Resonance Circuits

 Learn about series and parallel resonant RLC circuits.

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 OBJECTIVES
• Become familiar with the frequency response of a
series resonant circuit and how to calculate the
resonant and cutoff frequencies.
• Be able to calculate a tuned network’s quality factor,
bandwidth, and power levels at important frequency
levels.
• Become familiar with the frequency response of a
parallel resonant circuit and how to calculate the
resonant and cutoff frequencies.

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 OBJECTIVES
• Understand the impact of the quality factor on
the frequency response of a series or parallel
resonant network.
• Begin to appreciate the difference between
defining parallel resonance at the frequency
either where the input impedance is a
maximum or where the network has a unity
power factor.

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 INTRODUCTION
• This topic introduces the very important resonant (or tuned )
circuit, which is fundamental to the operation of a wide variety
of electrical and electronic systems in use today.
• The resonant circuit is a combination of R, L, and C elements
having a frequency response characteristic similar to the one
appearing in the figure below

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 INTRODUCTION

• The resonant electrical circuit must have both

inductance and capacitance.
• In addition, resistance will always be present
due either to the lack of ideal elements or to the
control offered on the shape of the resonance
curve.
• When resonance occurs due to the application
of the proper frequency (f0), the energy
absorbed by one reactive element is the same as
that released by another reactive element within
the system.
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 Resonance In Electric Circuits

Any passive electric circuit will resonate if it has an inductor

and capacitor.

Resonance is characterized by the input voltage and current

being in phase. The driving point impedance (or admittance)
is completely real when this condition exists.

Resonance is characterized by the input voltage and current

being in phase and the driving point impedance (or admittance)
is completely real when this condition exists

In this presentation we will consider (a) series resonance, and

(b) parallel resonance.
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 SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT

• A resonant circuit (series or parallel) must have an

inductive and a capacitive element.
• A resistive element is always present due to the
internal resistance of the source (RS), the internal
resistance of the inductor (RL), and any added
resistance to control the shape of the response curve.
• Resonance is characterized by the input voltage and
current being in phase and the driving point
impedance (or admittance) is completely real when
this condition exists

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 SERIES RESONANCE
 Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the
capacitive and inductive reactance are equal in magnitude,
thereby resulting in purely resistive impedance.

 The features of series resonance:

The impedance is purely resistive, Z = R;
• The supply voltage Vs and the current I are in phase (cosθ = 1)
• The inductor voltage and capacitor voltage can be much more
than the source voltage.

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 SERIES RESONANCE

The magnitude of the circuit current is;

VM
I= I =
2
 1 
R +  ωL −
2

 ωC 

Vs (ω ) 1  1 
Z (ω ) =H (ω ) = R jω L +
=+ =+R j ωL − 
I (ω ) jωC  ω C 
Resonance occurs when circuit is purely resistive
1 1
) ωL −
Im( Z= = 0 ⇒ ωo L = At resonance we designate ω as
ωC ωoC
ωo and write;
1
ωo = Resonance Frequency
LC
This is an important equation to
1 1 remember. It applies to both
ωo = , fo series
LC 2π LC And parallel resonant circuits.
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 SERIES RESONANCE
 VR, VL, VC, and I versus frequency for a series resonant circuit.

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 SERIES RESONANCE

Inductive reactance versus frequency.

Capacitive reactance versus frequency.

Placing the frequency response of the ZT (total impedance) versus frequency for the
inductive and capacitive reactance of a series resonant circuit.
series R-L-C circuit on the same set of
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axes.
 Variation of XL and XC
In a series RLC circuit, the circuit can be capacitive or inductive,
depending on the frequency.

XC>XL XL>XC

Reactance
At the frequency where XC=XL,
the circuit is at series resonance.

Below the resonant

frequency, the circuit is XC XL
predominantly capacitive. XC=XL

f
Above the resonant Series
resonance
frequency, the circuit is
predominantly inductive.

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PHASE OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT

fo
f < f o : Network Capacitive
f > f o : Network Inductive
f = f o : Network Resistive

Phase plot for the series resonant circuit.

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 SERIES RESONANCE

Resonance allows frequency discrimination in circuits.

 Resonance occurs in a circuit that has at least one inductor and one
capacitor.

At Resonance:
1) Impedance is purely resistive.
2) The voltage and current are in phase.
3) Inductor and capacitor voltages can be much more than (Q times) source
voltage.

Vm
=
VL = ωo L QVm
R
Vm 1 ωo L 1
=
VC = QVm = Q =
R ωoC R ωoCR
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 BANDWIDTH of SERIES RESONANCE
 Current versus frequency for the series resonant circuit.
Vm
I= I=
R 2 + (ω L − 1 ) 2
ωC
Half Power Frequencies
Dissipated power is half of the
maximum value.

• The half-power frequencies ω1 and ω2 can be obtained by setting,

Z (ω1 ) = Z (ω2 ) = R 2 + (ω L − 1 )2 = 2R
ωC
2
V 
 m 
(ω2 ) 
2
(ω1 ) P=
P=
2R
2 2
R  R  1 R  R  1
ω1 =
− +   + , ω2 =
+ +   +
2L  2 L  LC 2L  2 L  LC EEG120S
 Series Resonance
2
The peak power delivered to the circuit is; Vm
P=
R

The so-called half-power is given whenI = V. m

2R

We find the frequencies, w1 and w2, at which this half-power

occurs by using;

2
 1 
2 R = R 2 +  ωL − 
 ωC 

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 Selectivity
 The frequencies corresponding to 0.707 of the maximum current are called the band
frequencies, cutoff frequencies, or half-power frequencies (ƒ1, ƒ2).

 Half-power frequencies are those frequencies at which the power delivered is one-
half that delivered at resonant frequency.

 The range of frequencies between the two are referred to as bandwidth (abbreviated
BW) of the resonant circuit.

 Since the resonant circuit is adjusted to select a band of frequencies it is called a

selectivity curve.

 The shape of the curve depends on each element of the series R-L-C circuit.

 If resistance is made smaller with a fixed inductance and capacitance, the bandwidth
decreases and the selectivity increases.

 If the ratio L/C increases with fixed resistance, the bandwidth again decreases with
an increase in selectivity.

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 BANDWIDTH OF SERIES RESONANCE
 The width of the response is measured by the BANDWIDTH.
 BANDWIDTH is the difference between the half-power
frequencies.
B ω2 − ω1
=

 Resonance frequency can be obtained from the half-power

frequencies.
ω=
o ω1ω 2 , =
B ω 2 − ω1

 The SHARPNESS of the resonance is measured by the QUALITY

FACTOR.
 QUALITY FACTOR is the ratio of the resonance frequency to the
bandwidth. The higher the Q the smaller is the bandwidth.
ωo
Q=
B EEG120S
QUALITY FACTOR OF SERIES RESONANCE

ωo
Q=
B

Peak Energy Stored

Q = 2π
Energy Dissipated in one Period at Resonance
ωo L 1
= Q =
R ω o RC

ωo L 1
=
Q =
R ω o RC
R ωo
B= =
L Q
B B
ω1 ≈ ω o − , ω 2 ≈ ω o +
2 2
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Effect on Selectivity of R, L, C for Series Resonance

Effect of R on selectivity

Effect of L and C on selectivity

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 PARALLEL RESONANCE
 Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive
reactances are equal in magnitude, resulting in a purely resistive impedance.
 Parallel resonance circuit behaves similarly but in opposite fashion compared to
series resonant circuit.
 The admitance is minimum at resonance or impedance is maximum.

1
ωo =
LC

Parallel resonant circuit.

I 1 1 1  1 
Y= H (ω ) = = + jωC + = + j  ωC −
V R jω L R  ω L 
Resonance occurs when admitance is purely resistive
1 1 1
) ωL −
Im(Y= = 0 ⇒ ωo L = ωo = rad/sec
ωC ωoC LC EEG120S
 Parallel Resonance
Background

What this means is that for all the equations we

have
derived for the parallel resonant circuit, we can use
for the series resonant circuit provided we make
the substitutions:

1
R replaced be
R
L replaced by C
C replaced by L
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 PARALLEL RESONANCE
 At Resonance frequency:
1) Admitance is purely resistive.
2) The voltage and current are in phase.
3) Inductor and capacitor currents can be much more than the source current.

Im R
=
IL I C ωoCI=
= QI m = mR QVm
ωo L

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 PARALLEL RESONANCE

Im
= V
V =
2
1
  + (ω C − 1 )2
ωL
R

Voltage versus frequency for the parallel resonant circuit.

 The half-power frequencies can be obtained as:
2
1  1  1
ω1 =
− +   +
2 RC  2 RC  LC
2
1  1  1
ω2 =
+ +   +
2 RC  2 RC  LC
1
ω o = ω1ω 2 , B = ω 2 − ω1 =
RC EEG120S
Summary of series and parallel resonance
circuits:

Characteristic Series circuit Parallel circuit

ωo 1 1
LC LC
Q ωo L 1 R
or or ωo RC
R ωo RC ωo L
B ωo ωo
Q Q

ω1, ω2 1 2 ωo 1 2 ω
ωo 1 + ( ) ± ωo 1 + ( ) ± o
2Q 2Q 2Q 2Q

Q ≥ 10, ω1, ω2 ωo ±
B
ωo ±
B
2 2

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Types of Resonance Circuits

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Example 1: Resonance

Determine the resonant frequency for the circuit below.

1
j ωL ( R + )
j ωC (−ω 2 LRC + jωL)
ZI N = =
R + j ωL +
1 (1 − ω 2
LC ) + jωRC
j ωC

At resonance, the phase angle of Z must be equal to zero.

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 Resonance
Analysis

(−ω 2 LRC + jωL)

(1 − ω 2 LC ) + jωRC

For zero phase; ωL ωRC

=
(−ω LCR ) (1 − ω 2 LC
2

This gives;
ω LC − ω R C =1
2 2 2 2

or
1
ωo =
( LC − R 2C 2 )
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 Parallel Resonance
Example 2:
A parallel RLC resonant circuit has a resonant frequency admittance of
2x10-2 S(mohs). The Q of the circuit is 50, and the resonant frequency is
10,000 rad/sec. Calculate the values of R, L, and C. Find the half-power
frequencies and the bandwidth.

First, R = 1/G = 1/(0.02) = 50 ohms.

ωO L
Q=
Second, from R , we solve for L, knowing Q, R, and wo to
find L = 0.25 H.
Q 50
Third, we can use C= = =100 µ F
ωO R 10,000 × 50

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 Parallel Resonance

Example 2: (continued)

ωo 1×10 4
Fourth: We can use ω BW = = = 200 rad / sec
Q 50

and

Fifth: Use the approximations;

ω1 = ωo - 0.5wBW = 10,000 – 100 = 9,900 rad/sec

ω2 = ωo - 0.5wBW = 10,000 + 100 = 10,100 rad/sec

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 Extension of Resonant Circuits
Given the following circuit:

+
R
+
C V
I
_ L
_

We want to find the frequency, wr, at which the transfer function

for V/I will resonate.

The transfer function will exhibit resonance when the phase angle
between V and I are zero.
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 Extension of Resonant Circuits

The desired transfer functions is;

V (1/ sC )( R + sL)
=
I R + sL + 1/ sC

This equation can be simplified to;

V R + sL
=
I LCs 2 + RCs + 1

With s jw

V R + jwL
=
I (1 − w2 LC ) + jwR
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 Extension of Resonant Circuits
Resonant Condition:
For the previous transfer function to be at a resonant point,
the phase angle of the numerator must be equal to the phase angle
of the denominator.

∠θ num =
∠θ dem
or,
 wL   wRC 
θ num = tan 
−1
 θ den = tan 
−1
 .
 R ,  (1 − w 2
LC ) 

Therefore;
wL wRC
=
R (1 − w2 LC )

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 Extension of Resonant Circuits
Resonant Condition Analysis:

Canceling the w’s in the numerator and cross multiplying gives,

L(1 − w2 LC ) =
R 2 C or w2 L2 C =
L − R 2C

This gives,
1 R2
=
wr − 2
LC L

Notice that if the ratio of R/L is small compared to 1/LC, we have

1
w=
r w=
o
LC
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 Extension of Resonant Circuits

Resonant Condition Analysis:

What is the significance of wr and wo in the previous two equations?

Clearly wr is a lower frequency of the two. To answer this question, consider
the following example.

Given the following circuit with the indicated parameters. Write a

Matlab program that will determine the frequency response of the
transfer function of the voltage to the current as indicated.

R
+
C +
I
_ L
V

_
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 Extension of Resonant Circuits
Resonant Condition Analysis: Matlab Simulation:
We consider two cases:

Case 1: Case 2:

R = 3 ohms R = 1 ohms
C = 6.25x10-5 F C = 6.25x10-5 F
L = 0.01 H L = 0.01 H
wr= 2646 rad/sec wr= 3873 rad/sec

For both cases,

wo = 4000 rad/sec

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 Extension of Resonant Circuits
Resonant Condition Analysis: Matlab Simulation:

The transfer functions to be simulated are given below.

Case 1:

V 0.001s + 3
=
I 6.25 x10−8 s 2 + 1.875 x10−7 + 1

Case 2:

V 0.001s + 1
=
I 6.25 x10−8 s 2 + 6.25 x10−5 + 1

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EEG120S
 Selected Key Terms
Series resonance A condition in a series RLC circuit in which the
reactances ideally cancel and the impedance is a
minimum.
Resonant The frequency at which resonance occurs; also
frequency (fr) known as the center frequency.

Parallel resonance A condition in a parallel RLC circuit in which the

reactances ideally are equal and the impedance is a
maximum.
Tank circuit A parallel resonant circuit.

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 Selected Key Terms
Half-power The frequency at which the output power of a
frequency resonant circuit is 50% of the maximum value
(the output voltage is 70.7% of maximum);
another name for critical or cutoff frequency.

Decibel Ten times the logarithmic ratio of two powers.

Selectivity A measure of how effectively a resonant

circuit passes desired frequencies and rejects
all others. Generally, the narrower the
bandwidth, the greater the selectivity.

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 Quiz

1. In practical series and parallel resonant circuits, the

total impedance of the circuit at resonance will be
a. capacitive
b. inductive
c. resistive
d. none of the above

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 Quiz

2. In a series resonant circuit, the current at the half-

power frequency is
a. maximum
b. minimum
c. 70.7% of the maximum value
d. 70.7% of the minimum value

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 Quiz

3. The frequency represented by the red dashed line is

the
X
a. resonant frequency
b. half-power frequency
XL
c. critical frequency
d. all of the above
XC

f
f

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 Quiz

4. In a series RLC circuit, if the frequency is below the

resonant frequency, the circuit will appear to be
a. capacitive
b. inductive
c. resistive
d. answer depends on the particular components

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 Quiz

5. In a series resonant circuit, the resonant frequency

can be found from the equation
BW
a. fr =
Q
1
b. fr =
2π LC

c. f r = 0.707 I max
1
d. fr =
2π LC

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 Quiz

6. In an ideal parallel resonant circuit, the total

impedance at resonance is

a. zero
b. equal to the resistance
c. equal to the reactance
d. infinite

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 Quiz

7. In a parallel RLC circuit, the magnitude of the total

current is always the
a. same as the current in the resistor.
b. phasor sum of all of the branch currents.
c. same as the source current.
d. difference between resistive and reactive currents.

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 Quiz

8. If you increase the frequency in a parallel RLC circuit,

the total current
a. will not change
b. will increase
c. will decrease
d. can increase or decrease depending on if it is above or
below resonance.

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 Quiz

9. The phase angle between the source voltage and

current in a parallel RLC circuit will be positive if
a. IL is larger than IC
b. IL is larger than IR
c. both a and b
d. none of the above

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 Quiz

10. A highly selectivity circuit will have a

a. small BW and high Q.
b. large BW and low Q.
c. large BW and high Q.
d. none of the above

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 Quiz

Answers:
1. c 6. d
2. c 7. b
3. a 8. d
4. a 9. d
5. b 10. a

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