VIRTUAL REALITY back-and-forth or up-and-down.

Having a controller
It is an artificial environment that is created with only 3DoF is like having a hand and wrist
with software and presented to the user in such a way without an arm.
that the user suspends belief and accepts it as a real 6Dof - Controllers with 6 degrees of
environment. freedom (6DoF) have both rotational and positional
tracking. Unlike controllers with 3DoF which are
DIFFERECNCE BETWEEN VIRTUAL REALLITY AND constrained to orientation, controllers with 6DoF
AUGMENTED REALITY are able to move freely in 3D space. 6DoF allows us
Virtual Reality is, to reach forward, behind our backs, move our
- Believable hands across our body or close to our face. Having
- Interactive 6DoF is like reality where we have both hands and
- Computer-generated arms.
- Explorable
- Immersive B. Tracking System
It accurately tracks the position and orientation
HISTORY of the user's head-mounted Display and controllers in
 1939 – View-Master, a stereoscopic visual real time. It uses alternating sweeps of horizontal and
simulator, was introduced. vertical lasers to pass over the VR Headset and
 1962 – Morton Heilig built a prototype called controllers which are covered in small sensors that
the Sensorama. detect that lasers as they go by.
 1968 – First head-mounted display system
(HMD) was created by Ivan Sutherland. C. Motion Tracking Suit
 1980 – The term “virtual reality” was A series of sensors strapped to the body that
popularized by Jaron Lanier. allow for skeletal movement to be accurately digitised.
 2010 – Palmer Luckey designed the first
prototype of the Oculus Rift. D. Omnidirectional Treadmill (ODT)
 2014 to present – There have been at least 230 It is a mechanical device, similar to a typical
companies developing VR-related products. treadmill, that allows a person to perform locomotive
(Amazon, Apple, Google, Microsoft, Sony, motion in any direction, allowing for 360 degrees of
Samsung, etc) movement.

VIRTUAL REALITY SETUP IS COMPOSED OF TWO PARTS: OUTPUT DEVICES

1. Input Devices Classification of Output Devices
2. Output Devices a. Graphics (Visual)
Head Mounted Displays (HMD) - A device
INPUT DEVICES worn on the head that has a small display optic in
a. Wand Controllers front of one or each eye.
b. Tracking System Binocular Omni Oriented Monitors
c. Motion Tracking Suit (BOOM) - Complex devices that supports both
d. Omnidirectional Treadmill (ODT) mechanical tracking and stereoscopic displaying
technology.
A. Wand Controllers b. Audio (Aural)
3DoF - Controllers with 3 degrees of Positional Audio - Virtual reality works
freedom (3DoF) are limited to rotational tracking. via positional, multi-speaker audio. It gives
3DoF controllers have no positional tracking illusion of a 3D world.
meaning we can’t reach out nor move our hand
c. Haptic (Contact/Force) TYPES OF HMD
Haptic Gloves - uses actuators,
pneumatics and hydraulics to create a sense of Oculus Rift - Plans on being the gold standard of Virtual
touch. Reality HMDs. Specifically designed for video gaming. it
Haptic Bodysuit - uses neuromuscular has a high field of view, delivering the very best in
stimulations to stimulate the sense of touch. immersive virtual experiences. Purchased by Facebook
in 2014
FORMS OF VIRTUAL REALITY
HTC Vive - Brought to us in partnership with Valve and
DRIVING SIMULATOR - gives the driver on board the powered by Steam VR. The leading VR headset and
impression of actually driving an actual vehicle by controller combo on the market today. Its best-in-class
predicting vehicular motion caused by driver input and technology and content mark it out as a powerful, sleek,
feeding back corresponding visual, motion and audio and innovative piece of kit.
cues to the driver.
Samsung Gear VR - A little bit more affordable than the
PROJECTOR-BASED VIRTUAL REALITY - modeling of the Oculus Rift. Samsung’s VR headset is still powered by
real environment plays a vital role in various virtual Oculus all the same.
reality applications, such as robot navigation, It does require a smartphone device to power it,
construction modeling, and airplane simulation. Usually, and naturally works best with Samsung brand phones
camera is used for modeling small objects at a short such as the Galaxy S6, S6 Edge, S7, and S7 Edge.
distance.
Google Cardboard - Another VR headset option for use
DESKTOP-BASED VIRTUAL REALITY - involves displaying with your phone, a great deal cheaper than most other
a 3D virtual world on a regular desktop display without HMDs. And it couldn’t be easier to use.
use of any specialized positional tracking equipment.
KINDS OF VIRTUAL REALTY
TREADMILLS AND HAPTIC GLOVES - the Virtuix Omni
Treadmill is ideal for allowing its user to take the VR WINDOW ON WORLD. This particular Virtual Reality
experience to another level. They can safely walk, run, system is perfect for the field of medicine.
or even jump in 360-degrees, exploring simulated
worlds and exercising at the same time. IMMERSIVE SYSTEM. The next step beyond the Window
And then there’s the question of mimicking on World view is the immersion using a virtual headset.
another key sense – touch. Haptic gloves, such as the
ones developed by Manus VR, will track hand movement TELEPRESENCE. It is exactly what it sounds like: tele, “at
using sensors, while vibrations will provide tactile a distance”, and presence, “being present”. The sensors
feedback as users navigate their way through games. are therefore controlled and operated remotely by the
user. Consider bomb disposal robots, undersea
HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAY (HMD) - more fully immerses exploration, and drones as being operated via
the user in a virtual world. A virtual reality telepresence VR.
headset typically includes two small high
resolution OLED or LCD monitors which provide
separate images for each eye for stereoscopic graphics METHODS OF VIRTUAL REALITY
rendering a 3D virtual world, a binaural audio system, Augmented Reality (AR) - A type of virtual reality
positional and rotational real-time head tracking for six technology that blends what the user sees in their real
degrees of movement. surroundings with digital content generated by
computer software. AR systems layer virtual
information over a camera live feed into a headset or APPLICATIONS
smart glasses or through a mobile device giving the
Military - this includes all three services (army, navy and
user the ability to view three-dimensional images.
air force) – where it is used for training purposes. This is
particularly useful for training soldiers for combat
Mixed reality (MR) - The merging of the real world and
situations or other dangerous settings where they have
virtual worlds to produce new environments and
to learn how to react in an appropriate manner.
visualizations where physical and digital objects co-exist
and interact in real time. MR tries to combine the best
Healthcare - Healthcare is one of the biggest adopters
aspects of VR and AR.
of virtual reality which encompasses surgery simulation,
phobia treatment, robotic surgery and skills training.
Cyberspace - It is a networked virtual reality computer
One of the advantages of this technology is that
world. It is the “space” that exist only as a data inside
it allows healthcare professionals to learn new skills
our computer.
as well as refreshing existing ones in a safe
environment. Plus, it allows this without causing any
CONCERNS OF VIRTUAL REALITY
danger to the patients.

Health & Safety - Most VR systems come with

Scientific Visualization - Virtual reality is being
consumer warnings, including:
increasingly used in the field of scientific visualization.
- Seizures
This field is based upon using computer graphics to
- Developmental issues in children
express complex ideas and scientific concepts, for
- Trip-and-fall and collision warning
example molecular models or statistical results.
- Discomfort
- Repetitive stress injury
Education - Education is another area which has
- Interference with medical devices
adopted virtual reality for teaching and learning
Symptoms common among people ages 20 and below
situations. The advantage of this is that it enables large
(while using VR headsets):
groups of students to interact with each other as well as
- Twitches
within a three dimensional environment.
- Seizure
- Blackouts
Engineering - Virtual reality engineering includes the
VR headsets may regularly cause eye fatigue
use of 3D modelling tools and visualization techniques
Children are advised against using VR headsets
as part of the design process. This technology enables
Virtual Reality sickness - Also known as cybersickness.
engineers to view their project in 3D and gain a greater
Similar to motion sickness symptoms:
understanding of how it works. Plus, they can spot any
- General discomfort
flaws or potential risks before implementation.
- Headache
- Stomach awareness, etc.
Telecommunications - Telecommunications is another
field which has utilized virtual reality technology, in
Privacy - The technology is vulnerable to mass
particular mobile communications which enables easy
surveillance. It will increase the potential and reduce
access to a variety of VR based projects.
costs for information gathering of personal actions,
movements and responses.

Conceptual and Philosophical Concerns - According to

Mychilo S. Cline (2005), virtual reality techniques will be
developed to influence human behavior.
ELECTRONIC TEXTILES APPLICATIONS
Electronic textiles are fabric that can function
electrically as electronics and behave physically as - Health Monitoring
textiles which enable computing, digital components - Sports Training
and electronics to be embedded with them. - Hazard Monitoring
- Tracking Position
HISTORY - Military Application
 1968 – ground-breaking exhibition called Body - Monitoring Driver’s Fatigue
Covering (relationship between technology and - Diagnosing Amputee Discomfort
apparel) was held. Diagnoses amputee discomfort in order
 1985 – fully animated sweatshirt was created to make their artificial limbs more
 1987 – first machine able to automatically comfortable.
implant fiber optics into any flexible material - Innovative Fashion
 Mid-1990s – wearable computers were - Regain Sensory Perception
developed Regains sensory perception that was
previously lost by accident or birth.
SENSORS USED
FUTURE TECHNOLOGY
Capacitive sensors - are widely used for a large variety
of applications including the detection of position, - Weatherproof and Waterproof Systems
pressure, and thickness. - Wireless transmitters that can collect data even
outside 4G (Bluetooth areas)
Inductive sensors - are generally used for the - Smart textiles for children
determination of position and proximity. - Commercialization
- Automatic calibrations
Piezoelectric sensors – piezoelectric materials can - Data can be sent to a doctor via smart phone
generate an electric potential when a mechanical stress applications
is applied, and conversely these materials deform under - The integration of other fabric materials that
an applied electric field. could help improve versatility
Piezoresistive sensors are commonly used to
determine the applied strain or pressure on a material ADVANTAGES
by monitoring change in electrical resistance of the
material. - Flexible
- No wire snag to environment
Optical sensors - are generally based on measuring a - Large surface area for sensing
change in intensity, phase, polarization, or wavelength - Cheap manufacturing
of light beam.
DISADVANTAGES
Chemical/biochemical sensors in textiles have been
investigated for the determination of body fluids - High initial cost of system
analysis such as sweat composition, rate, and pH. - Manufacturability (weave and piece work)
- Power consumption
- Washability (but can be managed with
encapsulation)
ENERGY electricity, which is distributed to the power plant’s
It is the capacity to do work. It exists in several customers.
forms such as potential, kinetic, mechanical, solar, light,
CLASSIFICATIONS
heat, electrical and electromagnetic energy.
According to Facility Type:
Impoundment Facilities - uses a dam to create
SOURCES OF ENERGY
a large reservoir of water, Electricity is made when
water passes through turbines in the dam.
1. NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES - come from the
Earth and don't replenish easily in a short Pumped Storage Facilities - similar to
period of time. In fact, it would probably take impoundment facilities but have a second reservoir
millions of years to reach the levels they are at below the dam which is used for storing energy.
currently. Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and
Run-of-River Facilities - Rely more on natural
nuclear.
water flow rates, diverting just a portion of river water
This is why they are also referred to as
through turbines. More intermittent than dammed
finite resources—their natural supplies aren't
hydro plant due to water variability.
enough to keep up with demand and/or
consumption According to Size:

a) Large Hydro Power Stations

2. RENEWABLE RESOURCES - a substance of
b) Small Hydro Power Stations
economic value that can be replaced or
- Mini Hydropower Plant
replenished in the same or less amount of time
- Micro Hydropower Plant
than it takes to draw the supply down. Solar,
- Pico Hydropower Plant
wind, water (hydro), biomass and geothermal.
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER
HYDROPOWER TECHNOLOGY
Hydropower is a clean source of water. Hydropower is
Hydropower or hydroelectricity refers to the
fueled by water, so it won't pollute the air like power
conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity.
plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas.
Hydroelectric Power Plant/ Hydro Plant- uses flowing Hydroelectric power is a domestic source of energy. It
water to drive the hydraulic turbines in order to enables each state to produce their own energy without
generate electricity. being reliant on international fuel sources.
HISTORY Hydropower is renewable. The energy generated
through hydropower relies on the water cycle, which is
Hydropower was used by the Greeks to turn
driven by the sun, making it a renewable power source,
water wheels for grinding wheat into flour more than
making it a more reliable and affordable source than
2,000 years ago. In 1831, Michael Faraday’s first electric
fossil fuels.
generator laid to the foundation of generating
electricity with hydropower later in 1878. PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF USING HYDRO PLANT
HOW HYDRO PLANT WORKS? Expensive to install and maintain. High costs of building
and maintenance of dams and power plants can
Hydro plant have a reservoir of water,
undermine the overall production cost of electricity.
gate/valve to control how much water flows out of the
reservoir and an outlet where the water ends up after Social unrest. Dams in rivers and other bodies of river
flowing downward. The potential energy is converted affects people whose livelihood depends on fishing and
into kinetic energy as water flows downward. The water agriculture causing some of them to relocate.
can be used to turn hydraulic turbines to generate
Impact on the environment. CONS OF MICRO HYDRO:

Land Use: Flooding land to create a - Energy expansion not possible

hydroelectric reservoir has adverse environmental - Low-power in the summer months
impacts in the forests, wildlife habitats and agricultural - Suitable site characteristics required
lands. - Environmental impact

Effect on Aquatic Life: Example of this some HOW TURBULENT HYDRO WORKS?
fishes and other organisms can be injured and/or killed
The whirlpool turbine makes use of small rapids
by turbine blades.
or waterfalls to harness energy. Once a concrete basin is
Quality of Water: Reservoirs tend to have installed, a generator and impeller goes inside the
higher levels of sediments and nutrients than normal, basin. A river wall is lifted so some of the river water
which may result to excessive growth of algae and will pour into the basin, getting the turbine going.
weeds. Turbulent Hydro produces limitless free energy as long
as water is flowing.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Greenhouse gases
is also produced in plant’s operational cycle but in a WHY USE TURBULENT HYDRO?
much lower level than coal-fired plants.
- Fish-Friendly
Geographical Limitations. Construction of such hydro - Long Operated Life
plant is primarily dependent on areas with enough - Easy to Install
supply of water and cannot be build a random locations. - Low Maintenance
- No Flood Risk
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ON HYDROPOWER
- Remote Monitoring
Turbulent Hydro: A Revolution for Hydropower
PARTS OF TURBULENT HYDRO
A Belgium company named Turbulent
developed efficient micro hydro plants for rivers and
canals based on the vortex principle. Turbulent hydro
generates electricity using individual turbine or a
network of multiple turbines, all designed for durability
and low maintenance.

MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT

It is a type of hydroelectric power scheme that

produces up to 100 KW of electricity using a flowing
steam or a water flow. The electricity from such systems
is used to power up isolated homes or communities and APPLICATIONS
sometimes connected to the public grid.
Power produced from micro hydro plants can
PROS OF MICRO HYDRO: be used for various purposes:

- Efficient Energy Source PRODUCTIVE USE. This is where the electricity

- Reliable Electricity Source generated is used to perform activities where money is
- No Reservoir Required exchange for a service. Most of this scenarios take place
- Cost Effective Energy Solution in small business.
- Power For Developing Countries
CONSUMPTIVE USE. They include using electricity at the
- Integrate With The Local Power Grid
household or close to the household.
SOLAR TECNOLOGY SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY

Solar power or solar energy is the energy from Solar photovoltaic cells or solar PVs are referred
the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical to as technology that convert sun’s energy into direct
energy. It is the cleanest and most abundant renewable current electricity by using semiconductors.
energy source available.
Photovoltaic Effect – creation of voltage and electric
GENERATION OF SOLAR POWER current in a material upon exposure to light.

- Solar Thermal Energy CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLAR PVs

- Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Energy
1st Generation – Silicon wafer based technology. (e.g.
SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon)

The term “solar-thermal” is used to describe 2nd Generation – Thin film solar cells. (e.g. amorphous
group of technologies that capture heat energy from silicon, cadmium telluride and copper indium gallium
the sun and use it for heating and production of selenide/sulfide
electricity.
3rd Generation – seeks to improve upon 1st and 2nd
For heating, generation through cost reduction, increased efficiency,
durability and more abundant sources. (e.g. dye
Passive system – does not require mechanical
sensitized solar cell (DSSC and polymer cells)
devices such as fans and pumps to distribute solar heat.
(e.g. solar oven and greenhouse) EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ON SOLAR POWER

Active System – requires mechanical devices to Perovskite Solar Cells

circulate heat carrying fluids. (e.g. solar thermal heater)
Perovskite solar cells are thin film solar cells
For electricity production, made from a class of man-made materials called
perovskites.
Concentrated solar power system (CSP) – uses
group of mirrors to concentrate solar energy on a DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PEROVSKITE AND PEROVSKITE
central collector which produces high temperature to STRUCTURE
generate steams which turns a turbine driving a
Perovskite is a class of mineral composed of
generator.
titanium, calcium and oxygen while Perovskite
ADVANTAGES SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEM Structure is anything that has the generic form of ABX3
and the same crystallographic structure as perovskite.
- Renewable energy source.
- Emission-free energy source. ABX3 STRUCTURE
- Most solar thermal systems are low in
- A – organic cation.
maintenance.
- B – big inorganic cation.
- CSP systems are able to produce large scale
- X3 – slightly smaller halogen anion.
generation of electricity.
HOW DO PEROVSKITES WORK?
DISADVANTAGES SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEM
Solar cells made with perovskites work in a
- Land use concerns.
similar fashion as traditional solar panels wherein a
- Energy source is intermittent and dependent on
semiconductor absorbs solar energy and initiates a flow
location.
of electrons which is captured by wiring and converted
- CSP systems are normally located in remote
into usable energy.
areas and can lead to power distribution losses.
EXAMPLES OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS

Tandem Perovskite-CIGS Solar Cell - Efficiency: 21.5%

Unstabilized Perovskite Solar Cell - Efficiency: 23.7%

Tandem Silicon-Perovskite Solar Cell - Efficiency: 28%

ADVANTAGE OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS OVER THE

CONVENTIONAL SOLAR CELLS

- Impressive rise in efficiencies.

- Low cost production.
- Ease of fabrication.
- Versatility.

DRAWBACKS OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS

Perovskite solar cells are currently still in the

development phase as scientists try to fix several issues
like;

- Toxicity of cell components.

- Long term instability.
- Current-voltage hysteresis.
-

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS

Perovskite solar cells can be combined with

traditional silicon or CIGS cells to create a compound
solar cell known as “tandem cells” with benefits from
both types and may be capable of producing even more
energy.
BIOPLASTICS HISTORY

They are made by converting sugar present in  1862 - Parkesine (made from cellulose).
plants into plastic. In the United States, that sugar Parkensine was a biobased plastic, a bioplastic.
comes from corn. While other countries use sugar cane, Alexander Parkes (UK) creates Parkesine, the
sugar beets, wheat, or potatoes. first man-made plastic
 1869 - John Wesley Hyatt invented a machine
for the production of this more solid, stable
TYPES OF BIOPLASTICS bioplastic. He discovered the process for making
celluloid, the first practical artificial plastic.
POLYLACTIDE ACID (PLA)
 1920’s - Henry Ford, in an attempt to find other
The biggest producer of PLA is NatureWorks, a non-food purposes for Agricultural surpluses.
company located in Blair, Nebraska. Ford began making bioplastics for the
Corn kernels are milled, a chemical substance manufacturing of automobiles. The bioplastics
called dextrose is extracted; and dextrose is were used for steering wheels, interior trim and
fermented by bacteria or yeast in big vats. The dashboards. Ford has been using them ever
result is lactic acid, which acts as a repeating unit to since
make PLA.  1933 – Polyethylene. Two chemists, E.W.
Fawcett and R.O. Gibson discovered
POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE (PHA)
polyethylene on accident. While experimenting
The other common bioplastic, PHA, is a polymer with ethylene and benzaldehyde, the machine
produced naturally by bacteria. Different PHA molecules that they were using sprang a leak and all that
are made by the bacteria. These molecules can consists was left was polyethylene. They were credited
of more than 150 different types of monomers, leading with the discovery of the polymerization
to materials with very different properties from one process.
another.  1990 – Biopol, British Company, Imperial
Chemical Industries, developed a bioplastic,
Biopol, that is biodegradable. It is produced
ARE BIOPLASTICS GOOD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT? through the fermentation of plant sugars and
glucose, derived from sweet potatoes, pea
Some environmentalist point out hidden
starch, soya starch and vegetable oil
environmental costs such as pesticides sprayed on the
 2010 - Algopack . Rémy Lucas (FR) establishes
crops and carbon dioxide emissions from harvesting
Algopack, the first bioplastics company that
vehicles.
uses seaweed as biomass. The seaweed
Also, some manufacturers of bioplastics claim bioplastics biodegrades within 12 weeks in soil
that making them does not use up fossil fuels - oil, and 5 hours in water.
natural gas, and coal; This is not always true. Although  2017 – Evoware. A brand new plastic sachet and
fossil fuels are not used to make many bioplastic packaging made from seaweed, edible bio-
products, they are typically used to power plastic. This edible bio-plastic applicable for
manufacturing plants. And producing bioplastics often sugar sachet, coffee sachet, seasoning sachet,
requires nearly as much energy as producing burger wrap, rice wrap and not limited to
conventional plastics. semisolid and liquid packaging like shampoo
and lotion sachet.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS refinement process, then fewer greenhouse gas
emissions escape into the atmosphere since it doesn't
FROM WASTEWATER TO BIOPLASTIC
require CO2 emission.
The system used by Chandran works by feeding
Breaks Down Quickly and Naturally. When
wastewater into a bioreactor. Once there, the
bioplastics begin to break down in the environment,
microorganisms inside the bioreactor convert the
bacteria in the soil begin to consume the components.
waste’s organic carbon into volatile fatty acids.
Pollutant Free Decomposition. Bioplastics are
The Outflow is then sent to a second bioreactor,
free from methane and other pollutants because of the
where there are plastic-producing microbes feed on the
absence of Phthalates that traditional plastics have.
volatile fatty acids.
Consumes Less Energy for Production.
These microbes are continually subjected to
Bioplastics no longer need to go through the processes
feast phases followed by famine phases, during which
of finding, accessing, and transporting hydrocarbons to
they store the carbon molecules as PHA.
create plastic items. That means we are burning fewer
LIFE CYCLE OF BIOPLASTICS fossil fuels, and releasing fewer contaminants when the
plastics reach their end-of-life stage.
Renewable Resources – agricultural products (sugar
cane, potatoes, etc.) are extracted for raw feedstocks. Reduces Waste Production. Conventional
Plastics take hundreds of decades to even be eliminated
Building Blocks - raw material is converted as resin for
but not necessarily to be decomposed. In contrast,
production
Bioplastics takes days to fully decompose.
Bio-Based Plastics – biodegradable and compostable
plastic products
DISADVANTAGES
Mechanical Recycling - plastic is broken down and to be
reused as resin Bioplastics may contain small pieces of metals.
Although the plastics in the items we use might be
Organic Recycling – plastic decomposes and becomes
biodegradable, some items (especially plastic bags)
nutrients for plants.
might release metals during the decomposition process
APPLICATIONS
Bioplastics require the weather to cooperate
- Bioplastic Packaging. with their disposal. Temperature and humidity play
- Bioplastic for Consumer Electronics. significant roles in the process. Composting goes much
- Food Service. slower when the weather turns colder. During times of
- Medical. high humidity, the process almost comes to a complete
- Aerospace and Automotive. stop.
- Cosmetics.
Bioplastics do not account for herbicides and
ADVANTAGES pesticides. Herbicides and pesticides are not tracked by
this industry, so there is no way to know what your
Carbon Dioxide Level Reduction. Bioplastics
exposure levels might be when you encounter these
uses sugar and carbohydrates, resulting in
natural products
polycarbonates that no longer need to use
petrochemicals and their CO2 emissions necessary for Bioplastics come at a higher capital cost.
refinement. Assuming demand continues to increase while
production volumes rise at a lower manufacturing cost,
Greenhouse Gas Emission Level Reduction.
the eventual consumer prices for this option should be
Since bioplastics is not made through the traditional
similar to most of the conventional plastics that we use
today. That means it may not be an affordable solution Cheap and abundant raw material
for everyone right now, but it could be in the future.
Seaweed is cheap, easy to harvest and extract
Bioplastics require the use croplands to and is available on every coastline. Just 0.03 percent of
produce items. Our current technologies require us to the brown seaweed in the world could replace all of the
take over the use of croplands for the production of PET plastic bottles we get through every year.
natural materials to create biodegradable plastics
The use of major food sources for bioplastics
instead of using them to produce food
will only aggravate the world hunger problem.
Bioplastics do not guarantee a net savings.
Because there is no general oversight on the
manufacturing cycle from crop growth to final SEAWEED BIOPLASTICS VS. OTHER CONVENTIONAL
distribution, there isn’t reliable data available to suggest PLASTICS
that biodegradables are useful beyond the ability to
It uses renewable raw material
offer more profits to some companies or create
compost fodder. Seaweed Bioplastics are made from plant
matter or bacterial byproduct

Conventional plastics are synthetic materials

SEAWEED BIOPLASTICS VS. OTHER BIOPLASTICS
that are most commonly derived from petrochemicals
Biodegrades in bodies of water while some are partially natural

Seaweed based plastics are entirely bio- Can undergo decomposition in days
compostable and biodegrades within 12 weeks in soil
Seaweed Bioplastics are biodegradable and can
and 5 hours in water (Algopack) in the natural
decompose in day after disposal.
environment.
Conventional plastics are oil based polymers
Common starch and cellulose based plastics
and took years to decompose. Some are difficult to
need high temperature (60 degrees Celsius and above)
recycle or reuse
to break down which means it is impossible for them to
biodegrade in bodies of water. Can be used as a packaging material

Production does not rely on farmlands Biodegradable packaging materials are most
suitable for single-use disposable applications where
Seaweed production do not require much labor
the post-consumer waste can be locally composted
and land area. They grow naturally in bodies of water.
Conventional plastics are used in an enormous
Starch and cellulose based plastics are made
and expanding range of products
from crops and plants we eat. They require much
agricultural land and freshwater. Used for medical purposes

Production does not require fertilizers or pesticides Seaweed are a natural source of glycan sugars
(sulfated polysaccharides) that can be used for printing
Seaweeds need no chemicals to grow.
cartilage and wound healing
Starch and cellulose based bioplastics, given
Plastics can be used for polymer implants
their dependency on crops, is highly dependent on
herbicides and pesticides which further causes soil and
water contamination.
PRINTABLE ELECTRONICS USING NANOCELLULOSE HISTORY

In the last decades, the increasing consumption  1974 - The Gyriconis invented in the labs of the
of electronic devices generates an increasing volume of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center as a display
electronic waste each year. that would be high-contrast enough to allow
the Alto personal computer to be used in
Paper is rising as a good alternative to
brightly lit environments.
traditional materials for electronics: it is cheap, flexible,
 1997 - Barrett Comiskey, Joseph Jacobson and
renewable and recyclable. This grants paper a strong
JD Albert fromMIT's Media Lab create a
potential to reduce the negative impact of e-waste.
prototype of the electronic paper display,
The cellulose fibres of paper can be tailored to building on the work from the 1970s - The new
almost any purpose imaginable: technology mimics the appearance of ordinary
ink on paper.The same year the three go on to
- conduct electricity
found E Ink®, the world's leading e-paper
- repel water
manufacturer.
- shield from magnetic fields
 2001 - Introduced by E Ink, the active matrix
The use of paper as an eco-friendly material electronic paper display makes it possible for
(paper-based electronics) shows great potential to fulfill each of the individual screen pixels to change
these demands. However, paper exhibits a porous color for the first time, expanding the potential
structure and large surface roughness, which results in a and versatility of the technology.
series of shortcomings.  2015 - Australia is running on sunshine! To
provide road traffic information on the go, 2015
INNPAPER
sees the installation of solar e-paper signs on
This company will develop inks and functional Sydney roads. The first time that electronic ink
paper with special properties, to print batteries, has been used in traffic signage.
antennas and other electronical items.  2018-Present - Definition of the tailored nano-
papers and inks required by innpaper. First
Aims to use paper not only as substrate but also
stage for the manufacture of the
as active component in electronic devices.
innpaperpapers and inks. Beginning of
They will develop an electronic platform using innpaper’senvironmental life cycle assessment.
paper as a base material that will integrate basic Architectures and manufacturing processes flow
electronic items such as batteries, NFC systems and defined. Paper-based individual electronic
displays. devices developed

To overcome this bottleneck, recyclable

multilayer coated paper substrates with relatively high PROPERTIES OF NANOCELLULOSE
smoothness and good barrier properties can be used.
Cellulose -Most environmentally friendly,
Today several printing techniques are available renewable and abundant biopolymer on earth.
to be used in the fabrication of electronic devices, such
TYPES OF NANOCELLULOSE
as inkjet and screen-printing.
a) Nanocrystal cellulose (NCC) - By chemical
Cellulose is the most abundant natural and
process -Due to their high stiffness, pure NCC
renewable biopolymer resource on Earth, which makes
films are very fragile, which limits their
sense to use it in the formulation of printable inks
application in flexible electronics.
applied in paper electronics.

b) Nanofibrillatedcellulose (NFC) - By mechanical

treatments -There is still a lack of an efficient
 method to manufacture nanopaperon a large - Nanoparticles
scale, which limits its widespread application in - Solvents
the flexible electronics area. - Binders
c) Bacterial nanocellulose(BNC) - Produced by - Additives
bacteria

CONDUCTIVE INKS
CHARACTERIZATION OF PAPER-BASED SUBSTRATES
Conductive inks are manufactured by blending
Surface Characteristics conductive fillerswith resin, solventsand additives.

Highly smooth, homogenous and Metal-based conductive nanoinks such as

nanoporoussurface silverand goldhave been available for some time, along
with carbon black as a resistive ink.
4 layers:

- Bottom and intermediate resin coating layer

(RC) RESISTIVE INK
- Raw Paper (RP)
Carbon inks may either be used a printed
- A nanoporoustop-coating layer (NC)
resistor or as a protective coatingfor other conductors.
NC layer slows down water absorption.
The most important characteristic of carbon
Stable until 220 °C then an abrupt mass loss of inks is their ability to be formulated into inks of
40.17%, as the temperature increases up to 370°C, different resistivities.
which corresponds to the degradation of cellulose

Electrical characterization of screen-printed patterns

SEMICONDUCTOR INK
The number of printed layers was found to have
Organic semiconductors include polyethylene
significant influence on the electrical properties of the
dioxitiophene, doped with polystyrenesulfonate
screen-printed patterns.
(PEDOT: PSS) and polyaniline(PANI). Both polymers are
commercially available in different formulations and
have been printed using inkjet, screen, and offset
INK FORMULATION
printing.
To print an active electronic device, at least four
types of materials are needed; conductor, resistor,
semiconductor and dielectric. DIELECTRIC INKS

Specific guidelines for the inks; Printable organic and inorganic dielectrics are
made from conjugated polymers, which can be
- Viscosity
processed with different printing methods.
- Surface Tension
- Particle Size

Complex composition of nanoparticles and ADVANTAGES

chemicals
- Light weight
 - Smaller dimensions required
- Space saving
- Foldable and bendable
- Increased circuitry density
- Wide Viewing Angle

DISADVANTAGES

- Initial investment may be expensive

- Integration of components would be challenge
for engineers
- Precision machines required
- Lifetime
- Manufacturing

PRINTABLE ELECTRONICS VS. CONVENTIONAL

ELECTRONICS (ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION)

Printed Electronics

- Low-cost per unit area

- Low capital flexible plant
- Manufacture on demand

Conventional Electronics

- High cost per unit area

- High capital dedicated plant
- Large batch sizes

PRINTABLE ELECTRONICS VS. CONVENTIONAL

ELECTRONICS(TECHNOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION)

Printed Electronics

- Large area products

- Flexible substrates
- Minimal metal waste

Conventional Electronics

- Small area products

- Rigid substrates
- High metal waste
RuBee DISADVANTAGES OF USING RFID

Communication is a core element to society's - Dead areas and orientation problems

foundation. One way technology has advanced - Security concerns
communication is through the birth of electronic - Ghost tags
communication devices. Cell phones, social networking - Vulnerable to damage
websites, email, and faxes are a few examples of - RFID usually requires line of sight.
electronic communication devices. These devices have
helped to make communication more accessible and
APPLICATIONS OF RFID
convenient.
Postal Package Tracking. The postal service has
been found to incorporate RFID world-wide with the
USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN COMMUNICATION primary goal of increasing the effectiveness of tracking
packages and parcels thereby increasing customers’
Accessibility. Technology has made communication
property security.
more convenient by creating more ways to
communicate. Aviation Industry. Aviation Industry have
started ensuring that the supplying factory parts for the
Communicating to the Masses. Sharing information
aircraft use RFID tags for identifications resulting in an
with a large number of people is convenient with
easier process to locate and identify needed parts.
electronic communication devices.
Baggage/Passenger Tracing. International
Cost Effective Communication. Technology-based
Airport have integrated RFID which passengers and
communication often helps you to save money. Instead
their baggage with passive RFID tags to track all
of sending a letter, which costs you postage, you can
movements from their arrival at the airport to boarding
type and send an email at no cost.
the flight. This technology ensures not only that
passengers will be able to make their flight easier, but
that their baggage location will always be known.
RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID)

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) refers to

technologies that use wireless communication between WHY EMERGING?
an object (or tag) and interrogating device (or reader) to
RuBee
automatically track and identify such objects.
- Magnetic wave inductance
A technology that uses radio waves to identify
- Networked trans-receiver
a tagged object.
RFID

- RF energy signals
ADVANTAGES OF USING RFID
- Backscatter transmission
- RFID is the only truly automatic-identification
technology.
- RFID is an enabling technology. RUBEE
- RFID is accurate.
A new technology with IEEE1902.1 standard
used as automatic identification tool. It is a two way,
active wireless protocol designed for harsh
environment, high security asset visibility applications.
 a protocol that uses low frequency carrier APPLICATIONS OF RUBEE
waves and operates in long wave magnetic signals to
Visibility of High Value Items. Rubee is
send and receive the data packets.
envisioned as a "visibility system", providing far more
It is also called the long wavelength ID, long information than simple tracking of objects.
wavelength technology.
Inventory Tracking in Harsh Environment.
Rubee provides 100% readability in harsh environments,
not blocked by steel, liquids, or dirts.
HISTORY
Anti-theft/Shoplifting. Rubee tag could be used
 June 2006 - 1902.1 was formed
to provide an alert if an item was shoplifted from a
 Mid 2007 - To be in place and known to the
smart shelf.
industry observers as “RFID 2.0”
 March 2009 - The final specifications was issued Telemedicine System. Rubee router provides
as an IEEE standard; snapshot of the application of electronic patient record,
- Packet encoding emergency telemedicine, and home monitoring in
- Addressing specifications wireless telemedicine system.

A second standard has been drafted 1902.2

for higher level data functions. This standard,
ADVANTAGES OF USING RUBEE
which will be essential for the widespread use
of RuBee in visibility, applications will support - Long battery life
interoperability of RuBee tags, RuBee chips, - Tag data travels with the asset
RuBee network routers and other RuBee - Human Safe
equipment at the data-link layer. - Intrinsically Safe
- High security and privacy
- Controlled volumetric range
HOW DOES RUBEE WORKS? - Cost effective
- Less noise
RuBee uses magnetic waves also often called
inductive communication. These electric and magnetic
fields travel through the aether, (i.e. outer space or the
DISADVANTAGES OF USING RUBEE
far field), at the speed of light with an assumed
impedance of 377 Ω. The two fields are tied together - Limited protocol. The RuBee protocol is limited
with the other to form simple electric circuit capable of to 1,200 baud in existing applications.
transferring power. A typical emitted E from a RuBee - Limited Packet size. The Rubee packet size is
base station is about 40-50 nanowatts, and H is about limited tens to hundreds of bytes.
900 milligauss (90 µT). Finally, RuBee is a packet based
RFID VS RUBEE
protocol in which only one end of the communication at
a time generates fields. - RuBee uses almost exclusively magnetic energy
and operates at low frequencies while RFID uses
radio waves.
- RuBee signals will go through metal and liquids,
where RFID signals will not.
- RFID is for tracking, RuBee is for visibility.
- Data is stored on the RuBee tag, RFID is a
pointer to the data.
WIMAX WIMAX DEVICES

WiMax(Worldwide Interoperability of Devices that provide connectivity to a WiMAX

Microwave Access) is a new standard being developed network are known as subscriber stations (SS).
by the IEEE that focuses on solving the problems of
Gateways
point-to-multipoint broadband outdoor wireless
networks. It has several possible applications, including Indoor gateways are convenient, but radio
last mile connectivity for homes and businesses and losses mean that the subscriber may need to be
backhaul for wireless hot spots. significantly closer to the WiMAX base station than with
professionally installed external units.

Outdoor units are roughly the size of a laptop

IEEE 802.16 standard
PC, and their installation is comparable to the
It is a standard which ensure compatibility and installation of a residential satellite dish.
interoperability between broadband wireless access
External modems
equipment.
USB can provide connectivity to a WiMAX
It defines how wireless traffics move between
network through a dongle. Generally, these devices are
subscriber equipment and core networks.
connected to a notebook or net book computer.
WiMax was designed for the transmission of Dongles typically have omnidirectional antennas which
multimedia services (voice, Internet, email, games and are of lower gain compared to other devices. As such
others) at high data rates. these devices are best used in areas of good coverage.

Mobile phones

HISTORY HTC announced the first WiMAX enabled

mobile phone, the Max 4G, on November 12, 2008. The
 June 2001 - The name "WiMAX" was created by
device was only available to certain markets in Russia
the WiMAX Forum
on the Yota network until 2010.
 December 2001 - The original IEEE 802.16
standard was first published. It was initially
designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-
APPLICATIONS OF WIMAX
second data rates.
 2005 - IEEE802.16 standard was amended to - Digital Subscriber Line Alternative
IEEE 802.16d standard (called “Fixed WiMax”) - Residential or Home and Broadband Internet
 2011 - The IEEE 802.16e or Mobile WiMax, even Access
allowed for up to 1Gbit/s for fixed stations. - Medium and small size business
- Mobile Backhaul
- Private Networks
HOW WIMAX WORKS? - Broadband for Developing Countries
- Public Safety
WiMAX operates similarly to WiFi systems but - WiF iHotspots
on a much greater scale. The receiver is a small box or
card that would often be built into a device such as a
laptop or installed on a home for personal use. A
WiMAX tower or base station would be similar
totelephone towers. The towers would give signals to
customers within a certain radius at a lower frequency.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Rapid Deployment. Because each WiMAX WiMAX range. The other disadvantage of
transmitter site can serve hundreds of square WiMAX network is range. As WiMAX offer 70Mbps in
kilometers of area, it is possible to deploy high-speed range with moving station but in practice it is quite
WiMAX communication services in a city or relatively different because it is possible only in specify or ideal
large geographic region with weeks or months. circumstances. If a user staying away from the specified
environment, then speed can drop considerably.
Spectral Efficiency. The WiMAX system uses
very efficient modulation and coding methods to WiMAX Bandwidth. Like other network
achieve spectral efficiency that is higher than mobile Bandwidth is collective amongst clients in a specified
telephone or other types of wireless systems. zone. But if there are a lot of users in one area the
speed decreases which may be 2 to 10 Mbps of shared
Penetrating Radio Coverage. This enables
bandwidth.
WiMAX systems to provide radio coverage into a wide
range of geographic areas. Expensive network. The most disadvantage of
WiMAX is its installation and operational cost. Due to
Scalability. The WiMAX system can be
heavy structure, tower, antennas etc. makes the
expanded through the addition of radio channels,
WiMAX network collectively high cost network.
transmitter sites and smart antenna systems giving it
virtually unlimited scalability. Bad Weather. The quality of services decreases
in rainy season because the weather condition could
Security. The WiMAX system has a security later
interrupt the signal which may cause of bad signal and
integrated into its overall operation permitting reliable
broadcasting may be stop or interrupted.
authentication operation permitting reliable
authentication and encryption of user and system data. Power consuming. WiMAX network is very
heavy in structure therefore need much electrical
High Data Throughput. WiMAX systems have
support for running the overall network.
the potential to provide very high data transmission
rates.

Quality of Service. WiMAX systems can be 4G VS. WIMAX

configured to offer services that have different types of
WiMax and LTE both utilize OFDM technology
quality of service (QoS) levels.
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) which is a
form of digitial encoding and modulation technology
WIFI VS WIMAX

FEATURE WiFi WiMax

Standard 802.11a/b/g/n 802.16 d/e

Official Release 1997 2004

Data Rate (Max) 300 Mbps 70 Mbps

Transmission Distance (Max) 300m 50km

Operating Frequency 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz 2-11Ghz

Channel Bandwidth 20-25MHz 1.25-20MHz

WiMAX serves a larger

Serve for household and inter-operable network.
corporate needs of WiMAX can be used to
interconnectivity. Wi-Fi provide internet services to
Application
technology connects printers to a larger area where it can
computer, gaming consoles to serve households, mobile
router etc. phones and even Wi-Fi
spots.

WIMAX VS WIFI

FEATURE LTE WiMax

Official Release 2009 2005

300Mbps DL 46Mbps DL
Data Rate
75Mbps UL 4Mbps UL

Channel Bandwidth 1.4MHz- 20MHz 3.5MHz- 10Mhz

Made for existing mobile and

Deployments Made to work with new
broadband