Virus

A computer virus is a type of malicious software (malware) that can replicate itself and spread
from one computer to another. Just like biological viruses, they need a host to infect and spread.
In the case of computers, the host is usually an executable file, such as a program or a macro.
Once a virus infects a host, it can perform a variety of malicious actions, such as:

 Deleting or corrupting files

There are many different types of computer viruses, each with its own unique way of infecting
and spreading. Here are some of the most common types:

File infector viruses: These viruses attach themselves to executable files, such as .exe or .com
files. When the infected file is run, the virus is also run, allowing it to infect other files on the
computer.

Macro viruses: These viruses are written in macro languages, such as Visual Basic for
Applications (VBA). When a document containing the virus is opened, the macro is also run,
allowing the virus to infect other documents on the computer.

Boot sector viruses: These viruses infect the boot sector of a hard drive. The boot sector is the
code that is run when a computer is first turned on. If a boot sector virus is present, it will run
before the operating system, allowing it to infect the entire computer.

Polymorphic viruses: These viruses are able to change their code each time they replicate,
making them difficult to detect by antivirus software.

File infector viruses

In addition to these common types, there are many other types of computer viruses, such as:
 Worms: Worms are similar to viruses, but they are able to spread without needing a host file.
Worms can spread through networks, email attachments, and removable media.

Trojans: Trojans are programs that appear to be legitimate, but they actually contain hidden
malware. Once a Trojan is run, it can install other malware on the computer or steal data.

Spyware: Spyware is software that collects information about a user's computer activity without
their knowledge. Spyware can be used to steal personal information, such as credit card numbers
and passwords.

Ransomware: Ransomware is malware that encrypts a user's files and then demands a ransom
payment in order to decrypt them.

Firewalls

A firewall acts as a security barrier between your trusted internal network (computer or device)
and the untrusted external network (usually the internet). Think of it like a bouncer at a club,
only instead of checking IDs, it meticulously examines every single piece of data trying to enter
or leave your digital haven.

What do firewalls do?

 Filter Network Traffic: Firewalls analyze incoming and outgoing data packets based on pre-
defined rules. They allow authorized traffic, like your web browsing or streaming, while
blocking potentially harmful or unauthorized access attempts.

 Prevent Cyberattacks: Malicious software, hackers, and unauthorized attempts all leave digital
footprints. Firewalls identify these red flags and block them before they can harm your system.

 Control Network Access: You can configure firewalls to restrict internet access for specific
applications, devices, or users. This is handy for parental controls or preventing malware
installations.

 Monitor Network Activity: Firewalls log all network traffic, providing valuable insights into
potential threats, suspicious activity, and bandwidth usage.
 Types of Firewalls:

 Packet Filtering Firewalls: The simplest type, these analyze data packets based on IP
addresses, ports, and protocols. They're fast and efficient but limited in detecting complex
threats.

 Stateful Firewalls: More sophisticated, they track the entire "conversation" between devices, not
just individual packets. This allows them to detect and block more advanced attacks.

 Application-Level Firewalls: Analyze data at the application level, understanding the context of
communication, making them highly effective against targeted attacks.

 Next-Generation Firewalls (NGFWs): Combine features of all the above, including deep
packet inspection, intrusion detection/prevention, and application control. They offer the most
comprehensive protection but can be complex to manage.

Benefits of Using Firewalls:

 Enhanced Security: Firewalls act as a crucial first line of defense against cyberattacks, protecting
your valuable data and systems.

 Improved Privacy: By controlling network access, firewalls prevent unauthorized snooping or

 Reduced Risk of Malware: Blocking suspicious connections and applications hinders malware
installations and infections.

 Efficient Network Management: Firewalls optimize bandwidth usage by selectively allowing or

Firewalls are not foolproof, but they're essential tools for anyone concerned about online
security. They work best when combined with other security measures like antivirus software,
strong passwords, and safe browsing practices.