PSS E Wind and Solar Models

®
PSS E Wind and Solar Models

UWIG/EnerNex/DOE Workshop
NYISO, Rensselaer, NY
July 5-6, 2011
Yuriy Kazachkov
Siemens PTI
© 2011 Siemens Energy Inc. All rights reserved

PSS®E Wind Models

Current View of PTI Web Site
 http://www.pti-us.com/pti/software/psse/userarea/
wind_farm_model_request_download_submit.cfm
Self-extracting files for most widely
used vendor specific models are
available for all PSS®E releases
from 29 to 32. Models of Acciona,
Enercon, GE wind turbines, and the
WT3 and WT4 user written generic
model can be directly downloaded,
others will be provided upon
manufacturer’s authorization.
All communications related to
© 2011 Siemens Energy, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International (Siemens PTI)
downloading the PSS®E wind
models have to go via the PSS®E
support.
Your request to download PSS®E Wind

Farm models has been submitted. You
will receive an email from PSS®E
Support with further instructions.
June 2011
Siemens Energy, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International 3
Siemens – PTI PSS®E Models
 Lately, we also developed PSS®E dynamic simulation models

for:
 AMSC WindTec 1.5 MW 50Hz & 1.65 MW 60Hz
 Wind to Energy W93 and T93
 Northern Power NPS2.2-93
 Several Chinese manufacturers: Sinovel, Mingyang, Sany, United Power,
Sewind.
June 2011
Other Non-PTI PSS®E Models
 Siemens PTI is aware of several other PSS®E wind modeling

packages NOT developed and therefore NOT supported by
Siemens PTI, such as:
 Vestas V52 850kW, V66 1.75MW, V80 2MW, V90 3MW, V90 1.8MW
 DeWind D6 1.25MW and D8 2MW
 Gamesa G5X 850kW and G8X 2MW
 Clipper
 Suzlon
 Some manufacturers recognize the importance of their
models being supported by PTI and approached us with
the request to review, modify, release and support their
models. Acciona is a good example.
June 2011
The latest wind turbine model
infrastructure in PSS®E
 The user is responsible for aggregating the actual wind turbines

into equivalent machines. For N lumped machines, the output of
the equivalent machine cannot exceed N times the rated output
of the individual units.
 The power factor correction shunt capacitors must be added (if

available) and connected to the terminals of the equivalent
machine by the user.
 For example, for the original Vestas V80 machine, the total compensation
available is 12 capacitors of 72 kVAr each. After compensation, the
reactive power flow from the terminal bus to the system should be in the
range of +40/-40 kVAr per machine.
June 2011
The latest wind turbine model
infrastructure in PSS®E
 The user prepares a dynamic input data file by

following the example files included in the modeling
package documentation.
 All vendor specific models are provided in the format
of user’s written (defined) models.
 The dynamic simulation models implemented by
Siemens PTI are self-initializing, as with all other
PSS®E simulation models.
June 2011
Wind Models Simulation Infrastructure
in PSS®E
June 2011
© 2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved.
Application Features of PSS®E Software
Packages
 In rev 31+, the new category of machine, namely wind machine, is

introduced, along with new wind related common variables. This makes
simulation more convenient and efficient.
 In the near future, a new name, like “Renewables”, might be needed to
have solar and other inverter based generation fit in this category.
 All four generic models using a wind machine category, namely WT1,
WT2, WT3, and WT4, are standard starting from rev 31.1.
 These generic models will not be available for rev. 29 and 30 – please
upgrade to 32!
 The old user written WT3 generic model using the conventional
machine in LF is available for rev 29+. Please note: this model is
different from the standard generic WT3 model.
 Probably, at some point in foreseeable future we will “close” the option
of treating the wind machine as a conventional machine.
June 2011
The latest wind turbine model infrastructure in
PSS®E – a reminder
 Wind machines are specified on the existing generator record of the Power Flow Raw Data File.
Bus Bus Pgen Pmax Pmin Qgen Qmax Qmin Mbase XSource Wind machine Control Wind
# Name Id Code Status (MW) (MW) (MW) (Mvar) (Mvar) (Mvar) (MVA) (pu) Mode machine PF
1 INFINITE 1 3 1 -49.618 9999 -9999 -0.993 9999 -9999 100 0.2 Not a wind machine 1
5 WT 1 2 1 50.25 105 0 -4.317 34.3 -51.1 111.69 0.8 Standard QT, QB limits 1
 The following additional data items, appended to the end of the record, are specified for wind machines:
• 0 if this is not a wind machine (this is the default value).
• 1 if this is a wind machine which participates in voltage control,
with the values of QT and QB on the data record specifying the
machine’s reactive power limits.
• 2 if this is a wind machine which participates in voltage
control, with the specified power factor (see below) and
the machine’s active power setting (PG on the data record)
used to set the machine’s reactive power limits.
• 3 if this is a wind machine which operates at a fixed power,
with the machine’s reactive power output and reactive power
upper and lower limits all equal, and set based on the specified
power factor (see below) and the machine’s active power setting
(PG on the data record).
 Power factor:
• ignored if the wind control mode is 0
• is used in setting the machine’s reactive power limits when the wind control mode is 2 or 3
• negative value may be specified when the wind control mode is 3, and is interpreted as a leading power factor (i.e., the wind
machine produces active power and absorbs reactive power).
June 2011
The latest wind turbine model infrastructure in
PSS®E – a reminder
 Any wind model may include one or several of the following wind modules:
IC index Wind module type
101 Generator
102 Electrical control
103 Mechanical control
104 Pitch control
105 Aerodynamics
106 Wind Gust/Ramp
107 Auxiliary control
 New variables of two categories have been added to support the wind
models in PSS®E:
 Variables accessible for users, e.g., model outputs
 Variables not accessible for users: primarily for model developers.
June 2011
The Latest Wind Turbine Model Infrastructure
in PSS®E – (continued)
 To add the wind dynamic module as a user written model,

the statement in the dynamic data file should
be added as follows:
IBUS ‘USRMDL’ ID ‘ModelName’ IC IT NI NC NS NV

parameters/
IT = 1 for IC = 101
IT = 0 for IC = 102 to 107
June 2011
Simulating Manufacturer Specific
PSS®E Wind Models using Python
Module – pssewindpy
The idea is to allow for a quick and automatic

model setup process for manufacturer specific
wind generation models in order to help users
in their familiarization with these models
June 2011
Module pssewindpy
 Provides Python functions to simulate PSS®E manufacturer specific

wind models:
• Acciona AW15/AW30,
• Fuhrlaender FL2500,
• GE 1.5/2.5/3.6 MW,
• Mitsubishi MWT 92/95/100,
• Mitsubishi MPS1000A,
• Vestas V47/V80/V82/NM72,
• Generic WT3.
 Provides demo Python functions to simulate these models.
 Provides example Python scripts which can be edited/modified to

select/specify desired wind model:
• To add a WTG to any PSS®E load flow case
• To create WTG model dyre records (.dyr file created).
June 2011
Demo Simulation
 5 bus demo test work
 Demo run python scripts:

• Add selected WTG, its GSU and other components if required (like fixed shunt, switched
shunt etc.)
• Update the base case and base snapshot
• Simulate WTG response to bus fault or complex wind input (if applicable)
99971 99972
99973 99974 99975
BUSWTG COLLECTORBUS
LVBUS HVBUS SWINGBUS
WTG G
34.5 kV 34.5 kV 138 kV 138 kV
added by pssewindpy functions
June 2011
GE 1.5 MW WTG Demo Simulation
 Python Script to set up GE 1.5 MW demo:
 import pssewindpy
 psseversion = 32 # PSS(R)E Version
 wtg_mdl = 'ge15'
 wtg_units = 67 # Number of WTG Units
 pct_dispatch = 100.0
# % dispatch, e.g. 100.0 for 100%
 wtg_mass = 1 # Shaft Model, =1 for Single, =2
for Double mass
 freq = 60 # Network base freq in Hz
 pssewindpy.wtg_init(psse version)
 cnvsavfile, snpfile = pssewindpy.wtg_demo_ge(wtg_mdl,
wtg_units, pct_dispatch, wtg_mass, freq)
 Python Script to run Simulation:
 outfile1 =
pssewindpy.wtg_demo_run_collect_bus_flt(cnvsavfile,
snpfile)
 outfile2 =
pssewindpy.wtg_demo_simulate_complex_wind(cnvsavfile,
June 2011
snpfile)
Adding WTG model to PSS®E Case
 Python function to add any manufacturer specific WTG

model to any PSS®E Case
 chngpyfile, dyrfile = wtg_create_chng_dyr_files(wtg_mdl,
bus_collect, bus_wtg, wtg_units, pct_dispatch=100,aw_extqctrl=True,
aw_cnvrmvar=True, # AW1530
gewt_mass=1, # GE 1.5/3.6/2.5 MW
ge15_old=False, # GE 1.5
mwt_crowbar=0, mwt_ndh=0, # mwt92/mwt95
v8047_shaft=1, # v80/v47 (enable/disable shaft model)
v82nm72_qctrl='pf', v82nm72_svctype='local', # V82/NM72
v82nm72_bus_wtg2=None,
v82nm72_gridsvc_kvar=None, v82nm72_svc_bus=None# V82/NM72 grid SVC
v82nm72_svc_wtgside_bus=None, v82nm72_svc_gridside_bus=None,
v82nm72_pf=0.95, # V82/NM72 when qctrl=pf
v82nm72_kvar=0.0, # V82/NM72 when qctrl=var
wt3_data={}, wt3_mass=1) # generic WT3
June 2011
Adding WTG model to PSS®E Case (continued)
 Python function to create converted case and

snapshot
-From base snapshot:
 cnvsavfile, snpfile =
pssewindpy.wtg_create_cnvsav_snp_files(chngpyfile,
dyrfile, basesnpfile=bassnpfile, convertpyfile=None )
-From base DYR file:
 cnvsavfile, snpfile =
pssewindpy.wtg_create_cnvsav_snp_files(chngpyfile,
dyrfile, basedyrfile=basdyrfile, convertpyfile=None )
June 2011
Adding WTG model to PSS®E Case (continued)
 Python function to add Voltage or Frequency

protection model
 pssewindpy.add_protection_relay(dyrfile, relaymdl,
bus_mon, bus_gen, gen_id, threshold, t_pickup,
t_breaker=0.08)
 For Voltage protection, model names are: 'vtgdca', 'vtgtpa'
 For Frequency protection, model names are: 'frqdca', 'frqtpa‘
• 'vtgdca' -> Under Voltage / Over Voltage Bus Disconnection Relay
• 'vtgtpa' -> Under Voltage / Over Voltage Generator Disconnection Relay
• 'frqdca' -> Under Frequency / Over Frequency Bus Disconnection Relay
• 'frqtpa' -> Under Frequency / Over Frequency Generator Disconnection Relay
 bus_mon = Bus number where voltage or frequency is monitored

 bus_gen = Bus number of generator bus where relay is located
 gen_id = Generator ID
 threshold= Voltage (pu) or Frequency (Hz) threshold (upper or lower threshold)
 t_pickup = Relay pickup time (sec)
 t_breaker= Breaker contact parting time (sec), default = 0.08 sec.
June 2011
Generic Wind Generation Models in
PSS®E
June 2011
Generic Wind Model WT1
 The model structure:
WT1G model is a modification
of the standard induction
machine model
June 2011
Type 2 Wind Turbine
Siemens Energy, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International

22
June 2011
 The first generic model developed was of Type 3.
 The model includes 4 modules responsible for:
 WT3G1, WT3G2 , doubly-fed induction generator which is mostly an algebraic model to calculate the
current injection to the grid based on commands from controls, with or without the PLL control.
 WT3E1, electrical control including the torque control and a voltage control.
 WT3T1, the turbine model including a two-mass shaft mechanical system and a simplified method of
aerodynamic conversion, namely ΔP=Kaero*θ*Δθ where P is mechanical power, θ is a pitch angle;
this method was validated against results obtained when using the Cp matrix;
June 2011
 WT3P1, the pitch control.

 The machine is decoupled from the grid by a power converter: no angular

stability problem, the power conversion is controlled by converters on the
machine and grid sides; the latter is also capable to control voltage, MVAr flow,
or power factor.
June 2011
Siemens Wind Turbine Generic Model
 The WT4 generic model includes the special entry for Siemens 2.3
MW wind turine. It was carefully parameterized jointly by Siemens
PTI and Siemens Wind Power. We are planning to separate the
Siemens wind turbine model as a separate standard model.
 Per SWP’s request we have converted the WT4 generic model to
earlier PSSE releases as a user written model.
 This is the example of “parameterization” of the WT4 generic model
to match the response of the vendor specific model of the Siemens
2.3 MW wind turbine.
Oscillations in Pel from the vendor

specific model cannot be
replicated by the WT4 model
because it does not take the
machine dynamics into account
June 2011
Generic wind models as a basis for manufacturer
specific models
 Some manufacturers approached us with the request to

• Try to parameterize the generic model in order to match their
benchmark - Availability of the benchmark is a must!
• If testing with the adjusted parameters shows a significant mismatch
add new features to the generic model and make a new vendor specific
model
 Example: for the Fuhrlaender 2.5 MW wind turbine model the active power up-
ramping was added to the WT3
June 2011
PSS®E 33.0 – Dynamics Engine
Enhancements
June 2011
PSS®E 33
Elimination of Need for CONEC & CONET
 Implication to PSS®E users:
 No Requirement for generating model calls in CONEC and CONET

subroutines
 Models currently being called in CONEC/CONET will be called

internally within PSS®E
June 2011
PSS®E 33

29
June 2011
PSS®E 33
 Benefits to users:
 No need to compile conec.flx & conet.flx

 Problems involved with “Cut and Paste” when doing DYRE,ADD of
CONEC/CONET called models are gone
 Model edits become greatly simplified – edits done via
spreadsheet
 Only use PSS®E supplied models? No need for doing compile and
link
 Users that don’t write models don’t need to compile and link
 Wind manufacturers can supply dll’s instead of supplying “obj”
and “lib” files
June 2011
PSS®E 33
New Dynamic Models
Models have been Old Model Name New Model Name

converted from the old DCTC1 DCTC1T
LOEXR1 LOEXR1T
CONEC-CONET form into a
VTGDCA / VTGTPA VTGDCAT /
new table-driven form.
FRQDCA / FRQTPA VTGTPAT
FRQDCAT /
SWCAP SWCAPT
FRQTPAT
SAT2 SAT2T
OLTC1 /OLPS1 OLTC1T / OLPS1T
OLTC3 / OLPS3 OLTC3T / OLPS3T
CRANI CRANIT
RUNBK RUNBKT
CHIGAT CHIGATT
CEELRI CEELRIT
CMDWAS CMDWAST
CMDWS2 CMDWS2T
CMFORD CMFORDT
June 2011
PSS®E 33
Can PSS®E users still use the CONEC and CONET subroutines?
Answer is …
YES
June 2011
“Hot” issues
June 2011
Ficticious Frequency Spikes
 Prevent abrupt change in bus voltage angle during and after the fault to
prevent fictitious frequency spikes.
 Problem is very acute in weak systems.
 Causes false frequency relay trips.
 Temporary Solution:
Disabling Frequency Relay.
 Mid-Term Solution:
External Intelligent Frequency Relay
with smoothen frequency measurement.
June 2011
Network Non Convergence
 Prevent network non-convergence during 3-phase faults
• Terminal bus voltage angle is uncertain because the reference frame is lost:
no machine flux dynamics for WT3 or PLL for WT4
• Many planners use PSSE setups that include the so called “Shut down” model:
it calculates a number of “Network not converged” (NNC) events and stops
June 2011
the simulation if it exceeds the given threshold, e.g. 6 NNCs.
Network Non Convergence
 The existing model for GE WTs of 1.5 MW , 1.6, 3.6 MW (Type 3) and
2.5 MW (Type 4): two NNCs were observed when testing the 1.5 MW
and 2.5 MW WTs, with 3-phase bolted fault applied to the POI bus 2 –
one at the fault inception, another at the instant of fault clearing
 The upcoming model for GE WTs of 1.5 MW, 1.6 MW (Type 3) and 2.5
MW, 2.75 MW, 4.0 MW (Type 4) – no NNCs with SCR as low as 3.
Note: we can run these tests if time allows. s1
June 2011
Slide 36
s1 stykayu1, 6/30/2011
Frequency Events
June 2011
Modeling frequency events
 Can generic models be used and trusted for simulating

frequency events: loss of generation or loads?
 This question first should be addressed to vendor specific
models that provide a benchmark for generic models
 Collecting information from field tests or tests using the
detailed equipment level models (PSCAD/EMTDC,
MatLab/Simulink) is of urgent importance
 Below are some examples illustrating some concerns. The
main question is: does the wind turbine respond to
frequency events, as provided by vendor specific or
generic models, seem realistic?
June 2011
Test System
• Bus 15 – wind turbine

100 MW unit
• 100
MW
Load • Bus 19 – Hydro 1000
MW unit
• 1000
MW
load
• Bus 19 – GT 100 MW
unit
June 2011
No governors: drop the WT unit
• Under-frequency event: only conventional units
• Accelerating power (PMECH-PELEC) is negative
• Loads are intact. To compensate for the lost generation, outputs of on-line
machines increase at the expense of the rotor kinetic energy: inertial response!
• New reduced frequency is such that there is a balance between generation, loads,
and losses
• For on-line units, rotor speed and system frequency are the same
June 2011
 Under sudden low frequency conditions, when load
demand exceeds the generation, increase of the machine
active power output by means of converting the rotor
kinetic energy into the electrical energy is a sound
response.
 For a conventional generation unit, the under-speed
protection may shut it down.
June 2011
Hydro Governor Impact: drop the WT unit
• Accelerating power (PMECH-PELEC) restores to ~0

• New steady state frequency depends on the governor droop
June 2011
The GEWT (DFIG) vendor specific model: drop the GT
unit, no Hydro governor
Great difference between the WT rotor

speed and the system frequency.
Note: the initial WT rotor speed is
about 1.2 pu (72 Hz). For conventional
machines, rotor speed follows the
frequency. For DFIG it stays constant.
After the GT was dropped off, all the
lost power was picked up by a Hydro.
WT’s power does not change.
June 2011
The GEWT (DFIG) vendor specific model: drop the GT
unit, no Hydro governor; WindInertia enabled
WindInertia increased WTG

Pelec by 4% at the expense of
the rotor deceleration –
very different physics.
June 2011
MPS-1000 versus WT1; drop GT unit; hydro governor
• Similar response
• Trustworthy: the full order machine model for both models
• WT rotor speed and the system frequency have a similar pattern
June 2011
V80 60 Hz (VRCC) versus WT2; drop GT unit; hydro
governor
• Similar response
• Trustworthy: the full order machine model for both models
• WT rotor speed and the system frequency have different patterns
June 2011
Replace vendor specific GEWT (DFIG) model by
generic WT3 model; drop GT unit; no hydro
governor
Full Load
Partial load
WT3 and GEWT provide
identical response
June 2011
 For under-frequency events, the system response shown
by generic models is very close to one shown by vendor
specific models.
 For under-frequency events, the system response shown
by both models seems realistic
 Results from the field and from full order models are
badly needed to verify the stability model performance
June 2011
®
Generic Solar Photovoltaic Model in PSS E

PSS/E Implementation
Rest of
Irradiance Model PV Panel Model Converter Model System
Irradence Model
1.2
1
Voltage
0.8
WT4
Irradence
0.6
Converter/ PSS/E
0.4
Irrad (I)
0.2
0
Pdc (I) el. control IR,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tim e IQ
IrradU1 PANELU1 PVGU1, PVEU1
June 2011
Irradiance Model
 Standard Model that allows

user to vary the amount of Irradence Model
solar irradiance. 1.2
 User enters up to ~10 data 1
points (time(s), 0.8
irradiance(W/m2)) as cons
Irradence
0.6
 Initializes based on steady 0.4
state P/Pmax 0.2
 For each time step, outputs 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
linearized irradiance level Tim e
June 2011
PV Panel Model
 Standard Model for a PV

panel’s I-V curves
 PV panel’s output varies
with Irradiance,
temperature, terminal
voltage (set by MPPT)
 User enters maximum Pdc
(per unitized) for different
irradiance levels as cons
 For each time step, reads
irradiance level, outputs
linearized power order
June 2011
Converter Model – use slightly modified WT4
full converter model
 Largely ignores dynamics from DC side.
 Different reactive control modes: Voltage control, PF
control, Q control
 For each time step, outputs linearized irradiance level
June 2011
PSS®E GE Solar PV Vendor Specific Model

Converter Model

55
June 2011
Electrical Control - 1

56
June 2011
Electrical Control - 2

57
June 2011

PSS E Wind and Solar Models

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®

PSS E Wind and Solar Models

© 2011 Siemens Energy Inc. All rights reserved

© 2011 Siemens Energy Inc. All rights reserved

Your request to download PSS®E Wind

 Lately, we also developed PSS®E dynamic simulation models

 Siemens PTI is aware of several other PSS®E wind modeling

 The user is responsible for aggregating the actual wind turbines

 The power factor correction shunt capacitors must be added (if

 The user prepares a dynamic input data file by

 In rev 31+, the new category of machine, namely wind machine, is

 To add the wind dynamic module as a user written model,

IBUS ‘USRMDL’ ID ‘ModelName’ IC IT NI NC NS NV

The idea is to allow for a quick and automatic

 Provides Python functions to simulate PSS®E manufacturer specific

 Provides example Python scripts which can be edited/modified to

 5 bus demo test work

 Demo run python scripts:

34.5 kV 34.5 kV 138 kV 138 kV

 Python function to add any manufacturer specific WTG

 Python function to create converted case and

 Python function to add Voltage or Frequency

 bus_mon = Bus number where voltage or frequency is monitored

 The model structure:

Siemens Energy, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International

 The first generic model developed was of Type 3.

 The machine is decoupled from the grid by a power converter: no angular

Oscillations in Pel from the vendor

 Some manufacturers approached us with the request to

 Implication to PSS®E users:

 No Requirement for generating model calls in CONEC and CONET

 Models currently being called in CONEC/CONET will be called

Siemens Energy, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International

 No need to compile conec.flx & conet.flx

Models have been Old Model Name New Model Name

 Problem is very acute in weak systems.

 Causes false frequency relay trips.

 Prevent network non-convergence during 3-phase faults

 Can generic models be used and trusted for simulating

• Bus 15 – wind turbine

• Accelerating power (PMECH-PELEC) restores to ~0

Great difference between the WT rotor

WindInertia increased WTG

© 2011 Siemens Energy Inc. All rights reserved

IrradU1 PANELU1 PVGU1, PVEU1

 Standard Model that allows

solar irradiance. 1.2

 User enters up to ~10 data 1

points (time(s), 0.8

 Initializes based on steady 0.4

state P/Pmax 0.2

linearized irradiance level Tim e

 Standard Model for a PV

© 2011 Siemens Energy Inc. All rights reserved

Siemens Energy, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International

Siemens Energy, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International

Siemens Energy, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International

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