~-

2}haptor-13,
- _. · 1 rtAMICS
THERMOD~' ~,,--AT-~-== -
( FORMULAE ) T
c) Rilio of specific beats
• Joule's Law, wori< W cx Q or IV = JQ where Q
1 = Cp l Cv:c,, = ...!!_,Cp = yR
a heat, J= mechanical of heat equivalent y- 1 y- 1
Work
J = - - = 4.l8J / Cal. :E_ I R Pl' p
1/eot c, • M • i\l(y - 1) ., M(y- t)T= pT(1 - 1)Jl q - K I
• Wbcn potential energy is convct'led Into heat p
a) When work is used lo rise the temperature
or c~= j pT(y - l/ ·' o//kg.K
mgh = mctl.r or a, = sh v
C
Work done in expanding a gas against constant
b) When work is used to melt the body !• pres5ure (P) is W - p dV.
Mgh Mghm L or mass of substance melt ed L
Wotk done during Ideal expansion
m=-- •
L o) W=P(J/2 - V1) or W= nR(T2 - 7j )
• When kinetic energy is convened Into heut n • number of moles of gas; R = universal
a) When KE is used to rise the tempenllure of gas constant.
the body
1 2 • Relation between Cp and C' is Cp- C' = R.
- mv2 =mc6.t =} 6.t =
2 2c • lsothennal relation between P, V & T is PV= Irr
b) When K.E. is used to melt the body or PV = nRT.
-l Mvi =ml • Adiabatic relation between P, V & T are
2 Mv2
Mass of substance melted m = -2L I) PV y=constant 2) TV Y- l =constant

From I st law of thennodynamics, 3) pl-y TY = constant

• dQ = dU + dW • Work done in Isothermal process
flQ .
Heat capacity of a body= -;;; = mc(1.e, mass x
• a)W=RTI~(~) b) W=2.303 RTlog10 (~)
specific heat)
Sepcific heat S or • Work done in adiabatic process,
•
C = flQ = Heat energy supplied l
a) W=-(Pifi-P2 V2 )per mole (OR)
milt mass x temperature difference y-1
From method of mixtures, Heat lost by hot body v nR
• = Heat gained by cold body :L
b) W =-(Ti
y-1
-T2 ); n = number of moles.

When two spheres of radii 1j : r2 and ratio of • Efficiency of heat engine,

• specific heats S1 : S2 and densities P1 : P2 then
their thermal capacities ratio 11 == 1- Qz or 11 = 1- Tz
QI J;

:;:: =(:~n:~JUJ t:J.Q

•
T = Temperature of source, T2 = Temp,erature
1
of sink; ·
Heat energy supplied to heat a body within the
a) Specific heat of a gas, CP == milt same state is Q = mcM .
•
. t:J.Q Heat energy supplied during cha~ge of state is
b) Molar specific beat, CP ==~ • Q=mL.
(n = Number of moles)
I'\ Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL '1 AKASH SUCCESS SERIES l
r ~•t •ooTH~ij1ci)
lJ
.,.., TtffiR -
~ ~~----- I , n,rV or u
I HEERY ~HORT ANSWER QUESTIONS}.•.
,1, l)cOnc 1 hcrm•I equlllbrlum. ltuw d.on II lu d
'
•.
l or • ,otld, • h• I h th l' 101•
oi< illtl Of r
lhc ttncm.tl tf\lCf~ n II
( I! tt•~oclU
1ci.1 Wtlh
( vihrtlltnf(
10 Zl•roth law ot Thermod rn,mlct? A. kmcoc cncrt.) 11nd pc1c111tol encrat o
, (March-20 10,20 11, M• r-2012) o•lf lntt~• Solid
JIOITI' ehoul th< tl e11ullihrt11tfl p 0r
~· 1 hcrm•I equilibrium : ll Tottil enctiY
1':0 syStems ore 8uid W be in 1hc1111ol equlrbnum j~ M\-iO@6 cltjlrte~ 1 ,r lrte !)titJK r ., NA. 31<r'
,
with each other. if they ore ot Aomc 1c,111,e1a•
an o,c1llator .. (I ,, l Kr1 r NA fl
1ure.
Zeroth law ol' The,·modyn,uttkw: (K11' N ... 10 t v11 rlf1tlon of
If 1~'0 syslems arc in 1hc1111t1 I 01.1ulHhri u111 whit '"dlc•lll the 11n11h JhOWhl~ I ,e Whtilt
a 1hircl system scpcnllely then 1hcy 1t1U NI he 111 v 7, iptriOe ht1tl orwater wllh lefllPllr111ure,
1hcnrn1I equilibrium with each other. :
dot•s II sl1,1rtlff!
*2. Deline Calorie. What Is the rl.'!1111011 hetwe,•n y
caloric and mcchanlc11I cqulv1111.'111 of heiil'l
- 1.U08
~. Caloric i The quantily of he.tit required to mise
the temperature of I gm of wnter through 1°c A, 1.004
al a pressure of Iaim, is called calorie. ::t 1.000 -- - -- ,
According to joules law ·o
:,
g, : X
W= JH f/l 0.996 _...,,,.g""
'
mechanical work 4.2Joule n~
==>---- - = J= -
Heat energy calorie Tempera1ure (°C)
Where J is called mechanical equivalent of heat.
It specifies the unit temperature interval as
3.
t What thermodynamic variables can be defined 14 .S°C to I s .s°C for a precise definition of
by a) Zeroth Law b) First Law ?
calorie.
A. a) Temperatu~ 8. Define state variables and equation of state.
b) Internal energy, A. State variables : Every equillibrium state of
* 4. Define specific heat capacity of the substance. thermodynamic system is completely described
On what factors does it depend ? by specific values of some macroscopic
(March-2009,May-2009) variables (P,V,T & mass) are called state
A. It is the amount of heat required to raise the 0 varia~les.
temperature of unit mass,of substance throught I c. Equation of state : The connection between the
S= .!- dQ 1 v
state variables is called equation of state. For
m dT ; an ideal gas PY = nRT
It depends on the 9. Why a heat engine with 100% efficiency can
i) nature of the substance never be realised in practise ?
ii) scale of temperature A. The efficiency of a~ ideal heat engine (~arnot
*5. Define molar specific heat capacity. . ) . . TL
A. Molar specific heat capacity : The amount of engme 1s given by TJ = 1- --,
TH
heat required by one mole of substance to raise
For 100% efficiency, TJ =I so that TL = 0 k, i.e
its temperature by one degree is catted molar
if the sink is at absolute zero, which cannot be
specific heat capacity.
attained. Therefore, 11 cannot be equal to one.
C·== where 'n' is the number of moles of
So, 100% efficiency can never be realised in
nD.T
gas practise
1 1
SI unit : J mole- k-
Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL
AKAS!"I succESS SERIES
 l}BERMODYNAMIC9 ~~*- -
10. In 8ummcr, when th e n lvr of II hlcyde tube 11 • i 4. A fttrrmos Ouk cont11lnln11 11 liquid b shakPn
openrd, the esca plnl( 11lr 11ppun cold. Wh ) '! \'l1torou~I~, what h11p~ns to lb t,m!lfri turp•
A. The pressure of oir inAhk the tube i~ c;uffic,entlv A. ll ca t i ~ not odded to the liquid c~t ernoll ·
greater thon atmospheric prc~~u, c. When the (dQ 0) but work is done on the liquid. Smc,~;
volve of o bicycle tube is llflcnoJ. the nir expM1d~ ,~ v,gnrou~ly ~hnkcn the internal energy or the
under adiabotic proceAs (dQ .. 0). It doc, ~omc li<Juid increo~c,. ~o the tcmpcmturc of the syJ.
work ugoin Rt surroundin g nnd ~u it8 int cmol tcm incrcn ~cs
energ y dcc rcn seA. ThlA cau ses a fo ll in d() dU I dW
tempemtu rc. Hence escnping air from II bicycle O - dU I dW
tube appears cold. 1 dU - rlW
V

Why docs the brake drum or an 11ulomobllr : 15. A suund waVl' b sent Into 11 1(11s pipe. Dllfs Its
get hcal·ed up while moving down 111 constant lntcrnul rneritY change ?
speed ·r A. ·111c rropog111lon of ~ou11d wuvc through a pipe
A. Since the speed is constant there is nu ~hungo l~ n quick procc~s. It is nn ndiabalic change and
of kinetic energy. The loss in ~rn vitnti onnl the tcmpcruturc changes, changing lhc internal
..._)
potential energy is 1>artin lly1he goh1 in the hcnt energy .
energy of the brakedrum of 1111 automobile. So * J6. ltow much will be the internal energy change In
/' it gets heated.
..., i) isothermal process ii) adiabatic process
* 12. Can a room be cooled by leaving the door of A. i) There is no change in the internal energy of
an electric refrigerator open ? an ideal gas in an isothermal process.
A. No, the room cannot cooled by opening the i.c 6U=0
f\ door of refrigetor, Refrigerator absorbs heat ii) During adiabatic expansion temp falls, in-
from cold reservoir and rejects more heat to the ternal energy decreases. During Adiabatic
surroundings. Hence it cannot be cooled the compression temp raises, internal energy in-
room . creases.
13. Which of the two will increase the pressure 17. The coolant in a chemical or a nuclear plant
more, an aEiabat~ or an isot~erm~I process, should have high specific heat. Why ?
in reducing the volume to 50 % ? A. Because 11h)re heat developed in nuclear plant,
A. In isothermal process PI V 1 = P2V 2 thi s heal can abso(\Jed by coolants like heavy
water.
V

: * 18 . Explain the following processes .

L i) lsochoric process ii) lsobaric process
A. lsocboric process: A process that tak~s place
at constant volume of the system is called
In adiabatic process P1v? = P2 Y/
Isochoric process. ·
Ex: heat is added to the gas enclosed in a cylin-
der having rigid walls and a fixed piston.
Isobar!c process : A process that takes ,place at
constant pressure of the system is called Iso-
baric process.
Pressure is more in adiabatic process than in Ex:- Heating of water at atmospheric pres-
isothermal process, since y > I . sure.

~ ~ - - - - - - - ~ - Jr.lPESTUDYMATERIAL ~ AKASH SUCCESS SE~

 . ,. 1-?'lCl11 L L-
I<•D ·::1~·-

]
@YSIC·S~~ ;~~;;;;;;;=======------------~
".:.ti SHORT A.NS
A.MICS I
I requi red to rise
St t d
J{~ WER QUESTIONS
-
If • ,, Q' is Lhe quontity of hen
f an• ot co nstnnt
1 •I . a e an ex plain On t law of thennodynamki the tcmpcr.11ure of •m' mos.• o " - 6 Q
,-.f Statement
. ; Tlr<'ammmr <7f '1 ea 1 R11-en /n 'a q m:m ,olume Lhmu@h •6 -l'••h. en :. c, =,,, {)
-I / - Q
,s equa
d 1 l o the .n,m 0,r 111 ' " " a fe 1n ,m,
. mal rnl'11{I' 1/ 1
<1 11 e.:·tema/ workdrme hy r/11, \I lll'm <.:,(;.S unit : Cal I! l \ .,,/
~f dQ tRthe _qunn lily of heat supphc-d to " sy!ilcm. SI unit : J kg , K ' . . ired to~se
'. po.rt of 11 18 ll 8 Cd tn inc1·c1111c its internal energy ,1 C ,~ th e ornount o f heo t requ h
dU and the res1 i . . P f 111 s~ of o go~ thro ng
• H uscc1 111 dning cxtcm al vvOfk the tempcroture n lll rnn - I" d
dW. 1 hen I •c ot cons tnn t prcs ~urc . Sn t, cn l s upp ie I
dQ - d\J I dW i~ utill,cd to inc rcose the int e rnnl e ne rgy unc
Sign con\'cntlon : ; tn dn the elt lernn l wo rk. 10 . . the
dW is -1 vc if the 'k . d ii) l' the um ounl of htm l required nu sc
wo1 IN one by the system ,c;npcrn turo Cl l' un it mnss o f n gns thr_o ug_h
dW is vc 1' f 1I ic work IH dune on the Rystem 10c 01 co nstnnt vo lume. So heu t sup plied 1s
dQ is " vc when heat iN NUppl ied to the 8)'~1cm , tr ut ill~od onl y to lnc ron~o tho inte rna l e ne rgy.
I
:. l',, . c,
dQ is vc whe n hcu t iN 111 kc11 o ut f 111111 th ll
;l . Uorlve Ii rel11tlon between the two specific heat
syste m
cui>1u:ltle# of 1(118 on the basis of first law of
Limitations : thermodynamic~. (May-05,06,09, ,June-I I)
i) It d ocs not cx plnin nbou1 1hc ~ lio~ J
hent 11o w.
A. Derivation of c., - C v • R :

ii) It does not ex pluin us about the effieien 0-

I t with which heat can be converted 11110 work .
Note : First law of thermodynamics is the /~ !
. / consequence of law of conservation of energJ
\
*2. Define two principle specific heats of a gas.
Consider one mole of ideal gas contained in a
Which is greater and why ? cylinder provided with a frictionles s piston. Let
A. At con s tant pres s ure , tir e quantify of h eat
'A' be the area of the piston and 'P' , ' V' and 'T'
necessary to increase 1/re temperature of 1111il
be pressure, volume and temperature of the gas,
mass of a gas throug h on e d egree is called
respectively. When the gas is heated at constant
specific /real of tire gas al constant pressure .
volume , so that its temperature increases
If' i'.'1Q' is the quantity of heat required lo rise
through 'dT', we know that the heat supplied at
the temperature of "m" mass of gas through •i'.'1t' vE
constant volume is utilised to increase the
at constant pressure . ,,,, M
L
internal energy of the gas.

[cp= :~J :. Heat supplied at constant volume J

(dQ). =dU = l x C, xdT=C~dT ~ --- {\_;.-
CGS unit : Cal / g °C · dU = C V dT
• •
. _. 1)
. .... .... (

1 1
SI unit : J kg- K- Let the gas be heated at constant pressure for
,At Co11sta11t volume, tire qua11tity of !,eat the same increase in its temperature dT. Let
11 eces~·ary to i11crease tl,e temperature of u11it this heat be (dQ\. It is utilised to increase in the
mass of a gas tJ,rougl, 011e degree is called internal energy(dU) and to. do external work
the specific !,eat of tl,e gas at co11sta11t volume. (dW)to move the pis · t on agam~t
· constant
It is de11oted by c,, pressure P.

' '[ A-KA,SH SUCCESS SERIES

-
H~ Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL
'.G
[!@RMODYNAMICS )tJ4*. -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - ~
:. (dQ)" = l,,.C,, x dT = C,,dr ........(2) ti.DJL Acconling to Boyle's lnw PV .,, constant

1:rom the fi 11t lrtw of thcm10dy1111mics, we can r,v, P, vz !l

\'1
= .!j_
P1
wri te
(d()) , • dU dW :. W = 2J026RT logio ( ~)
1
.-. C11 df - dU 1 dW ....... (3)
the work done 111 move the f' lston th rough a 5. Obt•ln •n
upr,ulon ror the work done by
distance 'dx'is
j an ldul gas during adiabatic: thing, Ind
dW (Forcc)dx· PAdx• l)dV
Substituting dW and dU in cquotlon(3) A. Consider certain nrnount of gns of volume v at
I
8 pressure P1• The tcmporoture of the ga&isT
Cpdl' • CvdT t PdV ........ (4 ) :
l...ct the gns 011 p1111d 11di nboticully to the volum~
But accordi ng to ideal gas cqu uti ()n PV • RT,
V , Tho pressure 1111d temperature change 10 p
where R is th e uni vel'ti al gu s con11 t11111. 2 2
Differentinting PV • RT keeping ' I' ' constont , 1md T 2.
we have The workdone during a small change in volume
PdV RdT
C .. .. ... (5) at a pressure P, dW • Pdv
From equations (4) and (5 ) The total workdone during the change in volume
CrdT = C"dT + RdT or (Cr - C)dT = RdT from VI to V2 is given as

Jcp - Cv= RI
V

*4. Obtain an expression for the work done by an

W= f dW = fPdv
V1
ideal gas during isothermal change k
but pvY =const(k) ; p=
A. Let a certain mass of gas expands from volume 0
VI to V2 isothennally at constant temperature T.
Let the pressure change from' PI to P2• vr k vr [ -y+I ]Vz
:.w= J-=-<lv= J kv-Ydv =k _v_
The workdone during a small change in volume Vi Vy Vi -y + I V

at a pressure (P), I

dW = PdV - -
k [ Y2- y+I -VI- y+l]
y
-
The total workdone during the change of volume 1-y

\'t-:
p \
from V1 to V2 is given as
t : %1
W=f dW = f2PdV "1 V
dv v-
:
X
E
But from gas equation P = RT M
V L
y
RT v,
I
W = --dV
"1 V

()
W = RT loge -:,
;L
! :
= l~y[P2V2 -p1V1] .
: % . !
-+'-d=v'--v- ~--x
.....
but P1V1 = RT1 and P2Y2 = RT2
W = 2.3026 RT log 10 :~
( ) I
:.w=-[RT2 -RT].
for n· moles the workdone 1-y I '

R
W 2.3026 nRT log,. (~] w=-[T -T]
1-y 2 I

~~-- -----__;;%
~ Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL AKASH SUCCESS SERIES
llllllllr
pHYSICS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __,;(!r~ t4f~~~ootNAMICS
1
•6 Compare I . .... r1• .. bl"' P ,V1•. T 1 is
· prm11. 1otb ermal and •n ••l•b•fl•
r.. ,umpf<. fTi .,,11, ,r, ..,
v ....... "'
nt states .,;,h ,.,.,.,.,
. h
taken through dl ere such tblll ,n t e
.., f . p V l and so on 0 th e same
P 1· • 1· 1• r J' J • s ret urn •
/l, l1oth•rmal orocen Ad'·"'batlc proeHI fin •1 5tate the ,,ari able h ve undergone
1) Th v r Then the gns is said to o
. he process in 1) The proc ess f1 P
cyclic proc~-
,. ,. ,. 0 change In
wh1c pressure and wt,· h 1 , · there wi ll be n
volume variat· ic pressure and In a cychc proce~
ions volume 11 depends onlY on
takes place at , . the internal energy t,ecauso d not on the p11 th
constant vanat1onstakes ptace
t ,~. lnthermally isolated the atate of the syS tem on
em1.1erature svst followed.
2) In this proce ss e~
2) In this process no •' n,erefore dU • 0 1011 stores that
I
heat Is exc hanged heat is exchanged The first law of therrnodyno.rn
•l
between the system between the system dQ .. dU + dW ., dW
and surround'"os and surround1nas T1icreforo for II cyclic process dOth e tota I hea t
3) Temperature is Temperature 1'hol Is •In n eye li e process. Is the work done
constant chances abaorbed by the system ec1ua
4) This process is 4) This process 1s by the syMem'. .11 be a
performed in good performed In a bad The p - V gfaph for a cyclic process w1
cond uctina vessel conduct1na vessel
closed curve. . . . hich
5) du = 0 5) dQ =0 11) N on cyclic proceu : A process in V: ..
6) First law of 6) First law of the system (gas) does not retum to the in1tt~l
thermodynamics thermodynamics state. i.e., The final state of the system is
becomes dQ = dw becomes dw = -du different from the initial state is defined as
7) Total amount of 7) Total amount of
non cyclic process.
heat remains constant
heat changes
A(P1 ,V1)
8} PV = constan holds 8) PV v =constant, p
good holds good
9) Specific heat of a ~ B ( P ,,V2)
9) Specific heat of a
gas in th is process is Ex: '' ', V
gas in t his provess in
zero V1 V2
, in f in j tv
10) This process takes
l Oi Th is process takes The initial state A(P 1,V 1) of the gas is different
place quickly.
place slowl y. '
V
E
from the final state B(P 2, V2). Therefore the
M process is non-cyclic.
Explain the following process L/
7. 11
Write a short note on Quasi - static process
i) Cyclic process with exam'ple 8.
ii) N on cyclic process with example a) Quasi static process :
i) Cyclic Process :
A. A quasi static process can be defined as an

A.
'A process in which the system after passing _t~-;_;;;;;,n
-infinlJ.esimaijy slo_¾'_ p~ocess iif_-w~Ich
through various stages and returns to its initial remains in thermal and mechanical
state' is defined as a cyclic process. (thermodynamic)equilibrium with surroundings
at each and every intermediate stage.
p
A~ V2T2 , For exitmple, consider a system of a gas
~ P3V3T3
contained in a cylinder fitted with a movable
B1 C . piston.
V
Jr. lPE STUDY MATERb( L ~ ?.::-_ _ _ _ _ _ ___:~
AKASH SUCCESS SERIES
 ~ MOOYNAMICS )~+-- 1$=- ---'~r:.__-t
__~- --- ~~
11~- •o fq ~'"'"""I

I 1 I -. I \\'"' \ I: f7\)--;;-1·;~ I
i) If the piston Ill pu11hcd very rapidly, 1hc ga_s
hnn,cdit11cly behind 111c r,l ~ton ncqulrt11 1<,B and
l.s !JCt hrn, turbutf nt motion which ls 11n non
oqullih,fom Nlt1 te. In such n cosc the wol1<donc Efficiency :
on the .system is not QuoNi stoi1c and ls not The effi ciency ( T) ) of o hent engine Is defined
governed by the cquotiqn dW .. JldV. a.s the ratio of tho work done (W) by the engine
ii) If the piston is pu.shcd very slowl y the system : lo 1hc omount of heel absorbed (Q 1) from the
is at oil times In a equilibri um .stat e and then the sourco by tho engine.
process c1111 be considered as quusi-f!lotlc. In
this process the system passes through 11u111bcr Hffi t lcm:y( fl ) "' :!!_ = Q, - Q2 = 1- &
of stnt cs whi ch arc th ermud ynamku ll y in 01 Q, 01
equilibrium . ii ·r
"' ;f, ,or .,l'l = t -..!l.
9. .Explain qualltalivel.y the working of II heat engine. ,w ;~,.·__________
in. •- ~•• T1 __
A. Heat Engine : (March-2008)
,~ ,~ LONG ANSWER .QUESTION~
A device 11sed to co11 ven heat eJHXg)/ into work
is called heat engine. * 1. Explain reversible and irreversible processes.
It operates in a cyclic process. Describe the working of Carnot engine.
Principle : The principle of heat engine is that Obtain an expression for the efficiency.
~echanical energy can be· Qbtained.. from heat, (M4rch-2014)
only when heat is allowed . to flow from higher A. Reversible Process : A · process that can be
temperature to a lower temperature. retraced back in the opposite direction in such
The essential parts of heat engine ..
a way that the system passes through the same
i) Source : It is a hot reservoir or a body which
states as in the direct process and finally the
is at higher temperature I 1 and can extract any
system and the surroundings return to their
quantity of ~eat Q1 without any change in its
original states.
temperature. So, its thermal capacity is infinite.
ii) Sink : It is a cold reservoir or body at lower Examples :
tem'~ature _T2 which can take any amount of i) Fusion of ice and vaporisation of water
heat Q2 rejected by the working substance called as reversible process.
without any change in its temperature. So, its Irrevesible proe~ss ': In an irreversible process
thermal capacity is infinite. the system does not passes through the same
iii) Working substance : In steam engine the intermediate states· ii~ in the direct process. All
working substance is ste~m at high pressure. the spontaneous natural processes are irrevers-
In diesel engine the ,working subst~1,1ce is ible.
mixture of fuel and air. It absorbs certain amount Examples:
of heat from the source, converts a part of it i) Work done against friction
into work and rej ec_ts the remaining heat to the
ii) Joule heating (heat produced in a conduc-
sink.
tor by passing a C1!!fent through it) ''
The difference in heat absorbed(Q 1) and heat rejected
Carnot engine : A reversible heat engine beer-
(Q2) is equal to the work done by the system.
ating between two different temperatures is
:. work done by the system W == Q1 - Q called a Carnot engine.
2

~ 1 - -- - - -- - - - - - ' <~~ Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL ¾-, AKASH SUCCESS SERIE_fil
(!EYSICS ~+.-~--

t (P1 ,V1,T1 )

p ~(l'z
,V1,T1)
(d)
r
Cb)

0 (P,,v, ,Ti) (c) ""\

11·3, I• f
1)
r
._.. \ ,ot\ ,. ~::!~ - (7) i J

If. T1 and T· 2 lire lib11olute temperatures

,/' ' of
", "" (1\
source and sink, th en workdone ln camot cycle. Prom cq (3) and (n ( /
1
W c: area enclosed by cycle ABCO
log,(~). - RT, log,(f)y · •:.' _'
t'I ,, .,
The follow mg· · sequence of 8leps con11tltutlng
.,,,,. ..,4 ' '
W,• - RT,
one cy.cle called the Carnot cycle hu to be
l
operated
I

II la cqlill to hout rejected Q~ to sink '

1) Isothermal expansion :
. In isolhennal expansion from A to 13
1'0101 work dono W• Wi +Wi + WJ +W4 . ,r;/ f

W = R(T, -T,) logj;,) f¼

It is equal to heat absorbed Q, from source
2) A:diabatic expansion :
W i(r, -T,)l,;,g'i m
Efficiency 11 =Q = (K()
In adiabatic expansion from B to C 1
/.Ti l9'el"Vi )
R(T1 -T2 )
Work done W2 = _1 ... (2)
1
"{'-+ ratio of specific Heats
1"'i31 This J expression
I is required
3) Isothermal compression : 2. State second law of thermodynamics. How is
In isothermal compression fro~ C to D beat engine different from a refrigerator
(May-08, Mar-13)
Work done ,ll

A. a) .ClausiJg statement : No process is possible

W, RT, log,(~) =-RT,j9g,rn) . . (3) whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a
J ' (' colder object to a hotter object.
4) Adiabatic compression .:
b) Kelvin-Pla~ck statement: No process is pos-
In adiabatic compression from D to A
sible whose sole result is the absorption of heat
from a reservoir and the coqiplete conversion
R(Tz -T;) -e R(T; -T~) ... (4)
w:-
4- y-1 - y-1 of the heat into work.
'J[! . i

In' adiabatic expansion from B to C . Heat engine : A device which converts heat en-
_ r- 1 -----(S) . ; ergy into work is called heat engine.
1 1
T.IV2 ==T2V3
In adiabatic compression from D to A · 1) Source : It is mai~tained at very high tem-
perature Tr Heat is extracted from this body.
~KA@uccESS SERIES H~ Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL · ·. __ _ _

J
 C!E:[RMODYNAMICS t'4~:...-- - - - - - - - -- - - - -~
2) Wor111n1 subttHct : In 1
ing 1ub1tancc is 11cam. 1n diettl C'ilglm: wart -
ing 1ubstancc l1 mi• tutc of fud vapout and &JI
engine 'IIVOftt.
J" PROBLEMS
1 moualo.mk ldul 111 or •olum, 1 ti
N.T.P. b tompruud 1dl1ballut1y 10 h~ •t
J

!
3) Sink : It ii a m11ln1.11l.110<1 at very low tcmpm•
tu
n" d 1""
a.
n"d the work dc,ne on iht Riu. or
,a. don• tr th•
"o "' ,. " tomp r,u10 11 .
""°
turc T2• II obloms the hca1 rcjoc100 by wmldng lJotlttrm•I. (y =5IJ) Is
11ubst11ncc. Sot : i) During on odlobollt prote~s
1 1
T1 V.' = Ti VJ

1·::. I~{i:'(;·l ·;: I

(lh tt l'COl'l~'1Jh I (l(l\D '"'"" "" '
V S
Here, T 1 • 273 K: V1 = ..:.l: Y=-

r,= rHf r,,m[~f'

2 3

" l )1•V1
Mttl l•11,l11e r, .. (2)J' 2,3 = 43 1.6K
I litre I
number of molos n = ., _
The workin g sub stance t1bsorbs h1rn1 from 22 .4 1//re 22.4
source, co11ve1ts part of it into mechnnicul work Work d,one =- nR- (T'1 - ·r
, 2)
y- 1
and the rest will be rejected to the sink . 8 14
= .3 (273 - 431.6)
Workdone by the engine is given by ~ 2 22.4 ( i-1 )
The ratio of work done (W) by the engine to = 8.3 4 X 3 (- 158.6) =- 89J
22.4x2
the amount-of heat absorbed Q1 by the engine
W T2 1\ -1';, ii) Work done during isothermal compression is
is called efficiency. 11 = -Q = 1
1
-TI ---
'] \ W = 2.302 nRT log 10 ( ~)
\.
Refrigerator : In Refrigerator the working
1
n = number of moles = - ;
substance extracts an amount of heat from sink 22.4
, and an external work 'W' is done and finally T = 273K; R = 8.314 J mol- 1 K-1

,1; certain amount of heat is transferred to source. V2 =.!_=0.5

Vj 2
Working of Refrigerator is opposite to that of v

heat engine.
E
M :. W = 2.3026;,,<8.314x273log 10 (o.s)
Coefficient of performance ( a )
L
r· ,. ~ ·1; 22.4
or W = - 70J -, ,
- Q2 )
.- •w I \ I~
2. Five moles of hydrogen when heated through
• I . n : .
I
I '< 20K expand by an amount of SJ x 10-3 m3
(Hot reservoir) ' JJ 'J
Source Engme
. , ; (Cold reservoir)
Sink under a constant pressure of 10 5N /m 2, If
. - '
CV = 20 J/mole K, find Cp. !1

Sol : Mayer's relation Cp -C V = R.

Multiplying throughout by n b,. T
nCP /J.T -nCv /J.T = nR /J.T
Refrigerator
n/J.T (CP -C) = P /J.V

~ L - - - - - - - - -..:e,* Jr. lPE STUDY.MATERIAL ""ti AKASH SUCCESS SERIES

(!EYSICS m~~- - - - - - - - - - - - -~
20 (C
MICSJ
be •upplltd to
5 x
· 20) "" 10' 8 • •• "
P x .3 x 10-1 What • - • • • er 11, at rn - .... - . nerature)
CP - 20 = 8.3 l. . at tOOl'II 1-"- •r-
11

C 1.ex1..-' kt of 11trOl'fll ( b ....c at constant

p = 28.3 J/mole K • (· . R. tort Y ,.:,-
. , · " tlT =- P~f' ) to n_tte lb ttmptra f N == 28;
, I m1U o J
·: n = 5, ~ T c: 20K, p = 1x 10' N I ,,, z ) prt1t1rt ? (Molet• .1r
(
C,, = 20J / mole K ond AV =8.3>< 101,,,J M • IIJ J mor-• K·').
I t . ressure is
3. How much steim at toooc 11 to be a,111td lntn A. llt31 rtquircd at c~s~a:c:AT
water of mo, I00 g at zone to ttlle tu
temperature by ~°C? (Latent bttt ohteam ls m 2.0 x IO_,J x 1<!:. = !!?. ;
540 cal/g and speclAc he.at of l1 Here n == M!:I 28 28
1 cal/g°C) !
Ill
Sol : In the meU1od of mixtures. l

heat 10st by 8team "' heat gained by water

ll\L~ + ll\ s( I00 -<t) • mws (t- 20)
Where_ll\ is the m.ass of stc.am1 L!l Is the lt11c111 Q• ~><(2x8
.3)x4S = 9341
:. 28 2
heat of steam, s is the specific hcul of wu1ur und
"1w is the mass of water. 3. Explain wby
Here, Ls = 540 cal/g; s • Ical/g°C; a) Two bodies at different temperatures T t
~ . = 100g, t = 20 + 5 = 25° C and T if brought•In thermal contact do
ms x 540 + Il\ x 1(100 - 25) = 100 x 1(25- 20) 2
not necessarily settle to th e mean
615m 5 = 500 temperature (T 1 + T 2) /2.
500 b) The coolant in a chemical or a nuclear
m5 =-=0.813g .
615 plant (i.e., the liquid used to prevent the
WI ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS~ different parts of a plant from getting too
bot) should have high specific beat.
1. A geyser beats water flowing at the rate of
6
3.0 litres per minute from 276C to 77 C. If c) Air pressure in a car tyre increases during
the geyser operates on a gas burner, what is driving.
the rate of consumption of the fuel if its beat d) The climate of a harbour town is more
4
of combustion is 4.0 x 10 J/g ? temperature than that of a town in a desert
A. Mass of 3 litres of water = 3kg V at the same latitude.
E
:. Mass of water flowing per minute, M
L A. a) When two bodies at temperatures T 1 and T2
--- ··- 0
Rise of temperature, t'l0 = 77 - 27 = 50 C are brought in thermal contact, heat flows
Heat absorbed by water/minute = from the body at higher temperature to the
m c Ll0 = 3000 x 1x 50cal min-;-\ body at lower .teplperature
.-
till they.,
. '
reach a
= 3000 x 1 x 50 x 4.2 J min- 1 . common temperature. The common
= 630000 J min-I temperature .will be equal -~-o •mean
:. Heat supplied by gas burner=630000Jmin- 1 temperature i.e., (T 1 + T2)/2 only if the two
\• . ,

Heat of combustion of fuel = 4.0 x 104 Jg- 1 bodies have the same thermal capacities (i.e.,
me is the same for the two). Since two bodies
Rate of combustion of fuel
_ 630000 = 15 . 75 gmm
, -I may have different thermal capacities, they
_
4 do not settle to the mean temperature:
4.0 X 10

[AKAS_!'f _SUCCESS SERIES H/4- Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL ~?:-- - - - - - - - ~

-..
J1
 a
:cs
~ RMOOYNAMICS
n
b) The heal abtorbed (Q :a m c 11 by body A. For fi rst case, the change is adiabatic
i1 directly proportional lo its specific heat. Q = 0. Also as per problem, W == - 22.3 J at
th
Therefore, a ooolant that has a high specific ( ·: work is done on the syste11:1).
heat will absorb greater M10Unt of heat ftom Now,
the plant Consequently, different parts of Q = 6U + W or O= 6U + (-22.3) :. tiU ::: .3J
22
the plant ore prevented from getting too hot. for the second cose,
c) During driving, the tcmperoturc of tyre and Q =9.35cal = 9.35 x 4.19 = 39. I8J
hence air Inside It incmses due to friction N ow,
between the tyre ond the road . Since the
Q = oU + W or 39.18 = 22.3 + W :. 16.88J
volume of the tyre pract icall y remain s
'fwo cylinders A and B or equal ca·pac:tty
V
constant, p oc: T (prc111mre law). Therefore, e 6.
are
pressure inside the tyre increases. connected to each other via a stopcock
·A
d) The relative humidity in a harbour town Is contains a gas at standard temperature •nd
more than that in a desert town . For thi s pressure. B Is completely evacuated. The
reason, the climate on ll lrnrbour town is entire system Is thermally Insulated. The
more temperature (i.e., without extremes of stopcock ls suddenly opened. Ans"er the
hot and cold) than that of u town in a dese11. followlng :
4. A cylinder with a movable piston contains 3 a) What ls the final pressure of the gas in A
moles of hydrogen at standard temperature and B? ·
and pressure. The walls of the cylinder are b) What is the change in Internal energy of
made of a beat insulator, and the piston is the gas?
insulated by having a pile of sand on it. By c) What is the change in the temperature of
what factor does the pressure of the gas the gas?
increase if the gas is compressed to half its d) Do the intermediate states of the system
original volume ? (before settling to the final equilibrium
A. Since the walls of the cylinder and the piston state) lie on its P-V-T surface?
are insulated, it is an adiabatic process. For A. a) When the stopcock is suddenly opened, the
adiabatic change, pvr = constant. volume available to the gas at 1 atmosphere ,
pressure will become two times. Therefore,
., - r
P1W -P2V2 or-- -P2 -( V1 Jr pressure of the gas in A and B will become
P1 V2 I

V
one - half i:e., 0.5 atmosphere.
Hence V1 /V2 = 2;y = 1.4 E
b) There will be no change in the internal
M
L
energy of the gas. It i because no work is
:. P2 =(2)1-4 =2.64 done on/by the gas.
P1
c) There· will be no change in the temperature
5. In changing the state of a gas adiabaticaly of the gas as its internal energy remains tbe
from an equilibrium state A to another same.
equilibrium state B, an amount of work equal d) No, since the process (rapid expansion) is
to 22.3 J is done on the sytem. lf the gas is rapid and canot be controlled. Moreover, the
taken from state A to B via a process in which intermediate states are (non _ equilibriu(ll
the net beat absorbed by the system is states and do not satisfy the gas equation,
9.35cal, bow much is the net work done by the In due course, the gas does return to an
system in the latter case?(Take teal = 4.19 J) equilibrium state.

(@-------~%<- Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL AKASH SUCCESS S_~RlfS

.-
 ~~ MICS I
[PHYSICS*
- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- b orlgln•I v1lue
_ ., ttd to t e
7. A 1
m eng,ne deliver, 5.4 " It' J or 11or\ IIJ ffllwmt b tJten ~u rocess, C1lcul1te
per minute and strvtu, 3.{i xto• I or .. -1 ptr from t: to f by an lfflbarlc p f m Oto E to
""'• by the g1H ro
mInute from lb bolkr. What 11 lttt dTidtfl<f n,e total work done
of the engine? How moch hut b wuttd ptr r. . tel work done (W) by
minute ? -' Referring 10 f tg. 1he 10 .
"· F 1's
A. Output "' 5.4 " 10" J min 1; the gas from Oto E 10
hlpul "' 3.6 " I09 J min 1 W ,. Areo of
:. Etlicicncy of engine , L\DEF = x Ef x Df
2
, output 5.4 x I 08
1=, -= . = 0.15 or 15°/4 V 1lcre EF = Chonge in volume
npu 1 l<, x109 £
Ill
l "' L\V = (S .0 - 2.0)mJ = J.OmJ
Hcnt wasted per minute ,..
3.6 ,c J0 9 - 5.4 x 10s .. 3.06 )( 109 J DF ., Chnnge in pressure

8. Ara clcc11·lc heal.er su1,1,llc8 hut u, 1 •>••fem 6P= (600 - 300)N/rn 2 = 300N/m2
at: a ral'e of 100W. If N ysh.' 111 ptirfornu work
al a rate of 75 Joules ,,er second. Al what rale , Wc X 3.0 X 300 = 450}
.. 2
ls the lntcmlll energy Increasing ? A refrigerator ls to maintain eatables kept
A. Heat supplied, Q = IOOW = J00Js- 1; 10. Inside at 90c. lf room temperature is 360 C,
Work done, W = 75 J s- 1 calculate the coefficient of perforrnaoce.
According to first law of thermodynamics, the A. T = 36 + 273 = 309 K; TL
increase·in internal energy (~U) per second is
H / -9+273
4U = Q :__ W = 100 - 75 = 25Js- 1
9. A thermodynamic system is taken from an
= 282K
original state to an intermediate state by the :. Coefficient of performance (COP) of the
linear process shown in fig. refrigerator is

COP=-T_L_=_2_82_
TH -TL 309-282
:P :P.
> 11 11 ,! V
E 282
M = = 10.44
2.0 5.0 L 27
_ _ __ :.r-L:_________
Vulumc V(m ') -

,t, ,, "

.I • I

[AKASH SUCCESS SERIES H~ ,Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL