller. It is this job of telling the chip what to do, is what we
refer to as programming on it.
However, the uC by itself cannot accomplish much; it needs several
external inputs: power, for one; a steady clock signal, for another. Also, the job of
programming it has to be accomplished by an external circuit. So typically, an uC
is used along with a circuit which provides these things to it; this combination is
called a microcontroller board. The actual microcontroller at its heart is the chip
called Atmega328. The advantages that Arduino offers over other microcontroller
boards are largely in terms of reliability of the circuit hardware as well as the ease
of programming and using it.

3.2.2 OPEN-SOURCE HARDWARE:

Open-source hardware shares much of the principles and approach of free
and open-source software. The founders of Arduino wanted people to study their
hardware, to understand how it works, make changes to it, and share those changes
with the world. To facilitate this, they release all of the original design files (Eagle
CAD) for the Arduino hardware. These files are licensed under a Creative
Common Attribution Share-Alike license, which allows for both personal and
commercial derivative works, as long as they (people) credit Arduino and release
their designs under the same license.
The Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java
environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ microcontroller libraries are
under the LGPL

3.2.3 HISTORY OF ARDUINO:

While teaching a physical computing class at the Interaction Design Institute
Ivrea in 2005, Massimo Banzi’s students were unwilling to spend the 76 euros for
the BASIC Stamp microcontrollers commonly used in such applications.
Banzi and his collegues looked for alternatives, finally settling on the wiring
platform developed by one of Banzi’s students. In his own words:
“…we started to figure out how could we make the whole platform even simpler,
even cheaper, even easier to use. And then we started to essentially reimplement
the whole thing as an open source project.”
Once they had a prototype, a student wrote the software that would allow
wiring programs to run on the new platform. Upon seeing the project, visiting
professor Casey Reas suggested that there might be wider applications than just
design schools for the new product. The prototype was redesigned for mass
production and a test run of 200 boards was made. Orders began coming in from
other design schools and the students looking for Arduino, and the Arduino project
was born and Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles became its
founders.”ARDUINO” is an Italian word, meaning “STRONG FRIEND”. The
English version of the name is “Hardwin”. As of May 2011, more than 300,000
Arduino units are “in the wild”.

3.2.4 DESIGN GOALS:

 Work with a Mac (as most design students use one)

 USB connectivity (Mac Books don’t have serial ports
 Look nice
 Cheap (about 20 euros, the cost of going out for pizza in Europe)
 More powerful than a BASIC stamp
 Something you could build/fix yourself

3.2.5 BUSINESS MODELS:

Since the entire project is open source, anyone can build and sell Arduino-
compatible devices. So in this sense, the Arduino project relies heavily on its
branding for its financial success. Other projects manufacture compatible and
cheaper boards; however people are loyal to the Arduino branded boards because
they associate quality and a certain image to the final product.

By the Numbers
Year Units Sold
2005 200
2006 10 000
2010 120 000
2011 300 000

3.2.6 COMPETITORS:
Before Arduino, the largest players in the design/hobbyist market segment
were the PIC microcontroller family (made by Microchip) and the BASIC Stamp
(made by Parallax). Since the introduction of the Arduino, other large companies
have tried to enter the hobbyist market, including Texas Instruments, and even
Microsoft. However, the open-sourced tools of the Arduino and the size of its
community are large barriers for new platforms to overcome.

3.2.7 COMMUNITY:

As the project is aimed at students and hobbyists who may not have any formal
electronics background, there are many excellent guides online covering
everything from making a light blink to creating a laser harp. The official forum
has almost 60 000 registered users, and along with helping users with their
projects, is extremely active in developing new libraries to extend the functionality
of the Arduino. The open-source share and share alike sentiment is very strong,
and the vast majority of users freely publish the code to their projects.
 Fig 3.2.7: GOOGLE trends comparing ARDUINO with its biggest competitors

3.2. 8 PHYSICAL COMPUTING:

Physical Computing is an approach to learn how humans communicate
through computers that starts by considering how humans express themselves
physically.

3.2.9 HARDWARE:

3.2.9.1: ARDUINO BOARD LAYOUT:

Fig 3.2.9.1: ARDUINO board layout

3.2.9.2: ARDUINO PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig 3.2.9.2: ARDUINO pin diagram

3.2.10 ATMEGA8 (MICROCONTROLLER):

 16 MHz
 8 Kbyte Flash RAM(1K taken by the boot loader)
 1 Kbyte RAM(e.g. for auto/local variables and stack)
 14 digital Input/ Output Ports
 Fig 3.2.10: ATmega8

Single chip USB to async. Serial data transfer interface

 USB 2.0 compatible
 Transmit and receive LED five signals
 256 Byte receive,128 Byte transmit buffer
 Data transfer rate from 300bits/sec to 2 Mb/sec

3.2.11THE OFF-THE SHELF ADAPTER

 must be a DC adapter (i.e. it has to put out DC, not AC)
 should be between 9V and 12V DC
 must be rated for a minimum of 250mA current output, although you will
likely want something more like 500mA or 1A output, as it gives you the
current necessary to power a servo or twenty LEDs if you want to.
 must have a 2.1mm power plug on the Arduino end, and the plug must be
"centre positive", that is, the middle pin of the plug has to be the +
connection.
3.2.12 CURRENT RATING:
Since you'll probably be connecting other things to the Arduino (LEDs, LCDs,
servos) you should get an adapter that can supply at least 500mA, or even 1000
mA (1 ampere). That way you can be sure you have enough juice to make each
component of the circuit function reliably.
The Arduino on-board regulator can actually handle up to 20V or more, so you
can actually use an adapter that puts out 20V DC. The reasons you don't want to do
that are twofold: you'll lose most of that voltage in heat, which is terribly
inefficient.
Secondly, the nice 9V pin on the Arduino board will actually be putting out
20V or so, which could lead to potential disaster when you connect something
expensive to what you thought was the 9V pin. Our advice is to stick with the 9V
or 12V DC adapter.

Fig 3.2.12: Different Flavors of ARDUINO with their

3.2.13 CONFIGURATION

3.2.1.3.1: BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN ARDUINO:

3.2.13.1(a) ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC):
 The process of Analog to digital conversion is shown in figure.
 The Arduino has 10 bits of Resolution when reading analog signals.
 2 power 10=1024 increments
 Influence also by how fast you sample
3.2.13.2: PULSE WIDTH MODULATION(PWM):
 The Arduino has 8bit of resolution, when outputting a signal using PWM.
 The range of output voltage is from 0 to 5 Volts
 2power 8=255 Increments
 Average of on/ off (digital signals to make an average voltage) Duty cycle
in 100% of 5Volts.
3.2.14 LANGUAGE REFERENCES:
The Microcontroller on the board is programmed using the
Arduino programming language (based on wiring) and the
Arduino development environment (based on processing).
3.2.14.1: ARDUINO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
(APL) (BASED ON WIRING):
The Arduino programming language is an
implementation of Wiring, a similar physical computing platform, which is based
on the Processing multimedia programming environment.
WIRING:
Wiring is an open-source programming framework for microcontrollers.
Wiring allows writing cross-platform software to control devices attached to a
wide range of microcontroller boards to create all kinds of creative coding,
interactive objects, spaces or physical experiences. The framework is thoughtfully
created with designers and artists in mind to encourage a community where
beginners through experts from around the world share ideas, knowledge and their
collective experience. There are thousands of students, artists, designers,
researchers, and hobbyists who use Wiring for learning, prototyping, and finished
professional work production.
3.2.14.2: ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (BASED ON
PROCESSING):
PROCESSING:
Processing is an open source programming language and environment for
people who want to create images, animations, and interactions. Initially developed
to serve as a software sketchbook and to teach fundamentals of computer
programming within a visual context, Processing also has evolved into a tool for
generating finished professional work. Today, there are tens of thousands of
students, artists, designers, researchers, and hobbyists who use Processing for
learning, prototyping, and production.

3.2.15: SOFTWARE:
The software used by the Arduino is Arduino IDE. The Arduino IDE is a cross-
platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the
Processing programming language and the Wiring project. It is designed to
introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax
highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of
compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is
typically no need to edit make files or run programs on a command-line interface.
Although building on command-line is possible if required with some third-party
tools .

The Arduino IDE comes with a C/C++ library called "Wiring" (from the project
of the same name), which makes many common input/output operations much
easier. Arduino programs are written in C/C++, although users only need define
two functions to make a run able program:

 setup() – a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings
 loop() – a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

PCB FABRICATION

` The PCB manufacturing process involves use of expensive equipments,

but homebrew PCB fabrication is less expensive .It requires Intel Pentium PC,600-
1200dpi laser printer with premium-quality paper or butter-paper and
miscellaneous items like single side copper laminated board, Lacquer thinner, sand
paper and others. The various steps involves in PCB fabrication are

PC BASED ARTWORK

The PC based artwork consists of drawing the conductor pattern. For

putting artwork on the component side of the board, flip the whole image before or
while taking the print. When the pattern has been drawn, take the print out in 600
to 1200 dpi on a translucent or butter paper. Keep the paper side on which the
toner is deposited facing down over the copper laminated boards copper side and
then when the board is turned component side up, the pattern on the conductor will
be found properly aligned with the components. Finally we take the printout of the
PCB.
TAKING THE PCB LAYOUT PRINT USING A LASER PRINTER

Take the printout of the circuit layout from a laser printer. The idea is to
use a coated paper so that the toner comes loose when heated which would transfer
a sharp black print on to copper laminate. Print for each of the required layers
should be taken on separate paper.

TRANSFER OF THE CONDUCTOR PATTERN

Scrub The Copper Side Of The Copper Clad Laminated Used For The
PCB Board With A Sponge. The Scrubbing Involves Removes Oxidation, Stains,
Etc. And It Also Makes The Copper Surface Some-What Rough Which Helps The
Toner To Adhere To The Copper Surface. The Next Step Is To Degrease The
Board Thoroughly Using A Paper Towel Soaked With Acetone Solvent. Keep
Doing It Until No More Discoloration Is Seen On The Paper Towel. Rub Hard And
Keep Switching To Clean Parts Of Towel. Place And Align The Paper On The
Copper Side, Using An Iron Box To Maximum Setting On The Back Of The Paper
For At Least Half A Minute. If You Don't Apply Enough Heat, The Film Or Toner
May No Stick Or Be Dark Enough. The Removal Of Paper From PCB Is Done By
Putting It Into Hot Water For 10 Or More Minutes. Check Whether It Has
Transferred Properly Onto Copper Plate.
Dig The Bristles On The Tip Of A Smooth Tooth Brush Into The Holes, Remove
The Paper Part From The Tight Areas Like Drill-Holes. Now Cut The PCB To
Required Size By Using A Hacksaw.

ETCHING

Etch the unwanted copper from the board using the ferric chloride
solution for 20 or more minutes. One pint can etch at least 3.6 sq. meters of the
28gm board. Heating the etchant will speeds up the etching process. The PCB is
attached to a wooden piece and dip in to the solution. Lift the PCB up and Check
whether all the unwanted copper is removed. Then it is immersed in to cold water
to clean. When etching is complete, board is removed from the solution and rinse it
under running tap water .Acetone or lacquer thinner is used to remove the
toner .Lacquer thinner is used as a solvent in painting industry. Wash the board in
lacquer thinner solvent, rubbing with a paper towel, to remove the toner instantly.

DRILLING AND CLEANING

In this we had used a PCB hand drill .Use 0.8mm PCB drill bit to drill out
all of the component holes. After drilling the holes scrub sponge is used to clean
before soldering .After drilling and cleaning, wash the board in cold water and then
dry it.

CAUTION

Lacquer thinner is extremely volatile, inflammable and explosive. Acetone

can irritate eyes and respiratory system .Ferric chloride is corrosive, so avoid skin
and eye contact.
 PIC16F877A PCB DESIGN

SOLDERING
 Soldering is the process of joining metals by using lower melting point metal
to wet or alloy with the joined surfaces. Solder is the joining material. It melts
below 427’C. Soldered joints in electronic circuits will establish strong electrical
connections between component leads. The popularly used solders are alloys of tin
and lead that melt below the melting point of tin.

In order to make the surfaces accept the solder readily, the component
terminals should be cleaned chemically or by abrasion using blades or knives.
Small amount of lead coating can be done on the cleaned portion of the leads using
soldering iron. This process is called tinning. Zinc chloride or ammonium chloride
separately or in combination are the most commonly used fluxes. These are
available in petroleum jelly as paste flux. A solder joint can at first glance to be
okay, but under close examination it could be a ‘Dry Joint’. A dry joint is when
either the circuit board or the leg of the component has not been properly heated to
allow the solder to flow between the surfaces freely. This creates an intermittent or
no electrical connection. This can also be caused by a lack of flux or if you reuse
old solder.

Quite often, reheating a bad join will cure the problem but in a lot of cases,
the old solder will need to be removed and some new solder applied. The residues,
which remain after the soldering, may be washed out with more water,
accompanied by brushing.

Soldering iron is the tool used to melt the solder and apply at the joints in the
circuit. It operates in 230V mains supply. The iron bit at the tip of it gets heated up
within a few minutes. 50W and 25W soldering irons are commonly used for
soldering purposes.

PROCEDURE
 Make a layout of the circuit.

Straighten and clean the component leads using blade or knife. Apply a
little flux on the leads. Take a little solder on soldering iron and apply the molten
solder on the leads.

Mount the components on the PCB by bending the leads of the

components using nose-pliers.

Apply flux on the joints and solder the joints. Soldering must be done in
minimum time to avoid dry soldering and heating up of components. Wash the
residue using water and brush.
ADVANTAGES

 Reduce the manual power

 Low cost and Reliable

GSM MODEM
 Global Standards for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of standards for
Second Generation (2G) cellular networks. The GSM SIM 800 module uses any
network provider’s SIM to communicate over the telecommunication network.
This modem can be used to send and receive text messages and to make and
receive voice calls. GSM SIM 800 is a quad-band GSM modem that functions at
850, 800, 1800 and 1800 MHz frequencies. This modem also supports features like
transferring voice data, integrated support for GPRS and TCP/IP stack.

The AT commands are given to the GSM modem with the help of PC or
controller. The GSM modem is serially interfaced with the controller with the help
of MAX 232. Here max 232 acts as driver which converts TTL levels to the RS
232 levels. For serial interface GSM modem requires the signal based on RS 232
levels. The T1_OUT and R1_IN pin of MAX 232 is connected to the TX and RX
pin of GSM modem
DEFINITION

This is a GSM/GPRS-compatible Quad-band cell phone, which works on a

frequency of 850/800/1800/1800MHz and which can be used not only to access the
Internet, but also for oral communication (provided that it is connected to a
microphone and a small loud speaker) and for SMSs. Externally, it looks like a big
package (0.94 inches x 0.94 inches x 0.12 inches) with L-shaped contacts on four
sides so that they can be soldered both on the side and at the bottom. Internally, the
module is managed by an AMR926EJ-S processor, which controls phone
communication, data communication (through an integrated TCP/IP stack), and
(through an UART and a TTL serial interface) the communication with the circuit
interfaced with the cell phone itself.

The processor is also in charge of a SIM card (3 or 1,8 V) which needs to be

attached to the outer wall of the module. In addition, the GSM800 device integrates
an analog interface, an A/D converter, an RTC, an SPI bus, an I²C, and a PWM
module. The radio section is GSM phase 2/2+ compatible and is either class 4 (2
W) at 850/ 800 MHz or class 1 (1 W) at 1800/1800 MHz.

The TTL serial interface is in charge not only of communicating all the data
relative to the SMS already received and those that come in during TCP/IP
sessions in GPRS (the data-rate is determined by GPRS class 10: max. 85,6 kbps),
but also of receiving the circuit commands (in our case, coming from the PIC
governing the remote control) that can be either AT standard or AT-enhanced
SIMCom type.
The module is supplied with continuous energy (between 3.4 and 4.5 V) and
absorbs a maximum of 0.8 A during transmission.

Frequencies

Originally it had been intended that GSM would operate on frequencies in the 800
MHz cellular band. In September 1993, the British operator Mercury One-to-One
launched a network. Termed DCS 1800 it operated at frequencies in a new 1800
MHz band. By adopting new frequencies new operators and further competition
was introduced into the market apart from allowing additional spectrum to be used
and further increasing the overall capacity. This trend was followed in many
countries, and soon the term DCS 1800 was dropped in favour of calling it GSM as
it was purely the same cellular technology but operating on a different frequency
band. In view of the higher frequency used the distances the signals travelled was
slightly shorter but this was compensated for by additional base stations.
In the USA as well a portion of spectrum at 1800 MHz was allocated for cellular
usage in 1994. The licensing body, the FCC, did not legislate which technology
should be used, and accordingly this enabled GSM to gain a foothold in the US
market. This system was known as PCS 1800 (Personal Communication System).

What is a GSM Modem?

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A
wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them
is that a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line
while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves.

A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card.

Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial
cable or a USB cable. A GSM modem in the form of a PC Card / PCMCIA Card is
designed for use with a laptop computer. It should be inserted into one of the PC
Card / PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop computer. Like a GSM mobile phone, a
GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate.

As mentioned in earlier sections of this SMS tutorial, computers use AT

commands to control modems. Both GSM modems and dial-up modems support a
common set of standard AT commands. You can use a GSM modem just like a
dial-up modem.

In addition to the standard AT commands, GSM modems support an extended set

of AT commands. These extended AT commands are defined in the GSM
standards. With the extended AT commands, you can do things like:

 Reading, writing and deleting SMS messages.

 Sending SMS messages.
 Monitoring the signal strength.
 Monitoring the charging status and charge level of the battery.
 Reading, writing and searching phone book entries.

The number of SMS messages that can be processed by a GSM modem per minute
is very low -- only about six to ten SMS messages per minute.

THE GSM NETWORK

GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications

define the functions and interface requirements in detail but do not address the
hardware. The reason for this is to limit the designers as little as possible but still to
make it possible for the operators to buy equipment from different suppliers. The
GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system (SS), the
base station system (BSS), and the operation and support system (OSS).

GSM Network Elements

The Switching System

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and
subscriber-related functions. The switching system includes the following
functional units.

 home location register (HLR)—The HLR is a database used for storage and
management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database,
as it stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service
profile, location information, and activity status. When an individual buys a
subscription from one of the PCS operators, he or she is registered in the HLR of
that operator.
 mobile services switching center (MSC)—The MSC performs the telephony
switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and
data systems. It also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing,
common channel signaling, and others.
 visitor location register (VLR)—The VLR is a database that contains
temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to
service visiting subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a
mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will
request data about the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station
makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for call setup without
having to interrogate the HLR each time.
 authentication center (AUC)—A unit called the AUC provides authentication
and encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the
confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network operators from different
types of fraud found in today's cellular world.
 equipment identity register (EIR)—The EIR is a database that contains
information about the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen,
unauthorized, or defective mobile stations. The AUC and EIR are implemented as
stand-alone nodes or as a combined AUC/EIR node.

1) Insert SIM card

Open the SIM cardholder by sliding it as per the arrow mark and lift up.
Insert the SIM card , so as to align the chamfered corner suits in card holder .After
inserting the SIM card, lock the holder by sliding it to the opposite direction of
arrow mark.

2) Connect The Antenna

Fix the Supplied RF antenna to the SMA Antennae connector and tighten it
by Rotating the Nut (Never rotate the antennae for tightening ).

3) Connect the Pins

Connect the GSM modem as per the circuit diagram provided

4) Power the Modem

Power the modem from suitable power supply, which is having enough current
capacity (>1A).

5) Check the Status of the LEDs

PWR LED - Red LED will lit immediately

STS LED - Green LED will lit after 1-2 seconds

NET LED -Blue LED will starts to blink in fast for few seconds(Searching For
Network) and

becomes slow blinking once the Modem registers with the Network.

6) Network LED

The Network LED indicates the various status of GSM module eg. Power on,
Network registration & GPRS connectivity. When the modem is powered up, the
status LED will blink every second. After the Modem registers in the network
(takes between 10-60 seconds), LED will blink in step of 3 seconds. At this stage
you can start using Modem for your application.

7) Baud rate

The Baud rate supported by the modem is between 9600 and 115200. Make sure
the host system is set to the supported baud rate.

VIBRATION SENSOR

Description

The sensor for vibration detection is a vibration detector (or shock sensor),
the detector must have a mechanical displacement to generate the alarm signal;
vibration detection equipment is not only best suitable for file cabinets, vaults,
strongrooms, safes and Automated Teller Machines (ATM), confidential protection
special objects, but also suitable for other systems in combination, to prevent
intruders break in from wall. How to use the vibration detector in correct
application is very important. It is often used to provide protection in a special
object where protected area that with staff's activities.
There are two major detection methods for vibration detector; the one is
mechanical detection, it works as a ON/OFF switch using the mechanical
movement of metal contact, the other is acoustic sound detection. Compare to
acoustic sound detection, adopts mechanical detection vibration detector only
detect the true physic vibration with low false alarm. The vibration detector that is
based on acoustic sound detection (with microphone), it may trigger false alarm
by high noise from car, thunder in summer.
Specifications:

The Vibration Sensor Detector is designed for the security practice When
Vibration Sensor Alarm recognizes movement or vibration, it sends a signal to
either control panel Developed a new type of omni-directional high sensitivity
Security Vibration Detector with omni-directional detection

 Sensitivity: Height adjustable

 Consistency and Interchangeability: Good
 Reliability and Interference: Accurate triggering strong anti-interference
 Automatic Reset: Automatic reset is strong
 Signal Post-processing: Simple
 Output Signal: Switch signal
 No External Vibration Analysis of Plates: Product design vibration analysis of
the internal amplifier circuit
 Detection Direction: Omni-directional
 Signal Output: Switch signals
 Output Pulse Width: The vibration signal amplitude is proportional to
 Operating Voltage: 12VDC (red V + shield V-)
 Sensitivity: Greater than or equal 0.2g
 Frequency Range: 0.5HZ ~ 20HZ
 Operating Temperature Range: -10 ? ~ 50

Connections details - How to test Vibration sensor ?

 Wiring colour ---------

 RED - + 5 - 12 volts
 BLACK - GND
 OUTPUT - connect common Red - Blue OutpuT
 CHAPTER – IV

CONCLUSION

This device offers the most realistic alternative to the inadequate emergency
services given to victims of road accidents. With the aid of this technology, when
an accident happens, prompt action can be taken by alerting the appropriate
individuals by sending a message.

Vehicle tracking both in case of personal as well as business purpose improves

safety and security. Performance monitoring and increases productivity. So, in the
coming year, it is going to play a major role in our day-to-day living. Main motto
of the accident alert system project is to decrease the chances of losing life in such
accident which we can’t stop from occurring. Whenever accident is alerted, the
paramedics are reached to the particular location to increase the chances of life.
This device invention is much more useful for the accidents occurred in deserted
places and midnights. This vehicle tracking and accident alert feature plays much
more important role in day-to-day life in future.
 CHAPTER – V

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