LINEAR AL CeeR A AND WEEK 4 LINEAR EQUATIONS A linear equation is an algebraic equation wheve each m has an exponent of f and when this equation is graphed, it always vesults in a stvaight line. aA Arvo equation tn the Vatiqbles Xp % .« ae | Li pie be ete Rea ae ee eae b > enstant TR eke , Examples of linear equations ave: oe pore ieee A coefficient is an integer that is wwii along with a vaviable ov it is multiplied by the i _ = = — iN Created by NoteinNON LINEAR EQUATIONS A pea uation is a equation that forms a carve when pl on a graph. In the equation, the highest degree of x is not one. Examples ave: avd+43x4+5=0 Biighest degree of x is 2 (yt 3x, =6 Bapre F variables is inside a aa : ¥ (voot) so its non lineav 3) 5=0 8 Two v bl EN ec rae it's non lineav Linear Equation: Application One Monday, Mr. Jones has $25 in his wallet. He wants to buy fruits. He went to the grocery store. He found that there were only three fruits available. Banana } Kiwi < Orange $2.25/kg $3.5/kg $0.75/kg iN Created by NoteinHow much weight of each of these fruits Mr. Jones should buy to spend exactly $25? Represent it as a linear equation. SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS Also known i lineav systems, is a collection of one ov move lineay equa Fons involving the same set of vaviables. % kot pan should have either 1a sol uti jon ii solution ov Infinitely many solutions IW Created by NoteinTypes of solutions - System of linear equations ce Solution One Solution No Solution edueate MAtH Qy4X + Qy2%Q ++ + AynXp = dy 4X + G22Xz ++ + AanXy = bz m1 X1 + AmaXq + °° + AmnXn = bm There are m linear equations and n variables. Linear System: Example — << + Two variables and two equations 2x+3y=5 7x —3y=-7 iN Created by NoteinPractical Application A museum has opened in the city. They charge $20 per adult and $10 per child. The museum sold in total 210 tickets on the first day, and they earned $2800. Pose this as a linear system of equations. Solution: * x = No. of adult tickets sold y = No. of child tickets sold * Total tickets sold = 210, then x+y=210 + Museum earned = $2800 20x + 10y = 2800 Slope of a Line iN Created by NoteinEquation of a Straight Line * Line passing throug (2, ¥2) lh two points (x;,1) and Created by NoteinIW Created by NoteinSystem of Linear Equations + Consider the system of two linear equations Qy1X + yay = by Exists in 2 Qz1X + Ag2y = by imensional plane + Represents a system of two lines. hd Linear Equation of Three Variables * Consider a system of linear equation with three variables Qy1X + Ay2¥ + Ay2z = by * It represents a plane in three dimension. iN Created by NoteinX-axis N + For a system of linear equation with three variables, there will be a corresponding plane. f Matrix Notation * Acompact way to record a system of linear equations * Arectangular array of real or complex numbers * Arranged in rows and columns 441 G2 ** Gn Goi G22 ee an Gm1 Gm2 ** mn de IW Created by NoteinElements/Entries of a Matrix * Entries of a matrix = Elements of a matrix ith column ———renbor numbeyt Dam COEFFICIENT MATRIX A coefficient matrix is a matvix consisting of the wefficients of the vaviables in a set of linear equations. That is the matvix with elements before the equal sign in the equation 0311 + 2% +--+ Ginn = by 24 %4 + @29%2 +--+ Gann = by Ayn %4 + OyaXz +2 + AaynXn = Bon * Corresponding coefficient matrix 41 M2 Ain Gz, 022 Aan Asli s a m1 Amz ** mn. iN Created by NoteinDimension of a Matrix * The number of rows and columns defines the dimension or size of a matrix. * Amatrix with mrows andncolumns has a size or dimension mxn (read asm by n). eee ai S22) a ale eg ar ~ Qm1 Am2 °° Amn d * m= Row and n =Column Square Matrix * The number of rows is equal to number of columns Aa ete cee at Q2 Gam Gm, Amz Amma xm) IW Created by NoteinExample — * Consider the following system of linear equations 2x+3y=5 7x —3y=-7 * Coefficient matrix 2 3} F -3l * What is the size of this matrix? © 2x2 B the size. ae pd OA» rents'by* Augmented Matrix * Obtained by adding a column containing the constants from the right sides of the equations to the coefficient matrix Qyy 2 in by a b * Onn Bn Ait “\ \e \ 4 vith (O a AX: alo oth cot x iW Created by Notein Fey. ouExample * Consider the following system of linear equations 2x+3y=5 7x —3y=-7 8 cee m atrix 2 31 oie bf aicl [34 *4| peony matin ourgmanted Ynalyi¢ Vector Notation When one of the dimensions of a matrix is one, it is called a vector. Row vector: * The number of rows is 1. Column vector: * The number of columns is 1. iN Created by NoteinVector Notation —= << + Row vector: example Br [233 —4hixs 4 * Column vector: example B) Gums Matrix Notation of System of Linear Equations * Matrix notation: AX= B + A: coefficient matrix + X: column vector of variables + B: vector of the constants iN Created by NoteinExample 2x + 3y 7x —3y = Matrix notation E 2-1, BAD Column Column vector of vector of variables constants Coefficient matrix Qy4Xq + Gy2QX2 +++ + AynXp = by Q21Xq + A22X2 +++ + anXn = bz IW Created by NoteinMATRIX OPERATIONS Zero Matrix * Am xn matrix whose all entries are Zero is called a zero matrix and is written as 0. Equality of Matrices * Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they satisfy the following conditions. 1. The two matrices are of the same size. Number of rows in A = Number of rows in B Number of columns in A = Number of columns in B 2. Corresponding entries are equal. ay = by Vij IW Created by NoteinAddition of Two Matrices + If A and B are m x n matrices, then the sum C =A +Bis the mxn matrix whose entries are the sum of the corresponding entries in A and B. ij = ij + by Wij A esas Addition of Matrices: Example Consider the following matrices. Here, A and a a-[A ea cannot be — 17 tee) PAR ok ( 4 2 0 -7 and Cis 3x4 B= ls 2 =|-2 -2 1 2 an) 0 =3 Size of A and B © FindA+B. should be same ive 143 ore t is a" © A+B=|-1-2 1-2 0+0 So” -2+0 0+0 141 to add 1 -2 -1 a| a2 iN Created by NoteinScalar Multiple of a Matrix * If k isa scalar and A is a matrix, then kA is defined as a matrix obtained by multiplying every entry of A by the scalar k. 1-1 -~2 + ample: = [1 1 °| -2 0 1 Properties of Matrix Addition + Let A, B, and C be matrices of the same size, and let k and | be = Commutative + A+B=B+A ae 4 property . (A+B)+C=A4(8+c) ———_S, Associative vo + A+0=A —> Zero P Matvix + (A+B) =kA+k “(K+DASKASIA . Sealav property + K(IA) = KIA ed IW Created by NoteinViewing a Matrix as Column Vector * m Xn: can be viewed as a column Each vow heve in this wesentation can be a vow vector hence ix can be a column vectov of vow vectors Similavly, a matvix can also be seen as a vow v ot column vectors. Viewing a Matrix as Row Vector * m Xn: can be viewed as a row vector of column vectors. IW Created by NoteinMultiplying a Row Vector and a Column Vector = ay by+ az batt On bm AE Multiplying a Row Vector and a Column Vector: Example + Multiply the following 2 es afi 8 =1:24+3-445°8 = 2412440 =54 iN Created by NoteinPre Multiply a Column Vector with a Matrix — — + Let A be a matrix of size m x n. * Let V be a column vector of size n x 1. + Then, R = AV is a vector of size m x 1. ayn a a Q, a2 a - n | pvr 2 aN | V2 G1 Anz Gn br Pre Multiply a Column Vector with a Matrix: Example * Compute the following: cam fc (=z 1 d=3=2 1 De ere Ded ye So 22 “lel” Sxl IW Created by NoteinJO©@ 3 C'X | + @ x2) 413x4 bo HV XDtO% 3 -3x\)42x2+( 4 _ asa 5 eat S443Multiplication of Two Matrices Consider two matrices: * Aof size mx n ¢ Bofsizenxp Then, C=A‘B is a matric of size mx p Note: No. of columns (n) on left side matrix (A) = No. of rows (n) on right side matrix (B). Multiplication of Two Matrices: Example * Multiply the following two matrices 4-8 ghe-E 4] ‘Solution: Aste e alll eva) J _f32+CD1 3(-2)4(-13 3-14-14 mlc2 eed 5:(-2) +23 5 (-1) +24 oe | -6-3 -3-4_/5 -9 —-7 = [i042 -10+6 =s+al=le -4 31 p iN Created by NoteinRow-Column Rule for Computing AB « Ifthe product 4B is defined, then the entry in row i and column j of AB is the sum of the products of the corresponding entries from row i of A and column j of B. © AB) y= ayibyy + a12bz) ++ dinbyy Row-Column Rule: Example * Find the entry in row 1 and column 3 of AB © (AB),3= 3-(-1) + (-1)-4 = -7 © Verification: w-B JIGS 3 = ie 7 Identity Matrix e Annxn matrix whose all diagonal entries are one and remaining elements are 0 is called an identity matrix and is written as I. Example: 00 Igx3 = ° | 0 0 iN Created by NoteinProperties of Matrix Multiplication « Let A be an mx n matrix, and let B and C be matrices with sizes for which the indicated sums and products are defined. A(BC) = (AB)C Associative law A(B + C) = AB + AC Left distributive law (B+ C)A = BA+CA | Right distributive law (AB) = (kA)B = A(kKB) For any scalar k JA=A=Al Identity for matrix multiplication| A Warnings eee ¢ In general, matrix multiplication is not commutative, that is, AB + BA. ¢ The cancellation laws do not hold for matrix multiplication. If AB = AC, then it is not true in general that B = C. © If the product of AB is the zero matrix, then you cannot conclude that either A=0 or B=0. IW Created by NoteinTranspose of a Matrix e Given a matrix A of size mx n, the transpose of A denoted as A’ is of size n x m, whose columns are formed from the corresponding rows of A. iy 277|| 423s Q2, 422 Gan} _ 9412] G22 ** Gm2 m1 Amz “~ nn. in| 22n ~" Omn Wa Make the fivst vow the, fivst column, 2nd vow the 2nd column etc...for tvanspose Example e Find the transpose of Solution; r 1)-1 What will be the transpose of a row vector? A =\2 (-2 It will be a column vector. Se — IW Created by NoteinProperties of Transpose of a Matrix * Let A and B denote matrices whose sizes are appropriate for the following sums and products. (A =A (A+B)"= AT + BT 2 INTRODUCTION TO DETERMINANTS Determinants — * Recall a square matrix. * Associated with every square matrix Ais anumber called its determinant denoted by |A|. * This number will help find the solution of a system of linear equation or characterize the solution. ka, IW Created by NoteinDeterminant of 1x1 Matrix and 2x2 Matrix — + Determinant of 1x1 matrix is defined as layil = a1 + The determinant of a 2x2 matrix is defined as [etete [ic aos sie anacien 11422 12421 Example * Find the determinant of the matrix i fe @ —cosé cos@ siné Solution: _ [sin@~ --cos 0) Nel ee @°Ssina I = (sin 0)* + (cos 0)?= 1 Pythagerean Identities tt sin? 6 +cos? 6 =1 xk TH Created by NoteinMinor and Cofactor of an Element —_—_ | + Let A be a square matrix, the minor M_ of the element a, is defined as the determinant of the matrix obtained from A by deleting the row i and column j. + The cofactor of a, is defined as Si Cy = (1) My ; SS: Example + Determine the minor and cofactor of the element @,, of the following matrix. 2 A=|0 1 2 0. C2 = Cyne. = iN Created by NoteinIW Created by NoteinA Broader Definition —_ * The determinant of a square matrix is the sum of the products of the elements of any row or column and their co-factors. ith row expansion IA] = ain Cin + Qi2Cjg + + GinCin jth column expansion IA] = aj Oj + agjCaj +--+ + AnjCny Example + Find the determinant of the following matrix 3) 0) 2 40 5 o 1 2 Find the determinant using 2nd column expansion. Solution: |A| = ai2lr2 +4 gale + ia =Oeeiear B iN Created by NoteinROW OPERATIONS ON DETERMINANTS Determinants and Its Properties — — + We know how to compute the determinant of any square matrix. Property-1: If the rows and columns of a determinant are interchanged, then the value of the determinant remains unchanged. l4|=|4"| Proof of Property -1 : Property-1 —i a, @z a3 sLetD= |b; bz bs Gia G2 Gai + Expanding based on the first row. D = ay (bz c3 ~ bz Cz) - @p(by C3 - bs Cy) + @3(by C2- bz C1) * Interchanging rows and columns of D. a, by ees a3 bg C3 + Expanding based on the first column. DT = ay (bz €3 - bs C2) - aa(by €3 - bs cy) + a3 (by C2 - be cy) = D. DT = IW Created by NoteinProperty-2 a bee + Let A be a square matrix. Property-2: If two rows (columns) of a matrix are interchanged to produce B, then \Bl=-14| Proof of Property -2 : Property-2 5 * Let |A| = a, a2 a3 by bz bg Cy Cz C3 + Expanding based on the first row. * IA| = ay (bz C3- bs €2)- aa(by C3~ bs 1) + A3(O C2" 02 * Interchanging first row and second row. _ b, be af a, a2 3 cl cz Cole + Expanding based on the second row. ee = —A;(b2 C3- bz Cz)+ A2(by C3- bz cy) - a3 (by C2- bz 1) = — Al. [Bl = IW Created by NoteinExample + Verify property-2 by interchanging column-1 and column-3 for the determinant di ll = 2 0 Solution: * [A] = 2- (12) - 0-3 + (-2)-(2-4) = 2444 = 28. After interchanging columns 1 and 3, we have fA Bl=|2 4 0 3 0 -2 Expanding based on the column 3 of |B], we have |B|=2(—12)—0-(—3)+(—2)-(4-2)=-24—4= —28=-|A|. "4 Property-3 «Let A be a square matrix. Property-3:If any two rows (columns) of a determinant are identical, i.e., their corresponding elements are equal, then the value of the determinant is zero. IW Created by NoteinProperty-3 * This property holds because if we interchange the identical rows of |A|, the determinant remains unchanged. + According to property 2, the value of the determinant after the exchange will be of the same magnitude but a different sign. + Thus, |A| = -lAl. Example ae Sel + Verify property-3 Zn 2 -O +4 0 Oe a n |A| = Solution: If we expand using the second row, we get |A|=—0-(—8)+4-(—444)—0-(2)=04+.04+0=0. IW Created by NoteinProperty4 Property4: If each element of a row (column) of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k, then its value gets multiplied by k. Proof of Property - 4 : Property4 a, az a3 sLetD=|bi bz b3 Cy C2 C3 + Expanding based on the first row. + D = ay(bz C3 - bg C2) - a2(by C3 - bg Cy) + ag (by C2 - ba G1) ka, kar kas sLetD'=|b, b, bs eee + Expanding based on the first row. + D! = kay (bz €3 - bg Cg) - kaa (by C3 - bg Cy) + ka3(by C2 - bz 4) = kD iN Created by NoteinProperty5 Property5: If some or all elements of a row (column) of a determinant are expressed as sum of two (or more) terms, then the determinant can be expressed as sum of two (or more) determinants. Example — * Find the value of a a as la, tke, ap+kc, a3 +key G 2 3 [Al = * Solution: a a a3 lay +key ag+keg a3 +kcg| ra” ~ @ acs 4; az a3) |a, a2 ay aye azitas + fs keg Kes! ee 31 Iq a a, az ayy cy Cn 3 o aoe lA] = [By property 5] a, Az 3 a, az a3 i ce = +k [By property 4) = 0 + 0 = 0 [By property 3] iN Created by NoteinProperty6 — — » LetA be a square matrix. Property6: If a multiple of one row (column) of A is added to another row (column) to produce a matrix B then |B| = |A|. Proof of Property - © : Property6 a; G2 3 +Let|A|=]b: bz dsl Y Cy Cg Cg + Let's apply the operation R; — Ry + kR3 la, tke, agt+kc, a3 +kcz + We get |B| by by bs co & C3 a, az Az icy Ca Ce = ]b1 bz bs} +k |b: bz bs} (By properties 5 and 4) fer ty ez ce a, a2 a3 =]b, bz bs! + 0 [By property 3] = [A] Cy Co Cz fh-Greated by NoteinExample * Prove that aja a+b at+b+c |A| = 3a+2b 4a+3b+2c 6a+3b 10a + 6b + 3c! =a Solution: Apply the operations Ry — Ro — 2Ryand R3 > R3 — 3R; ja a+b atb+c lA] 0 a 2a+b 0 Ga 7a+3b Apply R3 — R3 — 3R2 a a+b at+b+c |A| = |0 0 a 2a+b @~*"a =a Property7 Property7: If A and B are two n x n matrices, then |AB| = |Al|B| iN Created by NoteinProperty7 Gio = [lean = (2a . perty-7 for A = [5 Te] and 8 =[ 8 Solution: |Al = >= | ="75) 11 = |X| = 16 Let's compute AB = fms) fl dl =[G=3 onal Ls “tl” [4B] = | 7724] = (-280) - (120) = —400 = (— 25)(16) = |4||8] Warning * If A and B are two n x n matrices, then |A + B] = |A] + |B| Not true * Is that always true? . (DE _|2 Ce Let lal=|5 ~sl= 2siBi=|t 9|=16 Let's compute A + B = ia | + fi | 4 +l =|'><,)| =214+3=24% (— 25) + (16) = 14] + 181 iN Created by NoteinIW Created by Notein