10/29/2009

Chapter 2 Hydrostatics

Hydraulics I

Zerihun Alemayehu
Rm. E119B

Definitions
• Hydrostatics: the study of fluids that are at rest or
moving with h uniform
f velocity
l as a solid
l d body
b d (no
(
relative motion)
• For fluids at rest or no relative motion
• shear stress is zero between the fluid layers.
• The only force acting will be hydrostatic: normal pressure force
– Application
• Submerged bodies: gates, submarines, dams etc
• Analysis of stability of floating bodies: ships, pontoons etc

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Pascal’s law
“the pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in
all directions
directions.”
∑ Fx = 0 = p x ΔyΔl sin α − p n ΔyΔl sin α ⇒ pn = p x
1
∑ Fz = 0 = p z ΔyΔl cos α − p n ΔyΔl cos α − γΔl cos αΔl sin αΔy
2
⇒ pn = p z

∴ pn = p x = p y = p z = p

Pascal’s law

P = F1/A1
F2 = PA2
F2 = F1 (A2/A1)

Hydraulic Piston

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Basic Equation of Hydrostatics

The mass of the fluid = ρ.σx.σy.σz
Assume the fluid is subjected to acceleration z
σy
of ax, ay and az
Considering equilibrium in the vertical direction σz ρ g σx σy σz

σx
Which reduces to Pσ xσy
x
Similarly in the other direction we get
y
and

Basic Equation of Hydrostatics

The total change in pressure is given by the
Total differential as follows: z
σy

σz ρ g σx σy σz

Or dp = ‐ρax.dx ‐ ρay.dy ‐ ρ(az+ g).dz σx

Pσ xσy
x

dp = ‐ρ[ax.dx + ay.dy + (az+ g).dz] y

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Pressure Variation with Elevation

• Static fluid – pressure varies
only with elevation in the fluid.

∑ Fl = 0
= F left − F right − F weight
= p Δ A − ( p + Δ p ) Δ A − γ Δ A Δ l sin α

Δp Δz dp dz
= − γ sin α = − γ or = −γ
Δl Δl dl dl

dp
= −γ
dz

Pressure Variation with Elevation

dp
• If γ is a constant = −γ
dz
pa atmosphere

When z = zo, p = pa h = zo ‐ z
zo
Therefore, the pressure at a depth z is
P
p = pa + ρgh
z
p
h= + z = constant (piezometr ic head)
γ datum
Elevation head
Pressure head

Piezometric head

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Absolute and gage pressure

A

Gauge
PA
pressure
(Gauge)

Atmospheric pressure
Reference

PB
(Vaccum) Vaccum
B
Local PA
atmospheric (Absolute
pressure pressure)
PB
(Absolute Abs. pressure
pressure)

Absolute zero
Reference

Pabs = Patm + Pgage

Absolute and gage pressure

• Atmospheric pressure ÎBarometric pressure
Pv

Pa = Pv + ρgh = Patm
≅0 y
ÆPatm = Pv + ρgh Patm
a
ÆPatm = ρgh

At sea level, y = 760 mm of Hg or 10.33 m of water

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Measurement of Pressure
• Bourdon Gauge
• Piezometer column
• Manometers
• Micromanometer

Bourdon Gauge

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Piezometer column

PA = ρgh h

Manometers
• Used to measure pressure difference between two
points
• High positive and negative pressure differences

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U‐tube Manometer

PL = PK A

PA + γNy2 = γMy1 y1
y2
Thus, PA = γMy1 ‐ γNy2
N

K L

Differential Manometer
A

y3
γA
B
PK = PL y2
γo
PA + (y3 + y1) γN = PB + (y1‐y2) γ o + y2 γ M y1
K L
PA – PB = (y1‐y2) γ o + y2 γ M ‐ (y3 + y1) γN
γM

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Micromanometers
γC
m n

Pm +(k1 + Δ y) γ c+ (k2 ‐ Δ y+ h/2) γ B ‐ h γ A – k1

γo
(k2 – h/2 + Δ y) γ B – (k1 ‐ Δ y) γ C = Pn Δy
O O

Δ y. A = h/2 a or 2 Δ y = h (a/A) Area A

γB k2
l l
h
h/2
Pm – Pn = h[γ A ‐ γ B (1 – a/A) ‐ γ c a/A] Area a

γA

Example 2.1
• What is maximum force F2 that can be
supported?
pp Where F1 = 100 N

p1 − p 2 = − γ oil ( z1 − z 2 )
p 2 = p1 + γ oil ( z1 − z 2 )
F
= 1 + SG γ w ( z1 − z 2 )
A1
200
= + ( 0 . 85 )( 9810 )( 0 − 2 )
π
( 0 . 04 ) 2 π
4 F 2 = p 2 A 2 = 142 , 500 ( )( 0 . 1) 2
4
= 142 , 500 N / m 2
F 2 = 1,119 N

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Example 2.2
• Find the location of the surface in the manometer
A

B C

Solution
The distance Δh is the height of the
liquid in the manomoter above the
heavier liquid in the tank. A

D
p A + 0 .1 * γ w − Δh * γ m = p D
C
p A = PD = 0 B

γw
Δ h = 0 .1 *
γm
1
Δ h = 0 .1 * = 3 . 33 cm
3

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Example 2.3
• A U‐tube containing mercury (relative density 13.6) has
it right‐hand
its i ht h d limb
li b open to
t atmosphere
t h andd the
th left‐
l ft
hand limb connected to a pipe conveying water under
pressure, the difference in levels of mercury in the two
limps being 200 mm. If the mercury level in the left limb
is 400 mm below the center line of the pipe, find the
absolute pressure in the pipeline in kPa. Also find the
new difference in levels of the mercury in the U‐tube if
the pressure in the pipe falls by 2 kN/m2.

Solution
p/ρg + 0.40 ‐ 13.6 x 0.20 = 0 (atmosphere)
Î p/ ρg = 2.32
2 32 m of water
or p = 103 x 9.81 x 2.32 = 22.76 kN/m2

The corresponding abs pressure = 101 + 22.76 =

123.76 kN/m2

20.76 x 103/103 x 9.81 + 0.30 + x/2 ‐ 13.6 x = 0

Î x, the new difference is mercury levels =
0.184 m 0r 184 mm

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Example 2.4

Air
Determine the gauge reading in N/m2
What will be the gauge reading when
C
Expressed as head of water in m? B
20 cm
4.0 m A’ A

Water

Mercury

Solution
• PA = PA’
• 0 20 γM
PB = PA’ – 0.20
• PC = PB and PD = Pgauge = PC + 4 γW
• Î PD = PA’ – 0.20 γm + 4 γW
• PD=0 – 0.20 x γw.Sm + 4 γW
• 12556 8 N/m2
PD = 12556.8
• Expressed as head of water
• h = P/ γW = 12556.8/9810 = 1.28 m

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Example 2.5
The Bourden gauge connected to the manometer is inside
The sealed tank.
tank Atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa absolute.
absolute
Calculate the gauge reading Px.
700 kN/m2

G
Air
A

1m Water 1
1.5
5m
B
S = 1.6 CCl4 1.5 m
C

Solution
• PA = atm. Pressure + 700 kPa gauge
• PA = 800 kPa
• PB = PA + pressure due to water column =
800 + 9.81 x 1.5 = 814.715 kPa abs.
700 kN/m2
• PC = PB + pressure due to CCl4 = 814.715 +
9.81 x 1.6 x 1.5 = 838.259 kPa abs. G
• Gauge Pressure at C with respect to A = Air
A
838.259 – 800 = 38.259 kPa
Water 1
1.5
5m
• The pressure in both limbs of U‐tube 1m B
should be equal 1.5 m
S = 1.6 CCl4
• Px + 1.6 x 9.81 x (1.0 + 1.5) = 38.259 C
• Px = 0.981 kPa vacuum

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Example 2.6

Find the pressure at in pipe A

PA + 0.2
0 2 =1.0
1 0 x 13
13.6
6
PA = 13.40 m
PA = 13.4 x 9.81 =131.45 kPa

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