ROTATING MACHINES

& CONTROL

P. MUNYANGA
0993 520 120/04653174
 Magnetic field
• Many common devices rely on magnetism, eg computer disk drives,,
transformers, motors, generators, medical equipment, loud speakers,
etc.
• A permanent magnet is a piece of ferromagnetic material (such as
iron, nickel or cobalt) which has properties of attracting other pieces of
these materials.
• The magnetic force produced by a magnet can be detected in the area
around a magnet and is called the magnetic field
 Magnetic Field
• A magnetic field cannot be seen, felt, smelt or heard
• The magnetic field is represented by imaginary lines called lines of
magnetic flux
 Properties Of Magnetic Flux Lines
• The direction of the magnetic field is tangent to the field line at any
point in space.
• A small compass will point in the direction of the field line.
• The strength of the field is proportional to the closeness of the lines.
• Magnetic field lines can never cross, meaning that the field is unique
at any point in space.
• Magnetic field lines are continuous, forming closed loops without
beginning or end.
• They go from the north pole to the south pole.
 Magnetic flux lines
• Unlike poles attract and distribution is as
shown in (a)
• Like poles repel as in (b)
• Flux lines pass with greater ease through
magnetic materials such as iron than through
air or non-magnetic materials such as glass as
shown in (c)
 Magnetic Flux
• Magnetic flux is the amount of magnetic field (or the number of lines
of force) produced by a magnetic source.
• The symbol for magnetic flux is Φ (Greek letter ‘phi’).
• The unit of magnetic flux is the weber, Wb
• Magnetic flux density, B is the amount of flux passing through a
defined area that is perpendicular to the direction of the flux.
• The magnetomotive force per metre length of the magnetic circuit is
termed the magnetic field strength (or magnetizing force), H.
 Magnetic Field Due To An Electric Current
• Magnetic fields can be set up not only by
permanent magnets, but also by electric currents.
• When a conductor carries an electric current, a
magnetic field is produced around that conductor
• Approaching current flowing is indicated by a dot
equivalent to the approaching point of the arrow
• Current flowing away is represented by a cross
equivalent to the departing tail feathers of the
arrow
 Direction Of Magnetic Field
Methods of determining direction of magnetic field are the Right-hand
screw rule and right hand grip rule
 Magnetic Field Of A Solenoid
• If a coil is wound on a steel rod, and connected
to a battery, the steel becomes magnetized and
behaves like a permanent magnet and is called a
solenoid.
• The magnetic field of the solenoid is represented
by the dotted lines and its direction by the
arrowheads.
• The direction of the magnetic field may be
deduced by applying either the screw or the grip
rule.
 Force On A Current Carrying Conductor
• If a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field then the
two fields interact and cause a force to be exerted on the conductor as
shown.
• This is the principle of operation of the electric motor
 Force On A Current Carrying Conductor
The force on the current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
depends upon:
(a) the flux density of the field, B teslas
(b) the strength of the current, I amperes
(c) the length of the conductor perpendicular to the
magnetic field, l metres,
(d) the directions of the field and the current
 Force On A Current Carrying Conductor
• When the magnetic field, the current and the conductor are mutually at
right-angles, then:
Force F = BIl newtons
• When the conductor and the field are at an angle θ˚to each other then:
Force F = BIl sin θ newtons
 Electromagnetic Induction
• When a conductor is moved across a magnetic field so as to cut
through the lines of force (or flux), an e.m.f. is produced in the
conductor.
• This is the principle of operation of a generator
• If the conductor forms part of a closed circuit then the e.m.f. produced
causes an electric current to flow round the circuit.
• Hence an e.m.f. (and thus current) is ‘induced’ in the conductor as a
result of its movement across the magnetic field.
• This effect is known as ‘electromagnetic induction’.
 Emf induced in a coil
• In a generator, conductors forming an electric circuit are made to
move through a magnetic field.
• The induced e.m.f. E set up between the ends of the conductor is given
by:
E=Blv volts
• where B, the flux density, in teslas, l, the length of conductor in the
magnetic field, in metres, and v, the conductor velocity, in metres per
second.
• If the conductor moves at an angle θ◦ to the magnetic field then
E=Blv sin θ volts
 Principle of rotating machines
• DC Generator action: An emf (voltage) is induced in a conductor if it
moves through a magnetic field: E= Blv volts
 Principle of Rotating machines
DC Motor action: A force is induced in a conductor that has a current
going through it and placed in a magnetic field: F=Bil Newtons
Types of Electrical Machines
 Types of Electrical Machines
Electrical Machines can be categorized as static (stationery) machine
and dynamic (rotating) machine.
• The transformer is an example of static electrical machine.
• Motor and generator both are dynamic electrical machine.
• Electrical Transformer: In the transformer, both input and output are
electrical power.
• Electrical Generator: In a generator, the input is mechanical power
and the output is electrical power.
• Electrical Motor: In a motor, the input is electrical power and output
is mechanical power.
Types of Electric Motors
 Three-phase Induction Motor
• It is the most widely used machine in industrial applications.
• It can be part of a pump or fan, or connected to some other form of
mechanical equipment such as a winder, conveyor, or mixer.
• Electromagnetic energy is transferred by inductive coupling
• Advantages: Robust; Low Cost; Simple: Easy to manufacture, almost
maintenance-free; high reliability and efficiency
• Disadvantages: Essentially a “fixed-speed” machine.
Parts Of An Induction Motor
 Construction
• The three main parts of an AC
motor are the rotor, stator, and
enclosure.
• The enclosure consists of a frame
(or yoke) and two end brackets (or
bearing housings).
• The stator and the rotor are the
electrical circuits that perform as
electromagnets.
 Construction (Stator)
• The stator is the stationary electrical part of the
motor and is mounted inside the frame.
• The stator core is made up of several hundred thin
laminations.
• Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow
cylinder.
• Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator
core.
• Electromagnetism is the principle behind motor operation.
• Each grouping of coils, together with the steel core it
surrounds, form an electromagnet.
• The stator windings are connected directly to the power
source.
 Construction (Rotor)
• The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic
circuit. It fits inside the stator with a slight air gap
separating it from the stator. There is NO direct
physical connection between the rotor and the stator.
There are two types of rotor:
Squirrel cage type (most common type of rotor) :
• Rotor winding is composed of copper bars embedded
in the rotor slots and shorted at both end by end rings
• Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance
Wound rotor type:
• Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding
terminals can be connected to external circuits
through slip rings and brushes.
• Easy to control speed, more expensive.
 Starting Induction Motors
• The motor current at starting can be as large as five to six times the
full-load current
• This may cause voltage drop in the line, which may affect other drives
connected to the line. Also, if a large current flows for a long time, it
may overheat the motor and damage the insulation.
• The starting current can be reduced to a tolerable level by reduced-
voltage starting, such as star-delta starter and auto-transformer starter
• Squirrel-cage induction motors are frequently started by connecting
them directly across the supply line.
 Direct-on-line starting (DOL)
• DOL Starter) is also knows as “across the line starter”.
• It consist of main contactor, protective devices and overload relay
which is used for motor starting operations.
• It is used for low rating usually below 5HP motors.
• DOL starter connects the motor directly to supply without a reduction
in supply voltage and applies full line voltage to 3 phase motor.
• This is the main disadvantage of dol starter.
• With this method, starting current is high and may cause interference
with supplies to other consumers.
 Advantages and disadvantages of a DOL starter
Advantages
• Simple and most economical starter.
• More comfortable to design, operate and control.
• Provides nearly full starting torque at starting.
• Easy to understand and troubleshoot.
• DOL starter connects the supply to the delta winding of the motor.
• Disadvantages
• High starting current (5-8 times of full load current).
• Causes a significant dip in voltage, hence suitable only for small motors.
• DOL Starter reduces the lifespan of the machine.
• Mechanically tough.
• Unnecessary high starting torque
Direct-on-line starter
 Star-Delta starting
• If a motor’s windings are connected in the star
configuration, the line current will be 1/√3 (or
smaller by 57.7%) than if the windings were
connected in the delta arrangement.
• Hence larger type motors with heavy starting
currents are first connected in star, and then
after the motor has accelerated, and the starting
currents have fallen, in delta.
• A star-delta starter is much cheaper than an
autotransformer starter and is commonly
employed for both small and medium-size
motors.
 Other Starting Methods
• Auto transformer starting
• Solid-state controller
• Rotor-Resistance Control
 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS (SG)
• Also called alternators.
• They are widely used in power stations throughout the world for
electrical power generation.
• A dc current is applied to the rotor winding
• The rotor is then turned by a prime mover, producing a rotating
magnetic field within the machine.
• The prime-mover is the source of mechanical power, and may be a
diesel engine, a steam turbine, a water turbine, etc).
• This rotating magnetic field induces a three-phase set of voltages
within the stator windings of the generator.
 Synchronous Machine Construction
The basic parts are:
1. Stator the stationary part of the machine that carries the armature winding in
which the voltage is generated, Consists of 3-phase winding
• In this way, the generated voltage can be connected directly to the load without
having to pass across the slip rings and brushes.
2. Rotor the rotating part of the machine that produces the main field flux. It is a dc
excited winding
• The magnetic poles on the rotor can be of either salient or non-salient
construction.
• The severe electric and magnetic loadings in a synchronous machine produce heat
that must be properly dissipated
• The manner in which the active parts of a synchronous machine are cooled
determines its overall physical size and structure
 Cooling Methods For Synchronous Machines
• Research on the available cooling methods for Synchronous machines
• Find out at EGENCO what their cooling methods are?
 Rotor Types
• Cylindrical (or non-salient) pole is a magnetic pole constructed flush
with the surface of the rotor.
• A salient pole is a magnetic pole that sticks out from the surface of the
rotor. The term salient means "protruding" or "sticking out“
 Salient Pole Construction
• A salient pole is a magnetic pole that sticks
out from the surface of the rotor. The term
salient means "protruding" or "sticking out“
• It is used in comparatively small machines
• They have to turn at low speeds (between
50 and 300 r/min)
• They have a large number of poles (four or
more poles).
• Mostly used in hydraulic turbines
• They have a large diameter
 Non-salient Pole Construction
• Non-salient pole (or cylindrical) is a magnetic pole constructed flush with the
surface of the rotor.
• It has a comparatively small diameter and long axial length.
• They are normally used for two- and four-pole rotors.
• Have high speed-3600 RPM for 2-pole and 1800 RPM for 4-pole
• Because the rotor is subjected to changing magnetic fields, it is constructed of thin
laminations to reduce eddy current losses.
• Direct-conductor cooling (using hydrogen or water as coolant)
• Large ratings of up to 2000 MVA
• Mainly used in steam or gas turbines
 The Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
• The behavior of a SG under load varies greatly depending on the
power factor of the load and on whether the generator is operating
alone or in parallel with other synchronous generators.
 The Infinite Bus
• Synchronous generators are rarely used to supply individual loads.
• In general, they are connected to a power supply system known as an
infinite bus or grid.
• Because a large number of synchronous generators of large sizes are
connected together, an infinite bus is so large that its voltage and frequency
do not vary regardless of how much real and reactive power is drawn from
or supplied to it.
• Loads are tapped from the infinite bus at various load centers
• In a power plant the synchronous generators are connected to or
disconnected from the infinite bus, depending on the power demand on the
grid system.
• The operation of connecting a synchronous generator to the infinite bus is
known as paralleling with the infinite bus.
 Parallel Operation of AC Generators
There are several major advantages to such operation:
1. Several generators can supply a bigger load than one machine by itself.
2. Having many generators increases the reliability of the power system, since
the failure of anyone of them does not cause a total power loss to the load.
3. Having many generators operating in parallel allows one or more of them
to be removed for shutdown and preventive maintenance.
4. With several smaller machines in parallel, it is possible to operate only a
fraction of them at near full load and thus more efficiently. If only one
generator is used and it is not operating at near full load, then it will be
relatively inefficient.
Infinite Bus (Or Grid) System
 Requirements For Paralleling Ac Generators
I. The rms line voltages of the two generators must be equal.
2. The two generators must have the same phase sequence.
3. The phase angles of the two a phases must be equal.
4. The frequency of the new generator, called the oncoming generator,
must be slightly higher than the frequency of the running system.
END OF LESSON