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Lecture 10

The document discusses frequency variations and control in power systems. It covers topics like automatic generation control, primary control using spinning reserve, secondary control to restore frequency, and tertiary control for economic dispatch. Frequency stability is important for power systems to maintain steady frequency after disturbances.

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Abdelrahman Muadi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
49 views

Lecture 10

The document discusses frequency variations and control in power systems. It covers topics like automatic generation control, primary control using spinning reserve, secondary control to restore frequency, and tertiary control for economic dispatch. Frequency stability is important for power systems to maintain steady frequency after disturbances.

Uploaded by

Abdelrahman Muadi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Frequency Variations

and Control

1
Topics to be covered
❑ Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
-Generation Characteristic
-Primary Control
-Secondary Control
-Tertiary Control
-AGC as a Multi-Level Control
-Defense Plan Against Frequency Instability
❑ Stage I – Rotor Swings in the Generators
❑ Stage II – Frequency Drop
❑ Stage III – Primary Control
-The Importance of the Spinning Reserve
-Frequency Collapse
-Under-frequency Load Shedding
❑ Stage IV – Secondary Control
❑ Modeling of Power System power-frequency relation(P-f )
❑ Single and two area network
Power System Stability
❑Power system stability is defined as “the ability of an electric power system, for a
given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being
subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that
practically the entire system remains intact.
❑This simply means that the power system must be able to survive a disturbance and
return to a sustainable operating point without a significant loss of equipment.

❑Power system stability can be further subdivided into:


Rotor angle stability: the ability of synchronous machines of an interconnected
power system to remain in synchronism after being subjected to a disturbance.
Voltage stability: the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all
buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance.
Frequency stability: the ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency
following a severe system disturbance resulting in a significant imbalance between
generation and load.
Automatic Generation Control
• What makes the frequency change?
The distortion in the power balance between turbine and load, which is caused by:
1- Large load sudden connection or disconnection.
2- Generation unit disconnection by protection element.

• Two types of load changing:


1- Scheduled changes: they are large and slow changes in demand controlled by:
a. Operating generating units.
b. Shutdown generating units.
c. Inserting hot reserve generating units.
2- Unscheduled changes: they are small and fast changes controlled by AGC to:
a. Control frequency value.
b. Tie-line control.
c. Maintain power allocation within the area needs
Generation Characteristic:

Block diagram of steam turbine governing system

Generation characteristic as the sum of the speed–droop characteristics of all the generation units
▪ This characteristic defines the ability of the system to compensate for a power
imbalance at the cost of a deviation in frequency.

▪ For a power system with many generating units, the generation characteristic
is almost horizontal such that even a relatively large power change only
results in a very small frequency deviation.

▪ the generation characteristic is dependent on the number of units operating


away from their limit; that is, it will depend on the spinning reserve.

▪ the spinning reserve is the difference between the sum of the power ratings of
all the operating units and their actual load.
Spinning Reserve Allocation

Case-1

➢ The spinning reserve is allocated proportionally to both units so that they both reach their upper power limits at
the same frequency f1.

Case-2

➢ The same amount of spinning reserve is available but is allocated solely to the second generator with the
first unit operating at full load.
➢ The generation characteristic is now nonlinear and consists of two sections of different slope.
Droop characteristics in large power system
• The number of units operating in a real system is large. Some of them are loaded to the maximum but others
are partly loaded to maintain a spinning reserve.
• Adding up all the individual characteristics would give a nonlinear resulting characteristic consisting of
short segments with increasingly steeper slopes.
• The higher the system load, the higher the droop until it becomes infinite ρT = ∞ , and its inverse KT = 0 ,
when the maximum power PMAX is reached.
AGC as a multi-level control

It is divided into three levels :


1- Primary control.
2- Secondary control.
3- Tertiary (Economic dispatch) control
1. Primary Control (spinning reserve control)

• Definition : The action of turbine governors due to frequency changes when reference values of regulators are
kept constant is referred to as primary frequency control
Load characteristic
Turbine characteristic

frequency sensitivity coefficient of the


power demand

• In the (P, f ) plane the intersection of the generation and the load characteristic defines the system equilibrium point.
• When the system demand increases, primary control is activated if the units are not fully loaded.
• An increase in the total power demand PL corresponds to a shift of the load characteristic from point 1 to point 2.
• In order to secure safe system operation and activate the primary control, the system must have spinning reserve.
speed – droop characteristics: (a) with small dead zones; (b) with large dead zones.

Faster control Slower control


activates for small disturbances activates for large disturbances
2. Secondary Control

• Eventually this will lead to the restoration of the rated frequency but now at the required
increased value of power demand. Such control action on the governing systems of
individual turbines is referred to as secondary control.
• Following a change in the total power demand, the system will not be able to return to
the initial frequency on its own, without any additional action.
3. Tertiary Control
• the system operator sets the operating points of individual power plants based on
the economic dispatch, or optimal power flow (OPF), which minimizes the overall
cost of operating plants subject to network constraints.

• Tertiary control is supervisory with respect to the


secondary control that corrects the loading of
individual units within an area.

• Tertiary control is executed via the following:


1. Automatic change of the reference value of the
generated power in individual units.
2. Automatic or manual connection or
disconnection of units that are on the reserve of
the tertiary control.

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