SURVEYING-II

(CE-229)

Lecture Notes
Prepared By;
Engr. Arshad A. Azeemi
Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, KPK
Email: [email protected]
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 CLASS OUTLINES
CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS

• Introduction
• Horizontal and Vertical Control
• Constructions Surveys of; Sewers/Canals, Bridge Piers, and Building

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 INTRODUCTION
❑ Surveying is involved in a project from conceptual stage to construction and afterwards in
maintenance also.
❑ Survey Includes;
❑ Decision Making
❑ Field Work
❑ Data Processing
❑ Reporting
❑ Depending on the stage at which surveying is carried out it can be called;
❑ Pre-Construction Survey (Feasibility Survey)
❑ Construction Survey (To maintain alignment and geometry control during construction)
❑ Post Construction Survey (Maintenance Survey)

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 Construction Surveys / Setting Out Works / Lay-outing
❑ Setting out is all about transferring measurements from working drawings to the building plot.
❑ Setting out is simply the physical transfer into the ground what was initially on plan or in
paperwork.
❑ Accurate setting out is of principal importance and should therefore only be carried out by
competent person and all their work thoroughly checked

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 Construction Surveys / Setting Out Works / Lay-outing
❑ The object of the construction survey is to set out the details of the project (Setting Out Works).
❑ To begin with, the construction engineer goes over the located line, finds the final location
stakes and checks them.
❑ Construction surveys provide the horizontal and vertical layout for every key component of a
construction project.
❑ This provision of line and grade can be accomplished only by experienced surveyors familiar
with both the related project design and the appropriate construction techniques.
❑ A knowledge of related design is essential for interpreting the design drawings effectively for
layout purposes, and a knowledge of construction techniques is required to ensure that the
layout is optimal both for line and grade transfer and for construction scheduling.

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 Construction Surveys / Setting Out Works / Lay-outing
“The practice of transferring the building design onto the land itself so that the workers can follow
it during construction. Key points and guide markers are set out to ensure accurate building takes
place.”.
The Role of the Construction Surveyor is;
❑ To perform the control survey.
❑ To perform the preliminary or preengineering survey.
❑ Staking out (on centerline or on offset)
❑ At periodic interval, measuring quantities reflecting the progress of the contractor during the
time period.
❑ To perform a final or as-built survey.

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 Horizontal and Vertical Control
❑ The first step in any construction survey is to establish control both horizontal and vertical.
❑ In line with the principle of surveying a control survey provides a framework of survey points,
whose relative positions are known to prescribed degree of accuracy.
❑ The areas covered by these points may extended over a whole country and form the basis for
the national maps of the country.
❑ Alternatively the area may be relatively small, encompassing a construction survey site for
which a large-scale plan is required.
❑ Although the areas covered in construction are usually quit small, the accuracy may be required
to a very high order.

❑ Horizontal Control – Northing & Easting (X, Y)

❑ Vertical Control – Bench Marks (Z)

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 Horizontal and Vertical Control
❑ Before Construction: New control points around the site must be established with high
accuracy. Additional points inside the site are then established. All points must be ‘tied out’ for
repositioning.
❑ These initial points;
❑ Meet certain accuracy standards.
❑ Be clearly marked, referenced, and recorded.
❑ Be far enough to be safe during construction.
❑ During Construction: Additional control is extended by the contractor as needed, around or
inside the structure. These additional points should be closed enough to the structure so that
workers with simple equipment can use them.

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 Horizontal Control
❑ The horizontal control forms the skeleton of the survey from which the contours and the detail
are located.
❑ The purpose of establishing the horizontal control point is to prevent excessive accumulation of
error.
❑ The control is established with such precision that the errors of their positions can not be
shown on the map.

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 Horizontal Control
❑ The primary horizontal control (i.e. primary control stations) is established by triangulation,
precise traversing, or both.
❑ The secondary control (i.e. secondary control station) is established by running transit and tape
traverse of the desired precision connecting the triangulation stations.
❑ In small towns there is only one horizontal control, and it is established by a closed traverse.

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 Vertical Control
❑ The purpose of vertical control is to determine the elevations of the primary control stations or
to establish bench marks near them and at convenient intervals all over the area so that the
levelling operations may be started from and ended on them, and also they may serve as
reference points for future work.
❑ The first order bench marks (primary vertical controls) are established by precise levelling at
about half a kilometer or so apart on permanent objects.
❑ Additional bench marks (secondary vertical control) are established at traverse stations, and
also on permanent objects.

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 Setting Out of Sewers / Canals
❑ Fix stakes on the ground at the center line of the proposed sewer at 20m intervals.
❑ Set out a parallel line to the proposed center line of the sewer on one side at a distance apart so
that it may not get disturbed during excavation.
❑ Excavate the sewer trench of desired width and depth.

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 Setting Out of Sewers / Canals
❑ Erect cross heads at 30meter apart and each change of gradient and direction.
❑ Set the top edge of each sight rail truly horizontal with help of a spirit level.
❑ Drive-in a nail on the top edge at the center of the sight rail to define the center line of the
sewer.
❑ Establish the gradient of the line joining top edge of two consecutive sight rails as that of the
invert of the sewer.

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 Setting Out of Bridge Piers
Locating pier position
❑ Lay one base line on each bank exactly at right angle to center line AB, extending on either
side of the center line.
❑ Measure the accurate length of center line AB by triangulation.
Locate the position of the piers on the centered line as under;
❑ Calculate the distance BP1, P1P2,P2A between the abutment and piers.

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 Setting Out of Bridge Piers
❑ Measure distances B1,B2 equal to BP1 and BP2 respectively on the base line perpendicular at
B on either side.
❑ Similarly measure distances A2, A1 equal to AP2 and AP1 on the base line perpendicular at A
on either side. The interacting line 1-1& 2-2 make angle of 45 with base lines on opposite
banks and also with the center line AB.
❑ The position of pier 1 may be located by simultaneously sighting at the intersection of the two
intersecting lines 1-1.
❑ Similarly the position of pier 2 may be located by simultaneously sighting at the intersection of
the two intersecting lines 2-2.

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 Setting-out of a building – marking
of a building position, size and shape

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 Building Construction Survey (Setting Out a Building)
❑ Setting out a building is the process of transferring architectural proposals from drawings into
the ground. It establishes the location points for site boundaries, foundations, columns, centre-
lines of walls and other necessary structural parts.
❑ The object of setting out a building is to clearly define the outline of excavation on the ground
for the guidance of the contractor.
❑ It would be of little use, if stakes are at the exact position of each corners of the building, since
they would be dug out as the work of excavating the foundations proceeds.
❑ The best method is, therefore to set out a reference rectangle outside the limits of excavation.

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 Building Construction Survey (Setting Out a Building)
❑ Setting out is done based on the principle of “Whole to part”. According to this principle the
largest possible rectangle of the building is found and set up first.
❑ Then it is further divided into small parts completing the major setting out for the building.

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 Building Construction Survey (Setting Out a Building)
Follow the Steps Below in Setting Out a Building:
❑ Site clearance.
❑ Obtain the architectural and the structural plan.
❑ Get your materials ready.
❑ Establish a parallel line.
❑ Use the 3 4 5 method.
❑ Establish your profiles.
❑ Nail the points of excavation on your profile.

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 Building Construction Survey (Setting Out a Building)

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 Checking the Verticality of High Rise Structures
❑ Set the total station / theodolite. The place you set it, should not be very far from the buildings
you are checking for verticality.
❑ Bisect the bottom of one corner of the building and clamp the alidade of the total station.
❑ Turn the telescope upwards as you sight through it.
❑ If the cross hairs move along the edge of the wall all along to top, then the building is vertical.
(but there may be small variations which are negligible e.g deviations to left and right as you
go up).
❑ But if there is a constant deviation to one side, then there is a problem with verticality.

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