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Relations & Functions

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 Table of contents
Session 01 03 Session 03 46 Session 06 120
Ordered Pair 04 Identity function (𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥) 47 Properties of Logarithmic function 121
Cartesian Product of sets (𝐴×𝐵) 06 Rational Function 49 Number of Digits & Number of Zeroes 127
Number of elements in Cartesian 09 Modulus function 51 Logarithmic Inequalities 130
Product of sets
Turning Point 55 Greatest Integer Function 133
Relation 13
Properties of Modulus 58 Fractional part Function 142
Domain 14
Total number of Relations 16 Session 04 66
Inverse of a Relation 17 Steps for Plotting the Graph 69 Session 07 151
Void Relation 18 Properties of Modulus Inequality 82 Graphical Transformation : 152
Universal Relation 19 Vertical Stretch
Two bracket inequality 84
Graphical Transformation : 166
Identity Relation 20
Reflection of 𝑦 =𝑓(𝑥) in 𝑥 − axis
Session 05 95 Graphical Transformation : 168
Session 02 22
Signum Function 96 Reflection of 𝑦 =𝑓(𝑥) in 𝑦− axis
Function 29
Graphical Transformation : 178
Exponential Function 99
Vertical Line Test 31 𝑦 =𝑓(|𝑥|) type
Domain, Co-domain and range 32 Logarithmic Function 101
of a function Properties of Logarithmic function 103
Real Function 36
Standard Functions 38
Polynomial Function 39
Constant Function 43
 Session 1
Introduction to Relations and
Its Types

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 Key Takeaways

Ordered Pair:

● Listing of two objects or elements in a specific order.

● If 𝑎 is the first element and 𝑏 is the second element then

ordered pair is represented as 𝑎, 𝑏 .
● 𝑎, 𝑏 , (𝑏, 𝑎) are 2 different ordered pairs.

● If three elements are written in the form (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) then it is

known as ordered triplet.

Equality of Ordered Pair:

● Two ordered pairs are equal if and only if the corresponding

first and second components are equal.
● 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 = 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 ⇔ 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 and 𝑏1 = 𝑏2
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 If 3𝑎 − 2, 𝑏 + 3 = 2𝑎 − 1, 3 . Then find 𝑎 and 𝑏.

Solution:

We have, 3𝑎 − 2, 𝑏 + 3 = 2𝑎 − 1, 3

⇒ 3𝑎 − 2 = 2𝑎 − 1 & 𝑏 + 3 = 3

⇒𝑎 =1&𝑏 =0

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 Key Takeaways

Cartesian Product of sets 𝐴 × 𝐵 :

● Let 𝐴, 𝐵 be any two non-empty sets. The set of all ordered pair
𝑎, 𝑏 where 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 is called Cartesian product of the
sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 and is denoted by 𝐴 × 𝐵

Mathematically:

● 𝐴 × 𝐵 = { 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}

Note:

● If 𝐴 = 𝜙 or 𝐵 = 𝜙 ⇒ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝜙 and B × 𝐴 = 𝜙

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 If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 and 𝐵 = 4, 5, 6 , then find
𝑖 𝐴×𝐵 𝑖𝑖 𝐴 × 𝐴

Solution:

According to the definition

𝐴 × 𝐵 = { 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}

= 1, 4 , 1, 5 , 1, 6 , 2, 4 , 2, 5 , 2, 6 , 3, 4 , 3, 5 , 3, 6

𝐴×𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑎 : 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴

= 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 1, 3 , 2, 1 , 2, 2 , 2, 3 , 3, 1 , 3, 2 , 3, 3

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 Key Takeaways

Cartesian Product of sets (𝐴 × 𝐵):

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴
𝐵
1 1
𝑎 𝑎
2 2
𝑏 𝑏
3 3

● 𝐴×𝐵 = 1, 𝑎 , 1, 𝑏 , 2, 𝑎 , 2, 𝑏 , 3, 𝑎 , 3, 𝑏 ● 𝐵 × 𝐴 = { 𝑎, 1 , 𝑎, 2 , 𝑎, 3 , 𝑏, 1 , 𝑏, 2 , 𝑏, 3 }

● 𝑛 𝐴×𝐵 =6=3×2=𝑛 𝐴 ×𝑛 𝐵 ● 𝑛 𝐵×𝐴 =6=2×3=𝑛 𝐵 ×𝑛 𝐴

Note:

● 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴 but 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑛(𝐵 × 𝐴)

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 Key Takeaways

Cartesian Product of sets:

For any two non-empty sets 𝐴 and 𝐵

● 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴 but 𝑛 𝐴 × B = 𝑛 𝐵 × 𝐴

● 𝐴×𝐵 =𝐵×𝐴 ⇔𝐴=𝐵

Number of elements in Cartesian Product of sets:

If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two finite sets such that 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑝 and 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑞 then

● 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑝𝑞

● 𝑛 𝐵 × 𝐴 = 𝑛 𝐵 × 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑝𝑞

● If either 𝐴 or 𝐵 is infinite or null set, then so is 𝐴 × 𝐵 or 𝐵 × 𝐴

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 Hi,

11 H1
Monday

11 E1 Tuesday
DASHBOARD

W
HOME Wednesday

BATCHES
11 E2 E
E
PROFILE
Thursday K
12 H1 D
SETTINGS A
Friday Y
FEEDBACK S
CLASS 11 BATCH E2 12 E1
Saturday
Monday, Wednesday E2
Schedule 12
Friday, Sunday Sunday

Chat

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 Hi,

11 H1
Monday

11 E1 Tuesday
DASHBOARD

W
HOME Wednesday

BATCHES
11 E2 E
E
PROFILE
Thursday K
12 H1 D
SETTINGS A
Friday Y
FEEDBACK S
CLASS 12 BATCH E1 12 E1
Saturday
Monday, Wednesday E2
Schedule 12
Saturday, Sunday Sunday

Chat

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 Key Takeaways

Relation:

● Relation 𝑅 from a non-empty set 𝐴 to a non-empty set 𝐵 is a

subset of the Cartesian product set 𝐴 × 𝐵.

Mathematically:

● 𝑅 is a Relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵 ⇔ 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵

Note:

● If 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅, then we write 𝑎 𝑅 𝑏 which is read as:

‘ 𝑎 is related to 𝑏 by the relation 𝑅 ′ .

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 Key Takeaways

Domain:

● The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation 𝑅

from set 𝐴 to set 𝐵 is called domain of relation 𝑅.

Range and Co-domain:

● The set of all second elements in a relation 𝑅 from set 𝐴 to set 𝐵

is called Range of relation 𝑅.

● The whole set 𝐵 is called the Co-Domain of the Relation.

Note:

● Range ⊆ Co-Domain

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 A relation 𝑅 from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is given by
{ 𝑥, 𝑦 : the difference between 𝑥 and 𝑦 is odd , 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵} where
𝐴 = 2, 3, 5, 7 , 𝐵 = 4, 8, 12 . Find domain, codomain and range of
Relation 𝑅
Solution: 𝐴
Given 𝐴 = 2, 3, 5, 7 , 𝐵 = 4, 8, 12 𝐵
2

𝑅 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 : the difference between 𝑥 and 𝑦 is odd ; 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵} 4

3
8
𝑅= 3, 4 , 3, 8 , 3, 12 , 5, 4 , 5, 8 , 5, 12 , 7, 4 , 7, 8 , 7, 12 4
12
Domain of relation = 3, 5, 7 5

Co-domain of relation = 4, 8, 12

Range of relation = 4, 8, 12

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 Key Takeaways

Total number of Relations:

● The total number of relations that can be defined from a set 𝐴 to a set
𝐵 is the number of possible subsets of 𝐴 × 𝐵

● Total number of Relations from 𝐴 → 𝐵 = Total number of subsets of

𝐴 × 𝐵 = 2𝑛 𝐴×𝐵

● If 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑝 and 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑞, then 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑝𝑞
Hence total number of relation = 2𝑝𝑞

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 Key Takeaways

Inverse of a Relation:

● Let 𝐴, 𝐵 be two sets and let 𝑅 be a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵. Then the inverse of 𝑅,
denoted by 𝑅−1 is a relation from 𝐵 to 𝐴 and is defined as: 𝑅−1 = { 𝑏. 𝑎 : (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅}

● Thus, if (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 ⇔ (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅−1

Note:
● Domain of 𝑅 = Range of 𝑅 −1

● Range of 𝑅−1 = Domain of 𝑅

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 Void Relation:

● A relation 𝑅 on a set 𝐴 is called a void or an empty relation, if no

element of set 𝐴 is related to any element of 𝐴.
Here, 𝑅 = 𝜙 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴

Example:

● 𝑅 is a relation on 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 such that 𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 12

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 Universal Relation:

● Universal relation is the relation if each element of set 𝐴 is related to every

element of 𝐴.
Here, 𝑅 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴

Example:

● 𝑅 is a relation on 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 such that

𝑎
𝑅 = { 𝑎, 𝑏 : ∈ ℚ, where ℚ is the set of rational numbers }
𝑏

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 Key Takeaways

Identity Relation:

● A relation on 𝐴 is said to be an identity Relation if each and every

element of 𝐴 is related to itself ONLY.
Here, 𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑎 ; 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴

Example:

● Relation 𝑅2 defined on 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 as 𝑅2 = 1, 1 , 2, 2 , 3, 3

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 Key Takeaways

● Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two non-empty sets having 𝑚 elements in

common, then 𝐴 × 𝐵 and 𝐵 × 𝐴 have 𝑚2 elements in common.

● If 𝑛 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 ∩ 𝐵 × 𝐴 = 𝑚2

Example:

● If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 , 𝐵 = 2, 3
Then, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 2, 3 ⇒ 𝑛 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 2
So, 𝑛[ 𝐴 × 𝐵 ∩ 𝐵 × 𝐴 = 22 = 4

Also, 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 1, 2 , 1, 3 , 2, 2 , 2, 3 , 3, 2 , 3, 3
𝐵×𝐴 = 2, 1 , 2, 2 , 2, 3 , 3, 1 , 3, 2 , 3, 3

Now, 𝐴 × 𝐵 ∩ 𝐵 × 𝐴 = 2, 2 , 2, 3 , 3, 2 , 3, 3
⇒𝑛 𝐴×𝐵 ∩ 𝐵×𝐴 =4
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 Session 2
Functions and Test for Functions

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 Key Takeaways

Function:

• A relation 𝑓 from a set 𝐴 to a set 𝐵 is said to be function if every element of

set 𝐴 has one and only one image in set 𝐵

• In other words, a function 𝑓 is a relation such that no two pairs in the

relation have the same first element

• Notation: 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵

• Independent variable ⇒ Function ⇒ Dependent variable

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 Identify which among the following are function's

A B A 1 B
𝑖 -1
𝑖𝑖𝑖 A a B 𝑣
-1 a 2
2 b 1 3
2 b
c 2 4
8
d c
3 5
e

𝑖𝑖 A 1 B
a 2
A 1 B
b 3 𝑖𝑣
4 2 𝛼
c
5 3 𝛽
4 𝛾
5

Mappings in 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are only functions as each and every element in 𝐴 is

uniquely associated with 𝐵
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 Key Takeaways

Vertical Line Test:

• If we draw a line parallel to 𝑦 − axis and it intersects the
given curve/diagram at exactly one point, then the
given curve/diagram is a function.

• Using the vertical line test, we can conclude that these curves
represent function.

Examples: 𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦=𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥3

𝑦
𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 0 𝑥
0 𝑥 0

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 Key Takeaways

Domain, Co-Domain & Range of a function: 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵

• The set 𝐴 is known as the domain of 𝑓 and 𝐷 𝑓 = 𝐴

• The set 𝐵 is known as the co-domain of 𝑓 and 𝐶 𝑓 = 𝐵.

• The set of all images of elements of 𝐴 is known as the range of 𝑓 or

image set of 𝐴 under 𝑓.

• 𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥 : 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 = Range of 𝑓 = 𝑅 𝑓 ⇒ 𝑅 𝑓 ⊆ 𝐵 = 𝐶 𝑓

Domain:

• What can go into a function as an input is called the domain

(collection of preimages).

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 Domain:
• What can go into a function as an input is called the domain
(collection of preimages).
• Values of 𝑥 for which function is defined is known as domain.

• On graph, Expansion of graph along 𝑥 −axis represents domain.

Co-domain:
• What may possibly come out of function as an output is called
its co-domain.

Range:
• What actually comes out of a function as an output is
called the range(collection of all images)
• On graph, Expansion of graph along 𝑦 −axis
• (height of graph) is range
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 Domain of a function:
• It is a value of 𝑥 for which function is defined.
• We find domain using 2 methods :
1. Using basic function types
2. By graph

Basic Type What to Do?

•
1/𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ≠0

𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ≥0

1/ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 >0

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 Find domain of the following

1 1
𝑖 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑖 𝑦= 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 +
3𝑥−2 𝑖𝑖𝑖 3𝑥−2

Solution:

𝑖 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 → 𝑓 𝑥 Type
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑥 − 2 ≤ 0 ⇒ 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 2
1 1
𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = → type
3𝑥−2 𝑓 𝑥
2 2 2
𝑓 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 3𝑥 − 2 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 > ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ,∞ 𝑥=
3 3 3

1 2
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥∈ ,∞
3𝑥−2 3
2
0 2
𝑥 ∈ 0, 2 3

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 Key Takeaways

Real Function:

• A function which has either ℝ or one of its subsets as its range, is

called a real valued function. Further, if its domain is also either ℝ or a
subset of ℝ, It is called a Real Function.
Example: A real function is generally described by using the following
notation :𝑓: ℝ → ℝ given by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

Properties:

• The domain of the real function 𝑓 is the set of all those

numbers 𝑥 for which the expression for 𝑓 𝑥 or the
formula for 𝑓(𝑥) assumes real values only.

i.e., 𝐷(𝑓) is set of all those real numbers 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥)
is meaningful.

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 Key Takeaways

Function [ILATE]

Algebraic Function Non-Algebraic Function

Piecewise Modulus Logarithmic

Function Function Function

Rational Greatest Integer Inverse

Function Function Function

Irrational Fractional Trigonometric

Function Part Function Function

Polynomial Signum Exponential

Function Function Function

Defined
Function
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 Key Takeaways

Standard Functions:

• Polynomial • Logarithmic

• Constant • Exponential

• Identity • Greatest Integer

• Rational • Fractional part

• Absolute value • Signum

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 Key Takeaways

Polynomial Function :
• A function in the form 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 ; 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0; 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎,

𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ is called a polynomial function of degree 𝑛.

Note :

• A function with negative or fractional degree cannot be a polynomial.

3
Example : 𝑓 𝑥 = + 4
𝑥

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 Find whether the following functions are polynomial or not.
𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 7 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 5
3
3𝑥 3
𝑖𝑣 𝑓 𝑥 = −7 𝑣 𝑓 𝑥 = +7 𝑣𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 7
8
8 𝑥

Solution:

𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 Polynomial function

𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 7 Polynomial function

𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 5 Polynomial function

3𝑥
𝑖𝑣 𝑓 𝑥 = −7 Polynomial function
8
3
𝑣 𝑓 𝑥 = +7
𝑥
Not a Polynomial function
3
𝑣𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 8 − 7 Not a Polynomial function

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 Key Takeaways

4
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 → Quadratic Function
3
𝑥 0 1 2 −1 −2

𝑓(𝑥) 1 2
0 1 4 4
1

Observation:
−2 −1 0 1 2
• 𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ • 𝑅 𝑓 = 0, ∞ ⊆ ℝ

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 Key Takeaways
8

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 → Cubic Function

𝑥 0 1 2 −1 −2 1
𝑓(𝑥) 0 1 8 −1 −8
−2 −1 0 1 2

Observation: −1

• 𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
−8
• 𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ

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 Constant Function:

• The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ,

where 𝑐 ∈ ℝ is called constant function.

• 𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ • 𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ

Example : 𝑓 𝑥 = 5

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

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 Key Takeaways

How to plot a graph:

• By Rules of inequality

• By calculus
• By transformation of basic graph

By rules of inequality (Using wavy curve method):

• We use this method only when function is factorizable

Example : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 − 6 = 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 3

− + − +
−∞ 1 2 3 ∞

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 Key Takeaways

Example : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 2 − 1 = (𝑥) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1

− + − +
−∞ −1 0 1 ∞

Example : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 2
𝑥−4 5

− − +
−∞ 2 4 ∞

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 Session 3
Types of Function and Modulus
Function and Its Properties

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 Key Takeaways

Identity function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
• Observation : The graph of 𝑓 𝑥 is a
𝑦
straight line passing through the
origin inclined at an angle of 45° with
2
the positive direction of 𝑋 − axis.
1 𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
45° 𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ
𝑥
−3 −2 −1 𝑂 1 2 3
−1

𝑥 −1 0 1 2

𝑓(𝑥) −1 0 1 2
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 Draw the graph of linear function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 and hence find the domain
and range of it.

Solution : 𝑦

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 → Linear function 2

1
𝑥 −1 0 1 2
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) −3 −2 −1 0 −3 −2 −1 𝑂 1 2 3
−1

−2
• 𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ
−3
• 𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ

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 Key Takeaways

Rational Function:
𝑔 𝑥
A real function defined as 𝑓 𝑥 = , where 𝑔 𝑥 and ℎ 𝑥 are
ℎ 𝑥
polynomial functions and ℎ 𝑥 ≠ 0
3+𝑥 1
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = ; 𝑓 𝑥 = ;
7−𝑥 𝑥

𝑥2 + 2 2𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
𝑓 𝑥 = ; 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2𝑥 2 −5𝑥−3

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 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
Find domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6

Solution :
𝑥+1 2
Given: 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+2 𝑥−3

So, function is not defined for 𝑥 = −2, 3

Hence Domain for 𝑓 𝑥 will be 𝑅 − −2, 3

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 Key Takeaways

Modulus function :

• A modulus function is a function which gives the absolute value of a number or

variable. It produces the magnitude of the number of variables.

• It is also termed an absolute value function. The outcome of this function is always
positive, no matter what input has been given to the function

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 Modulus function Examples:

𝑥; 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 =ቊ defined function
−𝑥; 𝑥 < 0

2𝑥 + 3; 2𝑥 + 3 ≥ 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3 = ቊ
− 2𝑥 + 3 ; 2𝑥 + 3 < 0

𝑥−7 ; 𝑥−7≥0
𝑥−7 =ቊ
− 𝑥−7 ; 𝑥−7<0

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 Given : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2

Solution :

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 ≥ 0
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ
− 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 , 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 < 0

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 Algebraic Meaning:

• Magnitude of 𝑥 = Modulus / Absolute Value of 𝑥 = 𝑥 ≥ 0

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 Key Takeaways

Turning Point :

• The point where the modulus graph changes its nature/behavior is called
turning point.

• For the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 , the turning point is 𝑥 = 0.

• Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥

𝑦
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 = −𝑥; 𝑥 < 0 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑥; 𝑥 > 0

𝑥
𝑂

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 Turning point for 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 is :

Solution :
A 2, 1
Equating 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 = 0, we get 𝑥 = 1, 4

B 3, 2

C 4, 1

D 5, 2

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 Geometric Meaning:

• Modulus of any number is distance of that number form 0 on the number line.
𝑥 − 𝑎 ∶ Distance between 𝑥 and 𝑎,
where 𝑥 is the variable point and 𝑎 is the constant.

• Case 1. 𝑥 > 𝑎
𝑥−𝑎

𝑎 𝑥

• Case 2. 𝑥 < 𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

𝑥 𝑎

⇒ 𝑥−𝑎 = 𝑎−𝑥
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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Modulus:

• 𝑥 ≥ 0 ;∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ • 𝑥 = −𝑥 ; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

• 𝑥 =0⇒𝑥=0 • 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦 ; ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

• 𝑥 = 𝑎 ; ∀ 𝑎 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±𝑎
•
𝑥
𝑦
=
𝑥
𝑦
; ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ; 𝑦 ≠ 0

• 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

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 Some more Properties of Modulus:

𝑏
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ; 𝑥≥−
• 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = ൞
− 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ; 𝑥 ≤ −
𝑎
𝑏
𝑎

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 The value(s) of 𝑥 satisfying the equation
2 3𝑥 − 4 − 5 = 5 3𝑥 − 4 − 20 is

Solution : Given 2 3𝑥 − 4 − 5 = 5 3𝑥 − 4 − 20
A 3
⇒ 5 3𝑥 − 4 − 2 3𝑥 − 4 = 20 − 5
1
⇒ 3 3𝑥 − 4 = 15 B −
3

⇒ 3𝑥 − 4 = 5 8
C 3

10
3𝑥 − 4 = 5 3𝑥 − 4 = −5 D 3
⇒ 3𝑥 = 9 ⇒ 3𝑥 = −1
⇒𝑥=3 1
⇒𝑥=−
3
1
∴ 𝑥 = − ,3
3
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 Solve for 𝑥: 3𝑥 − 4 + 3 − 7

Solution :
⇒ 3𝑥 − 4 + 3 = ±7
A 3

1
B −
3

3𝑥 − 4 + 3 = 7 3𝑥 − 4 + 3 = −7
8
C 3
⇒ 3𝑥 − 4 = 4 ⇒ 3𝑥 − 4 = −10
10
D 3
⇒𝑥∈𝜙

∵ 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≥ 0

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 Solve for 𝑥: 3𝑥 − 4 + 3 − 7

Solution :
⇒ 3𝑥 − 4 = 4
A 3

1
B −
3
3𝑥 − 4 = 4 3𝑥 − 4 = −4
8
C 3
3𝑥 = 8 3𝑥 = 0
10
8 ⇒𝑥=0 D 3
𝑥=
3

8
∴ 𝑥 = 0,
3

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 Solve for 𝑥: 𝑥 − 4 2
−3 𝑥−4 −4=0

Solution : Given: 𝑥 − 4 2 − 3 𝑥 − 4 − 4 = 0

2
⇒ 𝑥−4 −3 𝑥−4 −4=0

Let 𝑥 − 4 = 𝑡

⇒ 𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 − 4 = 0

⇒ 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 𝑡 − 4 = 0

⇒ (𝑡 − 4)(𝑡 + 1) = 0

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 Solve for 𝑥: 𝑥 − 4 2
−3 𝑥−4 −4=0

Solution : ⇒ (𝑡 − 4)(𝑡 + 1) = 0

𝑡=4 𝑡 = −1

⇒ 𝑥−4 =4 ⇒ 𝑥 − 4 = −1

⇒𝑥∈𝜙

Expression ≥ 0

Now, 𝑥 − 4 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 − 4 = ±4

⇒ 𝑥 − 4 = +4 ⇒ 𝑥 − 4 = −4

⇒𝑥=8 ⇒𝑥=0

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⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 8
 𝑥−4
Solve for = ±5
𝑥+3

Solution : 𝑥−4
⇒ = ±5
𝑥+3

𝑥−4
=5 𝑥−4
= −5
𝑥+3
𝑥+3

⇒𝑥−4=5 𝑥+3 ⇒ 𝑥 − 4 = −5 𝑥 + 3
⇒ 𝑥 − 5𝑥 = 4 + 15 ⇒ 𝑥 + 5𝑥 = 4 − 15
⇒ −4𝑥 = 19 ⇒ 6𝑥 = −11
19 11
⇒𝑥=− ⇒𝑥=−
4 6
19 11
∴𝑥= − ,−
4 6
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 Session 4
Properties and Graphs of
Modulus Function

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 Example: ➢ 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 7| ➢ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4 + |4𝑥 − 3|
Turning Points: 𝑥 = −7 Turning Points: 𝑥 = − ,
4 3
3 4
4 4 3 3
𝑥≤− −3 < 𝑥 < 4 𝑥≥4
𝑥 < −7 𝑥 > −7 3

4 3
𝑥 = −7 𝑥=− 𝑥=
3 4

➢ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 + |𝑥 − 3| ➢ 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 + |𝑥 − 4|
Turning Points: 𝑥 = 3, −3 Turning Points: 𝑥 = 2, 4

𝑥 ≤ −3 −3 < 𝑥 < 3 𝑥≥3 𝑥≤2 2<𝑥<4 𝑥≥4

𝑥 = −3 𝑥=3 𝑥=2 𝑥=4

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 Example: ➢ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4 − |7𝑥 − 5| ➢ 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 5 + |𝑥 + 5|

Turning Points: 𝑥 = − ,
4 5 Turning Points: 𝑥 = 0, −5, 5
3 7

4 4 5 5 𝑥 ≤ −5 −5 < 𝑥 < 0 0≤𝑥<5 𝑥≥5

𝑥 ≤ −3 −3 < 𝑥 < 7 𝑥≥7

4 5 𝑥 = −5 𝑥=0 𝑥=5
𝑥=− 𝑥=
3 7

➢ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 5 + |𝑥 − 5|

Turning Points: 𝑥 = 0, −5, 5

𝑥 ≤ −5 −5 < 𝑥 < 0 0≤𝑥<5 𝑥≥5

𝑥 = −5 𝑥=0 𝑥=5

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 Key Takeaways

Steps for Plotting the Graph:

• Step 1: Identify the Turning point for the function

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 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 + |𝑥 − 4|

Solution :
𝑥≤2 2<𝑥<4 𝑥≥4

𝐼 𝑥=2 𝐼𝐼 𝑥=4 𝐼𝐼𝐼

− 𝑥−2 − 𝑥−4 ; 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑥−2 + 𝑥−4 = 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 − 4 ;2 < 𝑥 < 4

𝑥−2 + 𝑥−4 ; 𝑥 ≥ 4

−2𝑥 + 6; 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑥−2 + 𝑥−4 = 2; 2 < 𝑥 < 4

2𝑥 − 6; 𝑥 ≥ 4

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 Key Takeaways

Steps for Plotting the Graph:

• Step 1: Identify the Turning point for the function.

• Step 2: Write the function in branches and define the intervals

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 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 + |𝑥 − 4|

Solution :
−2𝑥 + 6; 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑥−2 + 𝑥−4 = 2; 2 < 𝑥 < 4

2𝑥 − 6; 𝑥 ≥ 4

𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 6 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 6
𝑦=2

2 4

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 Key Takeaways

Steps for Plotting the Graph:

• Step 1: Identify the Turning point for the function

• Step 2: Write the function in branches and define the intervals

• Step 3: Draw the graph of each part in given 𝑥 interval

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 Key Takeaways

• Note: Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑥 − 𝑏 will be “Boat Shaped Graph” with

turning point as 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏

𝑥=𝑎 𝑥=𝑏

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 Draw the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥 + 3

Solution :
−2𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ≤ −3
𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥 + 3 = ቐ 5, −3 < 𝑥 < 2
2𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ≥ 2

𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 1 𝑦=5 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1

−3 2

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 What if 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 − |𝑥 − 4|

Solution :
𝑥≤2 2<𝑥<4 𝑥≥4

𝐼 𝑥=2 𝐼𝐼 𝑥=4 𝐼𝐼𝐼

− 𝑥−2 + 𝑥−4 ; 𝑥 ≤2
𝑥−2 − 𝑥−4 = 𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥 − 4 ;2 < 𝑥 < 4

𝑥−2 − 𝑥−4 ; 𝑥 ≥4

−2, 𝑥<2
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 − 4 = ቐ2𝑥 − 6, 2≤𝑥<4
2, 𝑥≥4

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 What if 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 − |𝑥 − 4|

Solution : −2, 𝑥<2

Turning points are 2,4
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 − 4 = ቐ2𝑥 − 6, 2≤𝑥<4
2, 𝑥≥4
Let’s draw the graph

𝑦=2

2 4

𝑦 = −2

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 Key Takeaways

Negative case :

• When 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 − 𝑥 − 𝑏 is given then the graph will be zig-zag shaped.

𝑦=𝑎

𝑥
0 𝑎 𝑏

𝑦 = −𝑎

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 Draw 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥 − 5

𝑦 = 𝑥−3 𝑦 = 𝑥−3 + 𝑥−5

Number of turns = 1 Number of turns = 2

𝑦=𝑥−3 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 8 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 8

𝑦=2

3 3 5

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 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥−3 + 𝑥−5

Number of turns = 3 Turning points are 1,3 and 5

1 3 5

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 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥−3 + 𝑥−5

𝑦 =𝑥−1+𝑥−3+𝑥−5
𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 9 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 9

𝑦 =𝑥−1+𝑥−3−𝑥+5
1 3 5 ⇒𝑦 =𝑥+1

𝑦 =𝑥−1−𝑥+3−𝑥+5
⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 7

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Modulus Inequality I:

•𝑥 < 𝑎 ∀𝑎 > 0 ⇒ −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎

•𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 ∀𝑎 > 0 ⇒ −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎

•𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 ∀𝑎 < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝜙

Properties of Modulus Inequality II:

• If 𝑥 > 𝑎 ∀𝑎 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 < −𝑎 or 𝑥 > 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −𝑎 ∪ 𝑎, ∞

• If 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 ∀𝑎 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎 or 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 ⇒ −∞, −𝑎 ∪ 𝑎, ∞

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Modulus Inequality III:

• If 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 ∀𝑎, 𝑏 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −𝑏, −𝑎 ∪ 𝑎, 𝑏

• If 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 ∀𝑎, 𝑏 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −𝑏, −𝑎 ∪ 𝑎, 𝑏

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 Key Takeaways

Two bracket inequality ∶

Agar bhaala function ki aur hoga to function darega aur wo apne
•
values mein chhupa.

Agar bhaala function ke paas hoga to function sher, bade se bada

•
aur chhote se chhota.

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 Solve for : 𝑖 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 ≤ 0
𝑖𝑖 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 ≥ 0
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 < 0
𝑖𝑣 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10 > 0

Solution : 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 ≤ 0 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 ≥ 0
𝑥−1 𝑥−2 ≤0 𝑥−2 𝑥−3 ≥0
1≤𝑥≤2 𝑥 ≤2∪𝑥 ≥3

𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 < 0 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10 > 0
𝑥−2 𝑥−4 <0 𝑥−5 𝑥−2 >0
2<𝑥<4 𝑥 <2∪𝑥 >5

∞ ∞
2 5
𝑥 ∈ −∞, 2 ∪ (5, ∞)
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 Note:

• 𝒙𝟐 = |𝒙|

• Turning point of |𝑥 − 𝑎| is 𝑥 = 𝑎

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 Note:
1) − 1 ≤ 𝑥 2 ≤ 1

−1 ≤ 𝑥 2 ≤ 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 ≤ 1 → Solve this part only

−𝑣𝑒 ≤ +𝑣𝑒

Always true

2) − 2 ≤ |𝑥| ≤ 2 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤2
−𝑣𝑒 ≤ +𝑣𝑒
Always true

3) − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

𝑥≤3

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 Solve for 𝑥, if 𝑥 < 2

Solution :
We know that 𝑥 2 = 𝑥

Therefore, 𝑥 2 < 2 squaring on both LHS & RHS are +𝑣𝑒 quantity

⇒ 𝑥2 < 4

⇒ 𝑥2 − 4 < 0

⇒ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) < 0

⇒ −2 < 𝑥 < 2

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 Solve for 𝑥, if 1 < 𝑥 − 3 < 4

Solution :

Turning point of 𝑥 − 3 = 3

−1 2 3 4 7

𝑥 ∈ −1, 2 ∪ 4, 7

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 The values of 𝑥 for which 2 < 𝑥 < 6 is true

Solution :
We know that turning point of 𝑥 is 0 A 2, 6

B −6, −2

−6 −2 0 2 6
C −6, 6

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −6, −2 ∪ 2, 6
D −6, −2 ∪ 2, 6

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 Key Takeaways

Modulus Inequality:

Property 𝐼𝑉:

If 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑦

• 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + |𝑦| when 𝑥𝑦 ≥ 0 i.e., Both 𝑥, 𝑦 are same signs or

atleast one of them is 0.

• 𝑥 + 𝑦 < 𝑥 + |𝑦| when 𝑥𝑦 < 0 i.e., Both 𝑥, 𝑦 are of opposite signs.

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 Find the solution set of 𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 3𝑥 − 4

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
Solution :
⇒ 𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 3 ≥ 0

+ ve + ve

1 − ve 3
2

3
Solution set = −∞, 1 ∪ ,∞
2

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 7𝑥 − 5 + 6𝑥 − 11 = 𝑥 + 6

Solution : 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
⇒ 7𝑥 − 5 6𝑥 − 11 ≤ 0 5 11 5 11
≤𝑥≤ 𝑥∈ ,
7 6 7 6
𝑝 𝑞
5 11
𝑝+𝑞 = +
+ ve + ve 7 6

107
𝑝+𝑞 =
5
− ve 11 42
7 6

5 11
Solution set = ,
7 6

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 Key Takeaways

Modulus Inequality:

Property 𝑉:

If 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑦

𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 + |𝑦| when 𝑥𝑦 ≤ 0 i.e., Both 𝑥, 𝑦 are oppsite signs or

•
atleast one of them is 0.

• 𝑥 − 𝑦 < 𝑥 + |𝑦| when 𝑥𝑦 < 0 i.e., Both 𝑥, 𝑦 are of same signs.

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 Session 5
Types of Function and Logarithmic
Function

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 Key Takeaways

Signum Function : 𝑦

● It is represented by 𝑦 = sgn 𝑥
1
● The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ is defined as

1, 𝑥 > 0 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 = ቐ 0, 𝑥 = 0 −3 −2 −1 𝑂 1 2 3
−1, 𝑥 < 0

or −1
𝑥
, 𝑥≠0
𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥
0, 𝑥 = 0

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 Range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 is

Solution : 𝑦
From the graph it can be identified
that range of sgn 𝑥 is −1, 0, 1 . 1

𝑥
𝑂
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

−1
 Range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 is

A ℝ B ℝ− 𝟎

C 𝕎 D −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏

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 Key Takeaways

Exponential Function:
● It is represented by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 > 0; 𝑎 ≠ 1 where 𝑎 = base and 𝑥 = exponent

Note:

● Exponential function will be of the form 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

● In exponential function, Constant > 0

● If exponent is variable then base has to be always > 0 (Positive)

● If 𝑎 = 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1 𝑥
= 1 which is a constant function

1 𝑥
Examples: 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 ; 𝑓 𝑥 = 2−𝑥 ; 𝑓 𝑥 = = 3−𝑥
3

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 Key Takeaways

● Depending upon value of 𝑎 (𝑖. 𝑒. , 0 < 𝑎 < 1 or 𝑎 > 1) in 𝑎 𝑥 ,

two types of graphs are possible for exponential function.

● For exponential function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥

𝑎>1 0<𝑎<1
𝑌 𝑌

(0 , 1) (0 , 1)

𝑋 𝑋
𝑂 𝑂

Observation: ● 𝐷 𝑓 =ℝ ● 𝑅 𝑓 = 0, ∞ ⊆ ℝ
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 Key Takeaways

Logarithmic Function: 𝑦
𝑦 = log 2 𝑥
● It is represented by 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 > 0; 𝑎 ≠ 1
2
where 𝑎 = base of the logarithm
1
● Exponential and logarithmic functions
are mirror images to each other.
−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 𝑥

Observation: −1

● 𝐷 𝑓 = (0, ∞) ● 𝑅 𝑓 =ℝ −2

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 Logarithmic Function

A function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 is called logarithmic function.

Where 𝑎 is the base of the logarithm, 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1

and 𝑥 is the argument of the logarithm, 𝑥 > 0

Logarithm of zero does not exist.

Logarithm of negative reals are not defined in system of real

numbers.

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Logarithmic Function

● log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 ; 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

● log 𝑎 𝑚1 + log 𝑎 𝑚2 + ⋯ + log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚1 𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 ,

Where 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑚
● log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 ; 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑛

● log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚 log 𝑎 𝑥
1
● log 𝑎𝑚 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥, 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑚 ≠ 0
𝑚
𝑚
● log 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑛
log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑛 ≠ 0
● log𝑎 𝑚
= log 𝑛 𝑚 ; 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑛, 𝑎 ≠ 1 (Base changing property)
log𝑎 𝑛

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Logarithmic Function

● 𝑎log𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑁; 𝑁, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

● 𝑎log𝑏 𝑁 = 𝑁 log𝑏 𝑎 ; 𝑁, 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1

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 Which among the following represents domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = log10 𝑥

Solution : 𝑌
𝑦 = log10 𝑥
From the graphs of logarithmic function we can 2
directly say that the domain of the function will
1
be 0, ∞ .
𝑋
−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4

−1

−2

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 Which among the following represents domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = log10 𝑥

A ℝ B ℝ− 𝟎

C 𝟎, ∞ D 𝟎, ∞

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 Solve : a) log tan 25° tan 65° b) log10 0. 9ത c) log 2+ 3 2− 3 d) log 3 3 3 3

Solution:

a) We know that 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 90° , then sin 𝐴 = cos 𝐵 b) Also, 0. 9ത = 1

tan 𝐴 = cot 𝐵 𝑥 = 0.99999 ⋯

sec 𝐴 = cosec 𝐵
10 𝑥 = 9.9999 ⋯
log tan 25° tan 65° 25° + 65° = 90° −
𝑥 = 0.9999 ⋯
⇒ log cot 65° tan 65°
9𝑥 = 9 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1
log10 1 = 0
⇒ log 1 tan 65°
tan 65°

= −1

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 Solve : a) log tan 25° tan 65° b) log10 0. 9ത c) log 2+ 3 2− 3 d) log 3 3 3 3

Solution:

2𝑛 −1
c) 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 ⋯ 𝑛 times = 𝑎 2𝑛

1
log 2+ 3 2 − 3 = log 2+ 3 2+ 3 = −1

7
7
d) log3 3 8 =
8

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 Find the value of 1 + log 2 4 + log2 6 + ⋯ + log 2 2𝑛 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℕ

Solution:

log 2 2 + log 2 4 + log 2 6 + ⋯ + log 2 2𝑛

⇒ log 2 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 8 ⋯ 2𝑛

⇒ log 2 ( 2 ⋅ 1 2 ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 3 2⋅4 ⋯ 2⋅𝑛

⇒ log 2 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋯ 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋯ 𝑛
𝑛 times

⇒ log 2 2𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛! = log2 2𝑛 + log 2 𝑛!

= 𝑛 log 2 2 + log 2 𝑛!

= 𝑛 + log2 𝑛!

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 Find the value of 1 + log 2 4 + log2 6 + ⋯ + log 2 2𝑛 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℕ

A 𝑛 + log 2 𝑛 B log 𝑛 2

C log 2 𝑛! + 𝑛 D log 2 𝑛!

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 1 1 1
Solve + +
log 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log 𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏𝑐

log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐 + log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑎 + log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 log 𝑚 + log 𝑛 + log 𝑟 = log 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑟

log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐 × 𝑐𝑎 × 𝑎𝑏

log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 1

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 1 1 1
Solve + +
1+log𝑏 𝑎+log𝑏 𝑐 1+log𝑐 𝑎+log𝑐 𝑏 1+log𝑎 𝑏+log𝑎 𝑐

1 1 1
+ +
log𝑏 𝑏+log𝑏 𝑎+log𝑏 𝑐 log𝑐 𝑐+log𝑐 𝑎+log𝑐 𝑏 log𝑎 𝑎+log𝑎 𝑏+log𝑎 𝑐

1 1 1
+ +
log𝑏 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐

log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏 + log𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑐 + log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎 = log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 1

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 If log 5 𝑎 × log 𝑎 𝑥 = 2, then 𝑥 = ?

By using Base Change Theorem,

log𝑒 𝑎 log𝑒 𝑥
× =2
log𝑒 5 log𝑒 𝑎

log𝑒 𝑥
⇒ =2
log𝑒 5

⇒ log 5 𝑥 = 2

⇒ 𝑥 = 52 = 25

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 If log 5 𝑎 × log 𝑎 𝑥 = 2, then 𝑥 = ?

3
A 15 B 2

C 25 D 2

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 1 1 1 1
The value of 6 + log 3 4− 4− 4− ⋯ is
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2

IIT-JEE 2012

1 1 1 1
Let, 𝑥 = 4− 4− 4− ⋯∞
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2

1
𝑥= 4−𝑥
3 2

∴3 2𝑥 = 4−𝑥

∴ By squaring on both sides

∴ 18 𝑥 2 = 4 − 𝑥 ⇒ 18𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 18𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 4 = 0

∴ 9𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
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 1 1 1 1
The value of 6 + log 3 4− 4− 4− ⋯ is
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2

IIT-JEE 2012
∴ 9𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 + 1 = 0

4 1 1
∴ 𝑥 = ,− (− is rejected)
9 2 2

4 2 2
⇒ 6 + log 3 = 6 + log 3
2 9 2 3

2
= 6 + 2 log3
2 3

= 6 + 2 −1

=4

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 Key Takeaways

Logarithmic Function

• 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ+

The behavior of logarithmic functions is based on ′𝑎′

It is defined when

• 𝑎>0 • 𝑎≠1 • 𝑥>0

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 Key Takeaways

Logarithmic Function 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ+

For 𝑎 > 1 Example : log 2 𝑥 ; 𝑥 > 0

𝑦

log 2 𝑥 𝑥 1 2 4 1/2 1/4

4
𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 0 1 2 −1 −2
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2 3
−1
−2

For 0 < 𝑎 < 1 Example : log 1 𝑥 ; 𝑥 > 0

2
𝑦

2
log 1 𝑥
2
1 𝑥 1 4
2 1/2 1/4
𝑥
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2 3 4
𝑓 𝑥 0 −1 −2 1 2
−1
−2
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 Key Takeaways

Logarithmic Function 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ+

For 𝑎 > 1

𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 ; 𝑎 > 1 𝑦
log 𝑎 𝑥2 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 ; 0 < 𝑎 < 1
log 𝑎 𝑥1
𝑥! 𝑥2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑂 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑂
log 𝑎 𝑥1

log 𝑎 𝑥2

(Strictly function) (Strictly function)

→

→
𝑥2 > 𝑥1 𝑥2 > 𝑥1
⇒ log 𝑎 𝑥2 > log 𝑎 𝑥1 ⇒ log 𝑎 𝑥1 > log 𝑎 𝑥2

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 Session 6
Greatest Integer and Fraction
Part Function

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Logarithmic Function :

𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ For 𝑎 > 1
𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 ; 𝑎 > 1
• log 𝑎 𝑥 > 0 iff 𝑥 > 1

• log 𝑎 𝑥 < 0 iff 0 < 𝑥 < 1

• log 𝑎 𝑥 = 0 iff 𝑥 = 1 𝑥
𝑂 1, 0
• log 𝑎 𝑥 = 1 iff 𝑥 = 𝑎

• log 𝑎 𝑥 > 1 iff 𝑥 > 𝑎

𝑥=1
• 0 < log𝑎 𝑥 < 1 iff 1 < 𝑥 < 𝑎

• log 𝑎 𝑥 > 𝑘 ⟺ 𝑥 > 𝑎𝑘

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Logarithmic Function :

𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ For 0 < 𝑎 < 1 𝑦
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 ; 0 < 𝑎 < 1
• log 𝑎 𝑥 < 0 iff 𝑥 > 1

• log 𝑎 𝑥 > 0 iff 0 < 𝑥 < 1 (1,0)

𝑥
𝑂
• log 𝑎 𝑥 = 0 iff 𝑥 = 1

• log 𝑎 𝑥 = 1 iff 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥=1
• log 𝑎 𝑥 > 1 iff 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑎

• 0 < log𝑎 𝑥 < 1 iff 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 1

• log 𝑎 𝑥 > 𝑘 ⟺ 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑎𝑘

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 Identify whether the following numbers are positive/negative
1
(i) log 2 7 (ii) log 0.2 3 (iii) log1 (iv) log 4 3 (v) log2 log 2 9
3 5

If Base & Argument are on same side of 1

then log 𝑎 𝑥 is positive.

(i) log 2 7 (iv) log 4 3

1 2 7 1 3 4
⇒ Positive ⇒ Positive

(ii) log0.2 3 (v) log2 log 2 9

0.2 1 3 1 2 3
⇒ Negative
1 = log2 3+
(iii) log 1
3 5
1 1 1 ⇒ Positive
⇒ Positive 5 3

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 Which of the following is the only incorrect for 0 < 𝑎 < 1 ?

(0 < 𝑎 < 1)

𝑦=1

0 𝑎 1

𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥
All are correct except 0 < log 𝑎 𝑥 < 1 𝑖𝑓𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 1
As 0 < log 𝑎 𝑥 < 1 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 1
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 Which of the following is the only incorrect for 0 < 𝑎 < 1 ?

A log 𝑎 𝑥 < 0 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑥 > 1

B log 𝑎 𝑥 > 1 𝑖𝑓𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑎

C 0 < log𝑎 𝑥 < 1 𝑖𝑓𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 1

D log 𝑎 𝑥 > 𝑘 ⇒ 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑎𝑘 , 𝑘 ∈ ℝ

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 If log10 𝑥 = 9.04, then find
a) Characteristic b) Mantissa c) Number of digits

For log10 𝑥 = 9.04

a) Characteristic = 9

b) Mantissa = 9.04 = 0.04

c)Number of digits = 10

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 Key Takeaways

Number of Digits & Number of Zeroes:

• log10 1 = 0 ⇒ Characteristic = 0 • Number of digits when base = 10

• log10 10 = 1 ⇒ Characteristic = 1 If number of digits = 2

then characteristic = 1
• log10 100 = 2 ⇒ Characteristic = 2

• log10 1000 = 3 ⇒ Characteristic = 3 • If number of digits = 3

then characteristic = 2
• log10 84 = 1. something ⇒ Characteristic = 1

• log10 667 = 2. something ⇒ Characteristic = 2

If a Natural number has characteristic 𝐾 then it will have

Number of digits = 𝐾 + 1

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 Note :
• Cyphers = Zeroes

• No. of zeroes after decimal before any significant digit

is equal to |characteristic of No. to the base. 10 + 1|

Example :
1
log10 0.0001 = log10 = log10 10−4 = −4 × 1 = −4
10000

Characteristic −4 ; No. of zeroes = −4 + 1 = 3

• No. of zeroes = |Characteristic + 1|

Example : If characteristic is −4 then number of zeroes = −4 + 1 = 3

If characteristic is −5 then number of zeroes = −5 + 1 = 4

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 Number of zeroes after decimal in 3 −50
is?
log10 2 = 0.3010, log10 3 = 0.4771

𝑁 = 3−50

log10 𝑁 = log10 3−50

= −50 log10 3

= −50 × 0.4771

= −23.855

Characteristic = −23.855 = −24

No. of zeroes = −24 + 1 = 23

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 Logarithmic Inequalities :
Steps to solve questions of log :

Step 1 : Base > 0

Find domain of every log present in question. Base ≠ 1 Intersection
Step 2 : Argument > 0

Check which log is increasing(base>1) and which is decreasing(0 <base< 1).

Step 3 :

If log function is increasing then after removing log,

inequality do not change others, otherwise it changes.
Now solve proper inequality and finally do intersection.

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 If log 2 𝑥 − 1 > 4, then solve for 𝑥

Domain

1) 2 > 0

2) 2 ≠ 1
3) 𝑥 − 1 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 > 1

Also, Base > 1

∴ log 2 𝑥 − 1 > 4

∴ 𝑥 − 1 > 16 ⇒ 𝑥 > 17

∴ After taking intersection

𝑥 ∈ 17, ∞

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 If log 3 𝑥 − 2 ≤ 2, then solve for 𝑥

Domain

1) 3 > 0

2) 3 ≠ 1
3) 𝑥 − 2 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 > 2

Also, Base > 1

𝑥 − 2 ≤ 32

∴𝑥−2≤9 ⇒ 𝑥 ≤ 11

∴ After taking intersection

𝑥 ∈ 2, 11

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 Key Takeaways

Greatest Integer Function:

The real function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ assumes the
value of the greatest integer less than or equal to 𝑥, is called greatest
integer function.

Note I:
𝑥 ≤𝑥

When 𝑥 is Non Integer When 𝑥 is Integer

[Non Integer] < Non Integer [Integer] = Non Integer
For e.g. 12.45 = 12 For e.g. 12 = 12

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 Key Takeaways

Greatest Integer Function:

Note II:

● 𝑥 always give its left side’s integer value for non integers.
E.g. 12.45 = 12

12 12.45 13

Example:

● 7.09 = 7, −7.09 = −8, 7 = 7, −7 = −7

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 If the characteristic of log10 0.0000739 is 𝑎, then value of [𝑎] is
(where [⋅] denotes the greatest integer function)

Given log10 0.0000739

Here, the number of zeroes after decimal and before any significant digit is 4.

∴ The characteristic = −4 − 1 = −5

⇒ 𝑎 = −5 ⇒ 𝑎 = −5

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 If the characteristic of log10 0.0000739 is 𝑎, then value of [𝑎] is
(where [⋅] denotes the greatest integer function)

A −4 B −5

C −6 D −7

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 Key Takeaways
𝑦
Greatest Integer Function: 3

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 = −1 ; −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 2

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 0 ;0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 1

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 1 ;1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 2 ;2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3 so on … …
−1
Observation : −2
𝐷(𝑓) = ℝ , 𝑅(𝑓) = 𝕫

Note:
𝑥 ∈ [𝐾, 𝐾 + 1) ⇔ [𝑥] = 𝐾

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 The domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = log 5 (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) is
(where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = log5 𝑥 − 𝑥

For log to be defined

𝑥− 𝑥 >0

We know that 𝑥 = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ ℤ
And 𝑥 ≥ 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

⇒𝑥− 𝑥 ≥0∀ 𝑥 ∈ℝ
⇒ 𝑥− 𝑥 > 0∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ−ℤ

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 The domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = log 5 (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) is
(where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)

A ℝ−ℤ B ℝ

C ℝ+ − 𝕎 D 0, ∞

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 If 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 10, then 𝑥 lies in
(where [.] represents the greatest integer function)

𝑥+ 𝑥+ 𝑥+ 𝑥+ 𝑥 = 10

As 𝑥 + ℤ = 𝑥 + ℤ, so
⇒ 𝑥 + [𝑥] = 𝑥 + [𝑥]

So

𝑥+ 𝑥+ 𝑥+ 𝑥+ 𝑥 = 10

⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 10

⇒ 5 𝑥 = 10 ⇒ 𝑥 =2

⇒ 𝑥 = [2, 3)
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 If 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 10, then 𝑥 lies in
(where [.] represents the greatest integer function)

A [10,11) B [2, 3)

C ℤ D (5, 6)

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 Key Takeaways

Fractional part Function:

● Represented by 𝑦 = 𝑥 ,

● It gives fractional value of any number

● 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 0.

Properties:
● 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ Integer

● 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1

● As 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1 So 𝑥 ≥ 0

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 The domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = ln{𝑥} is
(where {. } represents fractional part function)

𝑓 𝑥 = ln{𝑥}

For 𝑓(𝑥) to be defined 𝑥 > 0

We know that, 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1) and 𝑥 = 0 when 𝑥 ∈ ℤ

∴ The domain of the function ln{𝑥} is ℝ − ℤ

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 The domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = ln{𝑥} is
(where {. } represents fractional part function)

A ℝ−ℤ B ℝ

C ℝ+ D ℝ−𝕎

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 Properties:

• {𝑥 + 𝑛} = 𝑥 where n is integer

{𝑥} = 𝑥 − [𝑥]
• 𝑥 = [𝑥] + {𝑥}
[𝑥] = 𝑥 − {𝑥}

Graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥}:

𝑦

−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 𝑥

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 4
The domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = is
𝑥−4
(where {. } represents fractional part function)

4
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−4

For the function to be defined, we get

𝑥−4 ≠0

⇒ 𝑥 ≠0 (∵ 𝑥 − ℤ = {𝑥})

⇒𝑥∉ℤ

4
∴ The domain of the function is ℝ − ℤ
𝑥−4

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 4
The domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = is
𝑥−4
(where {. } represents fractional part function)

A ℤ − {4} B ℝ

C ℝ − {4} D ℝ−ℤ

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 Find a) 6.25 b) −6.25 c) 7 d) −7 e) 0 f) 0.1
1 3 3
g) −0.1 h) − i) 4 j) −4
13 4 4
Where [⋅] denotes the Greatest integer function

a) 6.25 = 6 f) 0,1 = 0
6 6.25 7 0 0.1 1

b) −6.25 = −7
g) −0.1 = −1
−7 −6.25 −6
−1 −0.1 0

c) 7 = 7

d) −7 = −7

e) 0 = 0

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 Find a) 6.25 b) −6.25 c) 7 d) −7 e) 0 f) 0.1
1 3 3
g) −0.1 h) − i) 4 j) −4
13 4 4
Where [⋅] denotes the Greatest integer function

1
h) − = −1
13
−1 − 1 0
13

3
i) 4 =4
4
4 4.75 5

3
j) −4 = −5
4
−5 −4.75 −4

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 Find a) 4.3 b) 4 c) {−5} d) 0 e) −4.34 f) −7.09
Where ⋅ denotes the fractional part
As we know, 𝑥 gives fraction part of any number

(a) 4.3 = 0.3

(b) 4 = 0

(c) −5 = 0

(d) 0 = 0

(e) −4.34 = 1 − 0.34 = 0.66

(f) −7.09 = 1 − 0.09 = 0.91

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 Session 7
Transformation of graphs and
Domain and Range

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 Key Takeaways
𝑦=𝑥
Transformation of graphs (Vertical stretch) 𝑦 = −𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 → 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓 𝑥

Point on 𝑦 axis multiplied by 𝑎 units.

1
𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦 = 𝑥3 𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦= 𝑥

1
1 𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑦= 1
𝑥2 𝑦=
𝑥

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 𝑥2
Plot graphs of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 and :
2

𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
𝑌 𝑥2
𝑦=
2

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 Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) , for 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥)
Divide point on 𝑥 axis by ‘𝑎’ .
Example:
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥

(0, 1) cos(𝑥)
cos(2𝑥)
𝜋 𝜋
− ,0 ,0
2 2

𝜋 𝜋
− ,0 ,0
4 4

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 Plot graphs of 𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑥 :

𝑌
𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥

0,3

0,1
𝑋

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 𝑥
Plot graphs of 𝑦 = 3|𝑥| and :
3

𝑌
𝑦 = 3 𝑥 𝑦 = |𝑥|

𝑥
𝑦=
3

𝑋
0

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 𝑥
Plot graphs of 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 and :
2

𝑌
𝑦=4 𝑥

𝑦= 𝑥

𝑥
𝑦=
2
𝑋
0

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 Key Takeaways

𝑓 𝑥 → 𝑓 𝑥 ±𝑎

for 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑎 first draw 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 and then up by 𝑎

𝑓 𝑥 →𝑓 𝑥 ±𝑎

for 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑎 first draw 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 and then down by 𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 =1− 𝑥

(0,1)

𝑋
𝑦 = 1 − |𝑥|

𝑦 = −|𝑥|

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦= 𝑥 +3

𝑦= 𝑥 +3

𝑦=3

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 = 𝑥+5

𝑌 𝑦 = 𝑥+5

𝑦= 𝑥

(0,5)

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 Plot graphs of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5
𝑌
𝑦 = 2𝑥

𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3
(0,5)

(0, −3)

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 Plot graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 and 𝑦 = |𝑥| − 2

𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥 +3

𝑦 = |𝑥|

(0,3)
𝑦= 𝑥 −2

(0, −2)

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 Plot graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5

𝑌 𝑦= 𝑥+5

𝑦= 𝑥

(0,5)

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 Plot graphs of 𝑦 = − 𝑥

𝑦= 𝑥

𝑦=− 𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs :
𝑓 𝑥 → −𝑓 𝑥
Make reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 in 𝑥 − axis :
𝑌

𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
1

0 𝑋
𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Example : 𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

𝑦 = cos 𝑥 1

𝑋
−1
𝑦 = − cos 𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs
For 𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥 Make reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 in 𝑦 − axis:

𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑦= 𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

𝑦 = ln −𝑥

𝑌
𝑦 = ln(−𝑥) 𝑦 = ln(𝑥)

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 Plot graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑌 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥

0 𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑎 type

1) 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑎 → shift 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 = −𝑎

2) 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑎 → shift 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 = +𝑎

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 𝜋
Plot graph of the following functions. i) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 − ii) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑒
4

𝜋
i) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 −
4
𝜋
Shift 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 at 𝑥 =
4

𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝜋
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 −
4
𝜋
−𝜋 + 𝜋
4
−𝜋 𝜋
𝑋
0 0+ 2𝜋
4

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 𝜋
Plot graph of the following functions. i) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 − ii) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑒
4

i) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑒

Shift 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 𝑒

𝑌
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑒

𝑦 = ln 𝑥

𝑋
0 (1 , 0)

𝑥 = −𝑒
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 1 1
Plot graph of the following functions. i) 𝑦 = ii) 𝑦 = +3
𝑥+4 𝑥+4

1
i) 𝑦 =
𝑥+4

1
Shift 𝑦 = at 𝑥 = −4
𝑥

1
𝑦=
𝑥+4

0 𝑋
1
𝑦=
𝑥

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 1 1
Plot graph of the following functions. i) 𝑦 = ii) 𝑦 = +3
𝑥+4 𝑥+4

1
i) 𝑦 = +3
𝑥+4

1
Shift 𝑦 = at 𝑥 = −4
𝑥

𝑌
1
𝑦= +3
𝑥+4

0 𝑋
1
𝑦=
𝑥

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 Plot graphs of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3 2

Shift 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at 𝑥 = 3

𝑌
𝑦= 𝑥−3 2
𝑦= 𝑥2

𝑋
0 3

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 Plot graphs of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4

Shift 𝑦 = 𝑥 at 𝑥 = −4

𝑌 𝑦= 𝑥+4

𝑦= 𝑥

𝑋
−4 0

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs
𝑓 𝑥 𝑥≥0
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 type 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 𝑥<0

1) Make 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 ≥ 0 only

2) Make image of made graph in 𝑦 − axis.

𝑦 = 𝑒 |𝑥| 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥; 𝑥 > 0
𝑌

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 Draw graph of i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 ii) 𝑥 2
−5 𝑥 +6

i) 𝑦 = 𝑥

𝑌
𝑦= |𝑥|
𝑦= 𝑥

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 Draw graph of i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 ii) 𝑥 2
−5 𝑥 +6

2
ii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 −5 𝑥 +6 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥 − 2 𝑥−3

Let 𝑡 = 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 6 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑡 − 2 𝑡 − 3

𝑌
𝑥>0

2 3 𝑋

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 Plot graphs of the function 𝑦 = ln 𝑥

𝑌
𝑦 = ln |𝑥| 𝑦 = ln(𝑥) ; 𝑥 > 0

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 Transformation of graphs
𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥 type 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ≥0
𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 <0

For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥

Make reflection of graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 which is below 𝑥 − axis.

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 1
Draw the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3

1
Shift 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at 𝑥 = 2

𝑌 1
𝑦= 𝑥 3

1
𝑦= 𝑥−2 3

𝑋
𝑂 2

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 1
Draw the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3

1
Now, draw graph for 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3 at 𝑥 = 2

𝑌 1
𝑦 = | 𝑥 − 2 3|

𝑋
𝑂 2

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥

For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥

i) Make graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 above 𝑥 − axis only.

ii) Make reflection in 𝑥 − axis of the made graph.

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 Draw graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 when the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 is given.

𝑌 |𝑦| = 𝑥

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 Draw graph of 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 when the graph of 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 is given.

𝑦 = ln 𝑥

𝑋
𝑂 1

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 Draw graph of 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 .

𝑦 =1− 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 =1
𝑌

𝑂 𝑋

|𝑦| = 1 − 𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 → 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

i) Cut graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 in 0, 1 .

ii) Repeat the cut graph after every 1 unit interval.

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 Draw graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
where denoted fractional part function

𝑒
1

0 1 𝑋

𝑌
𝑥
𝑦=𝑒
𝑒

−2 −1 0 1 2 3 𝑋
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 Draw graph of 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 where denoted fractional part function

𝑋
𝑂 1

𝑦 = ln 𝑥

𝑌
𝑦 = ln{𝑥}

1 𝑋
𝑂 2 3

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 Plot graphs of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3 + 2

Shift 𝑦 = 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 3 and then up 2

𝑌 𝑦= 𝑥−3 +2

𝑦= 𝑥

(3 , 2)

𝑋
0

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 Plot graphs of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

1 2 3
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 + +
2 4
1 3
Shift 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at 𝑥 = − and then up
2 4

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑌

𝑦 = 𝑥2

1 3
− ,
2 4

𝑋
0

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