Power Quality Improvement Technique

Lecture 26
PWM for Voltage Source Converter-IV

Dr. Avik Bhattacharya

Assistant Professor
Room No. 227, Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Phone: 01332285375
Email: [email protected]

1
 Selective Harmonic Elimination
• By placing notches in the output waveform at proper
locations, certain harmonics can be eliminated. This allows
lower switching frequencies to be used -> lower losses, higher
efficiency.

2
 Selective Harmonic Elimination (cont…)
General Fourier series of wave is given by:

v(t )   (an cos nt  bn sin nt )
n 1

where
2
1
an 
  v(t ) cos(nt )d (t )
0

and 2
1
bn 
  v(t )sin(nt )d (t )
0

3
 Selective Harmonic Elimination (cont…)
• For a waveform with quarter-cycle symmetry, only the odd
harmonics with sine components will appear, i.e. an=0 and

v(t )   bn sin n t
n 1

where
2
4
bn 
  v(t ) sin(nt )d (t )
0

4
 Selective Harmonic Elimination (cont…)
• It can be shown (see text for derivation) that

4  K

bn 
n 

1  2K 1
( 1) K
cos n K 


• Thus we have K variables (i.e. 1, 2, 3, ... K) and we need K
simultaneous equations to solve for their values.
• With K  angles, K-1 harmonics can be eliminated.

5
 Selective Harmonic Elimination (cont…)
Consider the 5th and 7th harmonics (the 3rd order harmonics
can be ignored if the machine has an isolated neutral). Thus K=3
and the equations can be written as:
Fundamental:
4
b1  (1  2 cos 1  2 cos  2  2 cos 3 )

5th Harmonic:
4
b5  (1  2 cos 51  2 cos 5 2  2 cos 53 )  0
5
7th Harmonic:
4
b7  (1  2 cos 71  2 cos 7 2  2 cos 73 )  0
7
6
 Selective Harmonic Elimination (cont…)
• These transcendental equations can be solved numerically for
the notch angles 1, 2, and 3 for a specified fundamental
amplitude. For example, if the fundamental voltage is 50%
(i.e. b1=0.5) the  values are:

1=20.9, 2=35.8, and 3=51.2

• This approach can easily be implemented in a microcomputer

using a lookup table for notch angles
7
Selective Harmonic Elimination (cont…)

8
 Current Regulated PWM
• The flux and torque output of an ac motor is directly
controlled by the current input to the motor.
• Thus having current control on the output of a voltage-fed
converter with voltage control PWM is important.
• A feedback current loop is used to control the machine
current.
• Two PWM techniques for current control will be considered:
1. Instantaneous Current Control
2. Hysteresis Band Current Control

9
 Instantaneous Current Control
• The below figure shows an instantaneous current control
scheme with sinusoidal PWM in the inner control loop.

10
 Instantaneous Current Control (Cont…)
• Actual current i is compared to commanded current i* and the
error fed to a proportional- integral (P-I) controller. The rest of
the circuit is the standard PWM topology. For a 3 inverter,
three such controllers are used.

• Although the control approach is simple, this method

produces significant phase lag at high frequencies which are
very harmful to high-performance drives

11
 Hysteresis-Band Current Control
• In hysteresis-band current control the actual current tracks
the command current within a hysteresis band.
• In this approach a sine reference current wave is compared to
the actual phase current wave.
• As the current exceeds a prescribed hysteresis band, the
upper switch in the half-bridge is turned off and the lower
switch is turned on.
• As the current goes below the hysteresis band, the opposite
switching takes place

12
Hysteresis-Band Current Control (Cont…)

13
 Hysteresis-Band Current Control (Cont…)
• With upper switch closed, the positive current slope is given
by: di 0.5Vd  Vcm sin  et

dt L
where 0.5Vd is the applied dc voltage,
• Vcmsinet is the opposing load counter EMF, and L = effective
load inductance.
• Similarly, with the lower switch closed, the negative current
slope is given by: di (0.5V  V sin  t )
 d cm e

dt L
14
 Hysteresis-Band Current Control (Cont…)
• Peak-to-Peak current ripple and switching freq. are related to
width of hysteresis band. Select width of hysteresis band to
optimally balance harmonic ripple and inverter switching loss.

• Current control tracking is easy at low speed but at high

speeds, when counter EMF is high, current tracking can be
more difficult.

15
 Hysteresis-Band Current Control (Cont…)
• A simple control block diagram for implementing hysteresis
band PWM is shown below:

16
 Hysteresis-Band Current Control (Cont…)
• The error in the control loop is input to a Schmitt trigger
circuit. The width of the hysteresis band HB is given by:

R2
HB  V
R1  R2
• Upper switch on: (i*-i) >HB
• Lower switch on: (i*-i) <-HB

17
 Hysteresis-Band Current Control (Cont…)
• This approach is very popular because of simple
implementation, fast transient response, direct limiting of
device pk. current, and practical insensitivity to dc link voltage
ripple (=> small filter capacitor).
• However, PWM freq. is not const. which leads to non-optimal
harmonic ripple in machine current. Can be overcome by
adaptive hysteresis band.
• Also, significant phase lag at high frequency. drawback of this
method for high-performance drives
18
Thank You

19