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Lecture 12 Filtration - Design Criteria

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98 views8 pages

Lecture 12 Filtration - Design Criteria

Uploaded by

Saleem .J. Khalaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Filtration

Va=Q/As

Where

Va=Face velocity, m/d =Loading rate, m3/m2/d

Q = Flow rate on filtration surface, m3/d

As = Surface area of filter, m2

Filter Support and Underdrains


The underdrain system serves to support the filter medium, collect filtered water,
and distribute backwash water and air scour if it is used.
Many filters use underdrain systems with openings larger than the filter medium to
be supported. To prevent the medium from leaking into the underdrain system,
several layers of graded gravel (called filter support) are placed between the
underdrain and the medium.
The popular underdrain is pipe lateral underdrains because of their relatively low
cost. Problems with relatively high headloss and poor wash water distribution have
resulted in a decline in their use. Pipe lateral underdrains require support gravel.

Design criteria for Slow Sand Filter.

V=100-200 L/m2/h
As = 100-2000 m2
Use at least two filters

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Figure 1 Underdrain system

Design criteria for R.S.F.

1. Filter beds
V=4-10 m3/m2/h
As = 20-30 m2
L/b = 1.25-1.33
Use at least two filters

2. Under drain filters


a. Diameter of openings ranges between 6-12 mm

AL= 2* Aopenings (for 12 mm diameter)

AL= 4* Aopenings (for 6 mm diameter)


b. Max length of lateral ≤ 60 DL
LL ≤ 60 DL

2
If more than 60 DL use more number of laterals
c. Aheader = 1.5-2 (total area of laterals)
Ah = 1.5-2 (AL*No)
d. Distance between laterals (15-30 cm)
e. Total area of opening ≤ 0.3-0.5% of area of one filter
f. ʋL ≤ 2 m/sec

3. Back washing
Rate of beck washing = 25-37 m3/m2/h
Time of back washing = 3-10 min
Quantity of back washing = 1-6 % of treated water
Pressure of back washing = 1-2 atm

4. Troughs
Q = Qbackwashing / No of troughs

Q is the total amount of water received by the trough, m3/sec


b is the width of the trough, m
y is the depth of the water at the upper end of the trough, m
g is the acceleration of gravity.

Example 1:
Design a slow sand filter for a community of 40000 populations. Assume the
average water consumption is 180 L/c/d.

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Solution:
Maximum water demand = 1.8 x180 x 40000
= 12.96 x 106 L/d
Assuming the rate of filtration as 150 L/m2 /h (criteria 100-200 L/m2 /h)
Rate of filtration / day=24x 150 = 3600 Liter
Area of filter = 12.96 x 106/3600 = 3600 m2
Provide two units and one extra as stand by
Area of each unit = 3600/2 = 1800 m2
Use dimensions of each unit as 36 m x 50 m

Example 2:
As part of proposed new treatment plant. A company is going to install rapid sand
filters. The design loading rate to the filter is 100 m3/m2/d. How much filter surface
area should be provided for their design flow rate of 0.5 m3/s ?If the maximum
surface area per filter box is 30 m2. How many filter boxes are required?
Solution:
Va=Q/As

As = (0.5*86400)/100 = 432 m2
Number of filters = 432/30 = 14.4, use 14 filters
Check
Va=Q/As

Va=(0.5*3600)/(14*30)= 4.28 m3/m2/h (criteria 4-10 m3/m2/h) ok

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Example 3:

A city has a population of 100000 with an average rate demand of 160 L/c/d. Find
the area of R.S.F.

Solution:

Max. daily demand = (100000*160*1.8)/1000 = 28800 m3/d

Assume rate of filtration 5 m3/m2/h (criteria 4-10 m3/m2/h)

Area of filter =28800/(5*24) = 240 m2

Let area of each filter = 30 m2 (criteria 20-30 m2)

No of units required = 240/30 =8

Example 4:

A Rapid Sand Filter has an area of 36 m2 operating at 90 L/ m2/min. needs washing


after 24 hours of operation. If washing for 5 minutes at the rate of 60 cm per
minute is expected, how much wash water will be required? and what percentage
of the filtered water will be required as wash water?

Solution:

at the rate of 60 cm per minute, the quantity of wash water required per square
meter will be = 60/100 = 0.6 m/min (m3/m2/min) = 600 L/m2/min.

Total wash water for the filter in 5 minutes = 600x36x5 = 108000 Liters.

Total filtered water in a day = 90x36x60x24 = 4665600 Liters.

Percentage of wash water = (108000/4665600)*100 = 2.31%

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Example 5:

Design an under drain system for R.S.F. with a flow rate of 1000 m3/h.

Solution:

R.S.F

Assume rate of filtration = 5 m3/m2/h (criteria 4-10 m3/m2/h)

Area of filter =1000/5 = 200 m2

Let area of each filter = 20 m2 (criteria 20-30 m2) (Af =4 x 5)

No of units required = 200/20 =10

Under drain system

Assume total area of openings= 0.4% of area of filter (criteria 0.3-0.5%)


Area of opening= (0.4/100)*20 m2=0.08 m2
Assume diameter of opening =12 mm

Area of opening= π/4 (12/1000)2=1.13*10-4


Number of openings = (0.08/1.13*10-4)=707.3=708
AL = Area of laterals=2*Aopenings=2*0.08=0.16 m2
Ah = Area of header=2*AL =2*0.16=0.32
Assume cover 3.5 cm (3.5-5) cm
Assume distance between laterals = 20 cm (criteria 15-30 cm)

5/0.2= 25 laterals
25*2=50=number of laterals for both sides
Area of each lateral= (0.16/50) =0.0032 m2= π/4(DL)2
DL=0.064 m=6.4 cm

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Ah =0.32= π/4(Dh)2
Dh=0.638m=63.8cm, use 64cm
Number of opening for each lateral= (708/50) =14.16, use 15
LL =Length of lateral = (4-0.64-0.035-0.035)/2=1.645 m
LL ≤ 60 DL

1.645 ≤ 60 (0.064)

1.645 ≤ 3.84 ok

Spacing between openings= (1.645/15)=0.11 m=11 cm


ʋL ≤ 2 m/sec

ʋL =1000 /(3600 *π/4 (0.064)2 *50 *10) =0.172 ≤ 2 m/sec ok

Backwashing
Assume two filters to be washed at the same time
Area to be washed = 20 *2 = 40 m2
Assume rate of backwashing = 35 m3/m2/h (criteria 25-37 m3/m2/h)
Assume time of backwashing is 5 min (criteria 3-10 min)
Volume of washing tank = (35*40*5)/60 = 116 m3

Trough

Assume one trough at each filter

Rate of backwashing =35 /60 = 0.583 m3/m2/min

Q = (20 *0.583)/ 60 =0.194 m3/sec

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Assume y=b

(0.194) 2
y  1.73 3
9.81y 2

1.733 * 0.1942
y 
3

9.81* y 2

1.733 * 0.1942
y5 
9.81

y = 0.45 m, b =0.45 m

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