MAY 2021 PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATIONS

ADVANCED TAXATION (PAPER 3.3)

CHIEF EXAMINER’S REPORT, QUESTIONS AND MARKING SCHEME

EXAMINERS’ GENERAL COMMENTS

The paper was practically oriented. It tested the ability of candidates to apply the
knowledge and skill they acquired in interpreting the practical questions. The paper
mimicked the reality of today’s tax situation globally.
The level of difficulty was quite appropriate for the final level taxation paper and
comparable to any tax paper examinable at any Professional level the world over. By
implication, candidates who studied well were better placed to handle the paper
without any stress. However, that cannot be said to be the case for persons who
studied by fits and starts as the saying goes, a rolling stone gathers no moss.
On the whole, the paper was not error-ridden with clarity as its feature. The
typesetting was good, with crafted questions which were properly moderated. The
team that worked on the question right from scratch to the examination process
should be commended for good work and should not rest on their oars.

STANDARD OF THE PAPER

The standard of the May 2021 diet cannot be over-emphasised. The quality of the
paper used was good, with proper font size appropriate for easy reading. The paper
could be answered by an average candidate within three (3) hours without complaint.
The paper was case study-liked questions. In some cases, the computations were done,
and candidates were required to use the computation to explain the tax implication.
In other cases, candidates were required to analyse the tax implication in a given
scenario. The nature of the questions was bound to create discrimination between
scholars and non-scholars. Candidates who did not study well had some challenges.
The performance was much about the level of preparation and the input that was put
into it.

The paper would have passed off as the best in recent times except that one area was
repeated three times, making candidates who did not prepare well in this area have
challenges. It is hoped that in future, this should be taken into account so that a repeat
of such is avoided, else it has the potential of giving some candidates unfair advantage
against others.
The Institute has largely followed its syllabus coverage and therefore kept candidates
in no doubt about the areas they should always prepare. Every question was within
the syllabus, and the marks allocated were also appropriate as they compensated for
the efforts required.

PERFORMANCE OF CANDIDATES
The Institute's examination has never been easy. It requires some effort and dedication
to be able to pass. Unfortunately, this is exactly what this paper came across. It indeed
created clear discrimination between the read and the unread.

Page 1 of 20
 What was so certain before the examination was that, the questions were going to
come from the syllabus as has always been the norm over the years with questions
spread across the entire syllabus.
The general performance may slide a bit from the previous diets as this paper came
across, as question 1 to the last question tested the practical ability of candidates. Many
appeared ready to meet recall and theory questions, but luck eluded them, and they
had to settle for the practically oriented solution they had not made up their minds to
handle.

Was it out of the ordinary? The simple answer is that the paper was not out of the
ordinary. It was very much within the syllabus and so much within the candidates'
academic strength, especially those who studied well.
Admittedly, the impact of the Covid-19 has been very devastating as some candidates
had to hang around online studies with its attendant disadvantages while others
risked attending in-person classes. Classes in both streams could not have been so
effective compared to period without Covid that allowed candidates to get close to
each other to study and solve questions together. This era has instead promoted
individual studies, which is almost ineffective.
There was a visibly poor preparation of candidates. Some of the answer booklets
returned almost the way they were given out. Nothing to write. Such candidates did
not know what to write. Others had no idea what the requirements of the questions
were and presented their understanding of the issues.
Handwriting is another stress for examiners. Unfortunately, bad handwriting is
becoming common in the examination.

NOTABLE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF CANDIDATES

As it is with every examination, some candidates could show class while others would
need to work harder if they must pass the examination.
Notable weaknesses:
 Inability to read questions carefully continues to cripple candidates’ ability to present
the right materials.
 Candidates have difficulty in relating theory to practice. Some find it difficult with
interpretations and analysis.
 The features of writing memos was lost on many candidates. Most of them failed to
use the memo presentation style and lost marks for that.
 Most of the computation questions were solved without headings. Moreover, some
do not provide the cedi symbol making examination marking quite uncomfortable.
 The numbering of questions continued to be a challenge. For example, in some cases,
the solution to question 1 was added to the solution to question 5, thereby making
marking difficult.
 Additionally, most do not read the examiners’ report and keep repeating mistakes
they are told not to make in the report.
 English language and poor writing skills are a threat to this profession. Candidates
must know that the accountancy profession does not make us backstage staff but staff
who interact and communicate with other stakeholders, and therefore English
language is critical.

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 Notable strengths:
 The maxim of tax planning is a well-answered question. Some few candidates scored
high marks meaning, and they made time to read and took time to answer the
questions correctly or to the best of their ability.
 Some candidates also understood the thin Capitalisation question and earned good
marks for it.
 Some candidates also did so well in the mining question despite its length.

Page 3 of 20
QUESTION ONE

a) Farmer Ltd is a non-resident company based in USA. Farmer Ltd has succeeded over the
years acquiring and selling companies in distress alongside its primary objectives of buying
and selling cosmetics.
In the 2020 year of assessment, it decided to announce its presence in Ghana by acquiring
Bugum Ltd a resident company. Bugum Ltd has had financial setbacks in its fortunes over
the last couple of years and became vulnerable to predators.

Required:
Advise the management of Farmer Ltd, what the tax implications are if Farmer Ltd acquires
more than 50% of the underlying ownership of Bugum Ltd. (8 marks)

b) At a public symposium, a tax administrator made a statement to the effect that withholding
taxes must be exacted from any payment made to persons around the world for goods,
works and services.

Required:
Evaluate the extent to which this statement is true in the light of the tax provisions of the
Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896) as amended. (4 marks)

c) Kaeka Ltd is a resident company providing cleaning services in Ghana. For the first time
in the history of the entity, it launched operations as an external company in January 2020
in Lusaka- Zambia. It came to light that the entity earned the equivalent of GH¢2,500,000,
which was evenly made for the 2020 year of assessment.
On the home front, it earned GH¢16,000,000 in 2020 year of assessment as income in
Ghana. Assume that allowable cost of GH¢12,000,000 was incurred. It received a dividend
net of tax from a company in Israel it acquired shares from amounting to GH¢20,000 in
December 2020. Tax of GH¢5,000 was paid on the dividend received.

Required:
i) Compute the tax payable by Kaeka Ltd. (4 marks)
ii) Explain the tax implication if the company made the income from Zambia in the last quarter
of 2020. (4 marks)
(Total: 20 marks)

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QUESTION TWO

a) There has been a merger among three companies. Ann Ltd, Bab Ltd and Cee Ltd. The
merger was geared towards creating a monopoly in the market.
After careful revaluation of the assets and liabilities of the companies, the following is the
outlook.
Gain from revaluation:

GH¢
Ann Ltd 4,200,000
Bab Ltd 5,000,000
Cee Ltd 5,200,000
The following is the outlook of the new company after the merger:
Profit GH¢5,000,000

Required:
As an Intern of IKERN and Associates, write a memo to your partner on the company's tax
exposure after the merger. (7 marks)

b) Tanko Ltd has been into tree cropping for some time now. The last four years has been a
boom for the business as its fruits are bought before they are harvested on the farmland.
Tanko Ltd intends to transfer the entity to Agoo Ltd as a going concern.

Required:
Explain the tax implication of the transfer of Tanko Ltd to Agoo Ltd. (5 marks)

c) As part of measures to fight back base erosion and profit shifting, Parliament of Ghana has
legislated against profit splitting.

Required:
Evaluate the impact of income splitting as an anti-tax avoidance measure. (4 marks)

d) Ganigani Ltd is a company based in Ghana and has a business dealing mainly in Nigeria.
In the 2020 year of assessment, the following data is relevant to parts of its operation:
Global income GH¢25,000,000
Tax paid in Nigeria ₦1,000,000
Exchange Rate GH¢1= ₦67.59

Ganigani Ltd elects to relinquish a foreign tax credit for the year in line with section 112
of the Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896) as amended.

Required:
Compute the tax payable. (4 marks)

(Total: 20 marks)

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QUESTION THREE

a) Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC) is a Governmental agency established to

promote, co-ordinate and facilitate investment in Ghana. In its efforts at promoting both
local and foreign investments in Ghana, it has mounted series of lectures to drum home this
fact and has thus done so well over the years in this regard.

Required:
In line with the GIPC Act, 2013 (Act 865), how should foreigners participate in business
activities in Ghana? (9 marks)

b) Contractual terms between two persons both dependent and independent persons must be
examined regarding goods, property and services. The associate's transactions must be
scrutinised to ensure that revenue is not lost relative to non-associate.

Required:
How do contractual terms protect revenue in transfer pricing arrangements? (3 marks)

c) The following is an extract of Adidas Ltd for 2020 year of assessment with basis period
January to December each year.
1 January, 2020 31 December, 2020
GH¢ GH¢
Stated capital 1,000,000 1,200,000
Retained Earnings (2,000,000) (1,100,000)
Revaluation Reserves 10,000 10,000
Equity 990,000 110,000

Additional information:
 Adidas Ltd, is owned 100% by IDAS
 The loan taken 5 years ago was GH¢12,000,000 from IDAS
 Loan balance as at 1 January, 2020 was GH¢2,400,000
 Loan balance as at 31 December, 2020 was GH¢1,200,000
 Interest payable for the 2020 year of assessment stood at GH¢150,000 to IDAS
 Foreign exchange loss from the loan repayment for 2020 was GH¢20,000
Required:
i) Explain the tax implications of the above arrangement. (6 marks)
ii) Explain the tax implication of the movement in the stated capital as shown in the extracts
above. (2 marks)

(Total: 20 marks)

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QUESTION FOUR

Kanawu Mine Resources Limited was incorporated on 1 January 2017 to mine gold and
diamonds at Prestea in the Western region of Ghana. Various reconnaissance and
prospecting activities took place from 2017 to 2019. Actual production started on 1 January,
2020.

The following were the cost and revenue relative to reconnaissance and prospecting
activities and cost from 2017 to 2019.
Activities 2017 2018 2019
GH¢ GH¢ GH¢
Analysing historical exploration data 250,000 - -
Purchase of motor vehicles 1,000,000 - -
Exploratory drilling and sampling - 2,500,000 -
Purchase of surveying infrastructure 500,000 - -
Construction of office building - 3,700,000 -
Conducting market and finance studies - - 300,000
Renting of office space 400,000 - -
Sinking shafts and underground drifts - - 5,400,000
Purchase of land - 460,000 -
Permanent excavations - 400,000 3,000,000
Constructing roads and tunnels - 2,200,000 1,100,000
Purchase of drilling machines - 700,000 900,000
Purchase office equipment 50,000 550,000 120,000
Legal fees for the acquisition of lease - 130,000 -
Purchase of software - 230,000 -
Removal of overburden and waste rock - - 470,000
Acquisition of rights to explore 300,000 - -
Protocols to chiefs of Prestea as part of the 10,000 5,000 23,000
arrangement
Topographical and geophysical studies 25,000 56,000 -
Geological and geochemical studies 35,000 300,000 -
Sale for cash of surveying software - - 130,000
Penalty for breach of mining regulations - - 25,000
Trenching and sampling expenses - 400,000 100,000
Sale of drilling equipment - - 50,000
Revenue from pre-production items of gold - - 500,000

The following transactions took place from 1 January, 2020 to 31 December, 2020:
i) The company received a compensation of GH¢3,500,000 from their insurers for destruction
of some gold mined.
ii) Mining and processing cost, including wages and salaries, incurred during the year was
GH¢120,345,000.
iii) Sales of gold and diamonds GH¢378,532,900.
iv) Ground rent paid to the Administrator of Stool Lands GH¢321,500.
v) The company undertook further research and development studies at the cost of
GH¢374,300.
vi) Royalties amounting to GH¢11,355,987 was paid to the government.

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vii) The company acquired a new Mineral Right at a cost of GH¢5,000,000. Bonus payment
made in respect of grant of the new mineral right was GH¢300,000. The legal and other
professional fees paid with respect of the acquisition of the new right was GH¢121,800.
viii) Stope preparation and development cost paid was GH¢884,300. The total cost of the stope
preparation and development incurred was GH¢1,021,700.
ix) The total cost of business operating permits was GH¢5,563,200. This amount includes
GH¢400,000 provision for 2021.
x) Other general and administrative expense totaled GH¢190,467,100. This includes
construction of a huge iron gate at the entrance of the mine at a cost of GH¢421,600.
xi) Selling and distribution cost paid was GH¢172,554,700.
xii) Finance charge of operations, including interest on loans and bank charges, incurred was
GH¢211,500,000.

Required:
a) Compute capital allowance claimable in 2020. (6 marks)
b) Compute the chargeable income of the company and the tax payable for the year 2020.
(10 marks)
c) Comment on the tax treatment of Royalty Payment and acquisition of new mineral rights.
(4 marks)

(Total: 20 marks)

QUESTION FIVE

a) You are a final level student of ICAG engaged by Baby Heights Ltd, a manufacturing
company. The company is having issues with Ghana Revenue Authority on tax evasion and
avoidance. Your first assignment is to meet the Board of Directors to brief them on various
issues governing tax planning and how to take advantage of the provisions in the taxation
laws to avoid the payment of certain taxes and possibly defer certain tax liabilities.

Required:
Write a brief report in relation to the case above explaining to the Board of Directors about
tax planning maxims or variables with appropriate examples. (10 marks)

b) The shareholders of Japan Rocks, a computer chip manufacturing company based in Japan,
are planning acquiring 60% of the shares in Konadu Yiadom Ltd in Ghana. The return on
income for Konadu Yiadom Ltd for the year ended 31 December 2020 showed a loss of
GH¢3,600,000 and the financial cost of GH¢900,000.

As a tax expert, the parties are requesting an opinion on the tax implications of the proposed
transactions for Konadu Yiadom Ltd and its current shareholders.

Required:
Advise Japan Rocks and its shareholders on the income tax implications of the acquisition
of shares by Japan Rocks and the treatment of financial cost. (10 marks)

(Total: 20 marks)

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SOLUTION TO QUESTIONS

QUESTION ONE

a) Mergers and acquisitions have blessings for the predator(s) and may equally bring
losses to the predator. Therefore, under section 62 of Act 896 (Act 2015), the
following shall not be benefitted by the new owners that are Farmer ltd in this.
 The financial cost incurred under section 16 cannot be beneficial to the new
owners.
 Shall not benefit from any loss incurred under section 17
 Shall not claim any bad debts incurred by previous managers
 Shall not carry back loss if it is in a long term contract.
 Shall file two tax returns, one before and one after the change in underlying
ownership.
 Will benefit from new values of depreciable assets
 Can rebrand to create a value-added image for the entity
(8 marks)

b) An authorised agent is required to withhold tax from payment to a withholdee.

The withholdee could be resident or non-resident. In the case of the resident, there
is some situation where there is an exemption. In the case of a non-resident,
withholding is only relevant when the person is trading in Ghana. In the case of
trading with Ghana, withholding taxes do not apply to such transactions.
(4 marks)
c) Kaeka Ltd
i) Computation of tax payable GH¢ GH¢
Y/A 2020
Basis Period 1/1/2020-31/12/2020

Income from business 16,000,000

Add foreign Income
Branch Income (2,500,000/2) 1,250,000
Dividend 25,000 1275000
Gross Income 17,275,000

Deduct allowable deduction 12,000,000

Chargeable Income 5,275,000
Tax Charged @ 25% 1,318,750
Less Tax Paid on Dividend 5,000
Tax payable in Ghana 1,313,750

(4 marks)
Explanation
Income received from foreign country losses its character hence the dividend
added to the income and tax paid in a foreign country given as credit.

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 Additionally, the branch of the entity in Ghana has become a foreign PE and
therefore, its income for the first 183 days is taxable in Ghana. After that, it is
exempt from tax.

ii) Kaeka Ltd GH¢

Computation of tax payable
Y/A 2020
Basis Period January 1-December 31, 2020

Income from business 16,000,000

Add foreign Income
Dividend 25,000
16,025,000
Deduct allowable deduction 12,000,000
Chargeable Income 4,025,000
Tax Charged @ 25% 1,006,250
Less Tax Paid on Dividend 5,000
Tax payable in Ghana 1,001,250

(4 marks)
Explanation
Since the foreign Permanent Establishment did not earn the income in the first
183 days or first 6 months, the income shall be exempt from tax in Ghana in line
with section 111 of Act 896 (Act 2015).
(Total: 20 marks)

CHIEF EXAMINER’S COMMENT

The a) part of the question tested the understanding of change in underlying ownership
under section 62 of Act 2015 Act 896. The question was poorly answered. From the
answers provided, most candidates had no clue what was required of them.
For 1b), candidates must know that withholding tax is not applied without some basic
rules. There are some exemptions in the case of resident and non-resident persons
trading with Ghana that do not require withholding tax. Therefore, the statement
could not be entirely accurate.
Question 1c) tested the understanding of candidates on the taxation of Permanent
Establishment (PE) and the circumstances under which foreign PE will be exempt
from tax. It is instructive to note that the first 6 months income will be taxed in Ghana,
and after that, the income will be exempt from taxation with a foreign PE.
Additionally, the treatment of dividends was a challenge. All income from non-
resident sources loses its character and therefore, taxable. Candidates ought to have
grossed the dividend and give credit for the tax paid in the foreign credit.

Page 10 of 20
QUESTION TWO
a) Memo
To: Partner
From: Tax Intern
Date: 16 February 2021
Subject: Tax Exposure after the merger
Introduce
Following our discussion on the above subject matter, I furnish as follows for your
consideration.
Issues
The gains on the realisation of an asset accruing to or derived by a company arising
out of a merger, amalgamation or reorganisation of a company are exempt from
tax when is a continuity of at least fifty percent of the underlying ownership in the
asset.
Tax implication
The merger of the three and gains arising from the mergers shall be pitted against
the underlying ownership in the new entity. Any entity that is less than 50%, the
gain stands to be taxed at the corporate rate that the entity is exposed to.
GH¢
Ann ltd 4,200,000
Bab ltd 5,000,000
Cee ltd 5,200,000
From the above gains, the company in the post-merger, if the underlying
ownership in the post-merger is less than 50%, shall be subject to tax at the
marginal tax rate of 25%. The reverse is exempt from tax.
The profit being made is a testimony of the positive of the merger and, therefore,
subject to tax at the marginal tax rate.
Conclusion
I hope the above would help you in your further action on the matter.
Thank you.
Yours faithfully
Handsome Padii.
(7 marks)

b) When there is a change in underlying ownership, the following will arise:

 The assets and liabilities are deemed realised
 The period before the change and period after the change shall be treated as
separate years of assessment.
 The entity that changes ownership shall not deduct the financial cost from
derivatives.
 Loss incurred before the change of ownership is not allowable
 Bad debts cannot be claimed
 Carry back of loss cannot be benefitted by the entity
 Shall be subject to tax on the gains made
(5 marks)

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c) Under section 32 of Act 896 Act 2015, where a person attempts to split income with
another person, the Commissioner-General may, in writing to that person, prevent
a reduction in tax payable. The provision allows the CG to adjust any arrangement
that is of income splitting nature to protect revenue.
This is very impactful if the CG gets wind of the arrangement and re-characterises
the income accordingly. (4 marks)

d) Ganigani Ltd GH¢

Computation of tax payable
Year of Assessment 2020
Basis Period 1/1/2020-31/12/2020
Income (Global) 25,000,000.00
Less Tax Paid in Nigeria (1,000,000/67.59) 14,795.09
24,985,204.91
Tax Payable @25% 6,246,301.23
(4 marks)

(Total: 20 marks)

CHIEF EXAMINER’S COMMENT

Question 2a) required candidates to determine the tax implication of a merger with
gain from realisation (revaluation). Under section 47 of Act 896, gain where an entity
holds a minimum of 50% underlying ownership in the assets after the merger is
exempt from tax. In this particular question three entities were used. Some candidates
became confused on how to proceed. Principles should be applied to practical
situation.
If the entities hold less than 50%, the gains are taxable at their marginal tax rates. If
one holds 50%, the rest withholding less than 50% should pay tax on the gain. For
some candidates, it was a challenge.
Question 2b) was similar to that of question 1a). Some candidates performed so well,
while some appeared not to have even read on it. Additional information in this area
perhaps worth mentioning is that Agoo ltd was to enjoy the unexpired period of
Tanko ltd during the temporary period. Some candidates deviated by discussing tax
treatment of acquisition of less than 50%. This was a clear case of candidates setting
their own questions.
2c) was a question on income splitting as an anti-avoidance measure. Good
performance by most candidates. Some candidates defined income splitting but could
not link it to the requirement of the question.
2d) was on double taxation, where the applicant relinquishes the credit method right.
Some candidates had difficulty with the translation of tax paid from Naira to
Ghanaian cedi. In effect, some multiplied the tax paid in naira to the exchange rate
and had weird answers.

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QUESTION THREE

a) Under section 28 of the GIPC Act (1), A person who is not a citizen may
participate in an enterprise if that person
 in the case of a joint enterprise with a partner who is a citizen, invests a foreign
capital of not less than two hundred thousand United States dollars in cash or
capital goods relevant to the investment or a combination of both by way of equity
participation and the partner who is a citizen does not have less than ten percent
equity participation in the joint enterprise; or
 where that person wholly owns the enterprise and invests a foreign capital of not
less than five hundred thousand United States Dollars in cash or capital goods
relevant to the investment or combination of both by way of equity capital in the
enterprise.
 A person who is not a citizen may engage in a trading enterprise if that person
invests in the enterprise, not less than one million United States Dollars in cash
or goods and services relevant to the investments. “trading” includes the
purchasing and selling of imported goods and services. An enterprise that goes
into trading shall employ at least twenty skilled Ghanaians.

The above is the mode through which a foreigner can conduct business activities
in Ghana. (9 marks)

b) Contractual terms
Economic substance governs a transaction. Economic substance determines the
result of such a transaction. Contractual terms might provide for a purported
allocation of risks, but, in the end, the economic substance should be determinative
of the result.
Between the controlled and uncontrolled, are the contracts the same? If yes, it
means the market price has been used in the price to the associate. If there is a
material difference, there would be the need for adjustment to take account of the
difference in the contractual terms under controlled and uncontrolled persons.
It is suggested that tax administration should include an analysis of contractual
terms as part of the functional analysis. Contractual terms might not be in writing.
In that event, the multinational enterprise or the tax administration must deduce
the contractual relationships for the parties' conduct and the economic principles
that govern relationships between parties.
(3 marks)
c)
i) Equity: GH¢
Stated capital 1,000,000
Retained Earnings (2,000,000)
Equity (1,000,000)
Debt 2,400,000
Safe Harbour Rule : Debt Equity Ratio
3 : 1
(3,000,000) : (1000,000)

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 From the above, and by implication, the entity is not required to borrow and if it
must the interest is not allowable.
Interest on loan GH¢150,000
Foreign Exchange loss GH¢ 20,000
The interest on the loan is not an allowable deduction and therefore shall be added
back to income for tax purposes. The equity being negative implies that for any
loan from a related party, the interest shall not be an allowable negative. The
foreign exchange loss shall not be allowable as the same reason adduced under the
interest.
Given that the equity is negative, the interest shall be disallowed for tax purposes,
so should the foreign exchange loss.
The interest should suffer a withholding tax at the rate of 8% that is (8% X
GH¢150,000) = GH¢12,000
(6 marks)

ii) It means that the company has issued shares, and consequently, a stamp duty of
0.5% shall be applied on the additional capital of GH¢200,000 introduced. (0.5% X
GH¢200,000) = GH¢1,000. This is tax to be paid to GRA via Registrar General’s
Department. (2 marks)

(Total: 20 marks)

CHIEF EXAMINER’S COMMENT

The a) part of the question was on how foreigners could participate in business
activities in Ghana. This was a well-answered question.
Question 3b) was on contractual terms under comparability factors in Transfer
Pricing. This is an area the Commissioner-General will look at to determine whether
prices are at arm's length or not. The same contractual terms with a controlled person
and an uncontrolled person, and if the prices are not the same, the Commissioner-
General shall adjust the price to ensure that revenue is protected.
Thin capitalisation is a popular area in taxation. Question 3c) was a bit tricky as the
equity given was negative. Many candidates were competent to notice it was thin
capitalisation but did not know how to proceed. The equity being negative means that
the entire interest and the foreign exchange loss should not be an allowable deduction.
The tax implication of the increase in stated capital saw an interesting reaction from
some candidates. The simple answer is that additional shares have been issued, and
therefore a stamp duty at the rate of 0.5% on the additional capital being injected
should be paid.
It must be noted that just a few candidates understood the question correctly and
answered it well.

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QUESTION FOUR
a) Kanawu Mine Resources Limited

Computation Of Capital Allowance

Activities 2017 2018 2019
GH¢ GH¢ GH¢
Balance brought forward 0 2,570,000 14,196,000
Analysing historical exploration data 250,000 0 0
Purchase of motor vehicles 1,000,000 0 0
Exploratory drilling and sampling 0 2,500,000 0
Purchase of Surveying infrastructure 500,000 0 0
Construction of office building 0 3,700,000 0
Conducting market and finance studies 0 0 300,000
Renting of office space 400,000 0 0
Sinking shafts and underground drifts 0 0 5,400,000
Purchase of land 0 460,000 0
Permanent excavations 0 400,000 3,000,000
Constructing roads and tunnels 0 2,200,000 1,100,000
Purchase of drilling machines 0 700,000 900,000
Purchase of Office equipment 50,000 550,000 120,000
Legal fees for acquisition of lease 0 130,000 0
Purchase of software 0 230,000 0
Removal of overburden and waste rock 0 0 470,000
Acquisition of rights to explore 300,000 0 0
Protocols to chiefs as part of the 10,000
arrangement
Topographical and Geophysical studies 25,000 56,000 0
Geological and geochemical studies 35,000 300,000 0
Sale for cash of surveying software 0 0 (130,000)
Trenching and sampling expenses 0 400,000 100,000
Sale of drilling equipment 0 0 (50,000)
Revenue from pre-production items of 0 0 (500,000)
gold
Balance carried forward 2,570,000 14,196,000 24,906,000
GH¢
Reconnaissance and Prospecting Expenditure as at 01/01/2020 24,906,000
Capital expenditure in 2020:
Iron Gate 421,600
25,327,600

Capital Allowance 20% x GH¢25,327,600 = GH¢5,065,520

(6 marks)

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b) Kanawu Mine Resources Limited
Computation of chargeable income for the 2020 year of assessment
GH¢ GH¢
Sale of Gold 378,532,900
Compensation received 3,500,000
382,032,900
Less Allowable expenses
Mining and processing cost 120,345,000
Ground rent 321,500
Royalties 11,355,987
Stope preparation and development 1,021,700
Business operating permits (5,563,200 – 5,163,200
400,000)
General and Adm Exp. (190,467,100 – 421,600) 190,045,500
Selling and distribution costs 172,554,700
Finance costs 211,500,000
Capital allowance 5,065,520
717,373,107
Loss carried forward (335,340,207)

There will be no tax payable for the assessment year 2020 because of the assessed
loss. (10 marks)

c) Royalty is a levy on production and therefore an allowable deduction for tax

purpose. New mineral right acquired is an asset and therefore should be
capitalized and capital allowance granted. Being related to a new acquisition, it
becomes a separate mineral operation
(4 marks)

(Total: 20 marks)

CHIEF EXAMINER’S COMMENT

This question was on mining. Candidates must know that royalty is a tax type, and at
the same time, it is also an allowable deduction only in respect of mining. Royalty is
also calculated on revenue and not done arbitrarily. Candidates ought to have
computed 5% on the total revenue to ensure that the royalty is correct. The
compensation received should be part of the revenue for the purpose of computing
the royalty.
The capital allowance computation posed a challenge as candidates had difficulty
calculating all costs from reconnaissance to prospecting for the capital allowance
computation.
Research and development expenditure is not allowable. The land is also not
allowable. Candidates must note that depreciable assets sold before production must
be adjusted to the capital cost so that in future, the capital allowance will be reduced.
In the cost build-up, some candidates added a penalty as part of the cost. All protocols

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in connection with domestic and excluded expenditures are necessary for the
determination of the cost build-up.
The new mineral right acquired would be ring-fenced and treated differently and
should not under any circumstance be added to the cost in respect of the production
contract.

QUESTION FIVE

a) The Consultant
ADDRESS
The Board of Directors
Baby Heights Company Limited

Attention: The Chairperson -Mrs XYZ

Dear Madam,
Subject: REPORT ON TAX PLANNING VARIABLES

Introduction:
Further to your request regarding tax planning issues of Baby Heights Company
Limited, please find below the following are the tax planning schemes or variables
or activities for your study:
(1 mark)
Time Variable
When investors expect tax rates to decrease or remain constant over time, one
desirable goal is to postpone the moment of taxation as further in the future as
possible. Even when tax rates are expected to rise a little, one could benefit from
delaying income recognition due to the concept of time value of money. However,
if one expects a sharp increase in tax rates, acceleration of income recognition
becomes rewarding.

Due to the decline in the present value of money, the further into the future that
the money is received or paid out, the effect of a tax on income will be less if it
occurs further in the future. Likewise, a tax deduction is more valuable if taken
sooner rather than later, assuming that tax rates remain unchanged during the
relevant time frame. Thus, taxes can be lowered by both postponing taxation of
income items to later tax years and accelerating tax deductions to earlier tax years.

Rules of taxation pertaining to taxpayers vary with respect to time. One set of rules
may apply for the first five years, and a different set will apply after that. Thus, a
tax benefit available in one year may disappear in the next, just as a statutory
restriction causing a tax problem this year may be lifted in the future.
(2 marks)

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Jurisdiction or Location Variable
The taxing rules under the Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896) and other laws (e.g. the
Free Zones Act, 1995 (Act 504) vary depending on the location of the entity.

All citizens and residents, including companies incorporated in Ghana, are subject
to income tax provided the income is accrued in, derived from or earned elsewhere
outside Ghana. In Ghana, the rate of corporate income tax differs depending on
where the entity is located. For example, within the Ghana Tax Jurisdiction,
companies located in the Free Zone Areas have different rules. Manufacturing
Companies in Accra/Tema, Regional capital and other areas enjoy location
incentives. Agro-based companies established in Ghana and operating in northern
Ghana enjoy tax holidays. Companies producing cocoa by-products from cocoa
waste have different tax rates depending on where they are located. (2 marks)

Character or Activity variable

Different tax rules apply depending on whether a taxpayer is engaged in farming,
manufacturing, real estate development, hospitality industry, The Income Tax Act,
2015 (Act 896) provides various incentives to persons that carry on these activities.
For example, a bank lending to farming businesses has a different and lower tax
rate (20%) from one lending to other sectors of the economy, which is taxed at 25%.
Also, a person who earns income from the export of non-traditional goods pays
tax at 8%, whereas a person engaged in the hospitality (hotel) industry pays tax at
22%. (2 marks)

Entity Variable
Different entities, such as sole proprietorships, partnerships and limited liability
companies, are taxed at different rates, so choosing the right entity may minimise
taxes. Since tax rates differ between individuals and companies, an opportunity
for tax planning exists. Moreover, some entities are either tax exempt or enjoy tax
holidays. This variable is very important when entrepreneurs are starting new
businesses and must decide which organisational form to adopt. This is because
the choice of organisational form determines whether the business income will be
subject to income tax rates applicable to individuals (sole proprietorship and
partnership) or the corporate tax rate (for companies). (2 marks)

Conclusion
It can be concluded that a number of tax planning schemes can be available to the
company, but this depends on the company's circumstances and the tax planning
appetite of the Board of Directors and management of the company.

Yours faithfully,

Signed:
Joe Fraser
Tax Consultant (1 mark)
(Total: 10 marks including address, subject and conclusion)
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b) Advice Konadu Yiadom Limited and its shareholders on:

 The income tax implications of the acquisition of shares by Japan Rocks.

 The acquisitions of sixty percent shares of Japan Rocks by Konadu Yiadom Limited
will amount to change ownership of Japan Rocks.
 Sections 38(l)(f) and section 62 of Act 896 provide that where the underlying
ownership of an entity changes by more than fifty percent at any time within three
years, the assets and liabilities of the entity immediately before the change is
deemed to be realised.
 Underlying ownership in relation to an entity is defined in section 133 of Act 896
to mean membership interests owned in the entity, directly or indirectly through
one or more interposed entities, by individuals or by entities in which no person
has a membership interest.
 Since there will be more than fifty percent change in ownership of Japan Rocks, the
assets and liabilities of Japan Rocks will be deemed to have realised immediately
before the change.
 Section 62(2) of Act 896 provides that where the underlying ownership of Japan
Rocks changes by more than fifty percent, Japan Rocks cannot:
o deduct financial costs carried forward under section 16(3) that were incurred
by the entity before the change
o deduct a loss that was incurred by the entity before the change;
o claim a deduction after the change, in a case where the entity has included an
amount in calculating income under those provisions before the change; or
o carry back a loss that was incurred after the change to a year assessment
before the change.
 Thus, the loss of GH¢3,600,000 of Japan Rocks cannot be carried forward, and the
financial cost of GH¢900,000 cannot be deducted or carried forward.
 If the underlying ownership changes by more than fifty percent during a year of
assessment of Japan Rocks, the period after the change shall be treated as separate
years of assessment under section 62(3) of Act 896.
(10 marks)

(Total: 20 marks)

CHIEF EXAMINER’S COMMENT

The a) part of the question was on tax planning maxims or variable of tax planning.
This was a well answered question. Few candidates spent time distinguishing
between tax avoidance and tax evasion. Unfortunately, that was not the requirement.
Question 5b) was on the acquisition of shares and the implication on losses and
financial cost. A very familiar area in the syllabus. While others did justice to the
questions, others struggled.

RECOMMENDATION
I recommend the Institute's manuals to students and suggest that Tuition Providers
should administer examinations in the form of mock to get students grounded for the

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examination to improve the pass rate. In addition, the immediate diet past questions
can be used to test the readiness of candidates.
Additionally, students should read widely. Obtain good books and also get the Tax
Acts and Regulations as supplementary readers.
Read the marking schemes to get to know the nuances of the questions and answer
questions from the emphasis placed on certain areas of the scheme.
Work on the English language, especially the writing skills, to be able to convey
thoughts well.

CONCLUSIONS
From the foregoing, students should read within the syllabus to give a good account
of themselves and increase the pass rate, considering the myriad of materials available
to enrich the quality of studies and presentation. The tax laws are now available in
soft copies and with practice notes to ease understanding of the laws coupled with the
availability of manuals by the Institute.
Additionally, students should work on their handwriting to make it legible for
reading to ease the frustration in marking.
Where students cannot present information properly, they should consider adding
examples to enhance the quality of the presentation to earn more marks.
Tuition Centres should consider the intermittent conduct of mock examination to
determine the preparedness of candidates before the main examination. This will
bring to the fore areas of strength and weakness of students before the examination.

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