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TIS - Descriptive Statistics

The document discusses descriptive statistics and provides information on topics like population, sample, observations, sampling techniques, types of data, levels of measurement, identifying data types, graphical techniques, frequency distributions, bar graphs, pie charts, histograms, scatter plots, central tendencies, measures of spread like range, IQR, variance and standard deviation.

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8 views21 pages

TIS - Descriptive Statistics

The document discusses descriptive statistics and provides information on topics like population, sample, observations, sampling techniques, types of data, levels of measurement, identifying data types, graphical techniques, frequency distributions, bar graphs, pie charts, histograms, scatter plots, central tendencies, measures of spread like range, IQR, variance and standard deviation.

Uploaded by

apoorva.k2017
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistics

Descriptive Statistics
Statistics

Descriptive statistics gives information about raw data regarding its


description or features.

Inferential statistics, on the other hand, draw inferences about the


population by using data extracted from the population.

Descriptive statistics summarize the characteristics of a data set.


Inferential statistics allow you to test a hypothesis or assess whether your
data is generalizable to the broader population.
Population, Sample, And Observations

Population Observation

A Population is a pool of individuals An observation is a fact or statistic about


a variable

Name Score1 Score2

Priya 68.9 70
Sample
Rohan 66 66

A smaller version of a larger group


Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling: Every sample of the population has an equal probability of being included in
the chosen sample.

Simple Random Sampling Stratified Sampling


Random selection of a subset of Dividing the entire population into
01 participants from a population
03
homogeneous groups called strata

Cluster Sampling Systematic Sampling


Dividing the population into clusters Involves the selection of elements from
02 04
and then selecting random groups an ordered sampling frame
Types of Data
Structured Data

Numerical Categorical

Discrete Continuous Attribute (Dichotomous) Nominal Ordinal


Levels of Measurement

Levels of measurement, also called scales of measurement, tell you how precisely variables

are recorded. In scientific research, a variable is anything that can take on different values

across your data set (e.g., height or test scores).

There are 4 levels of measurement:

● Nominal: the data can only be categorized

● Ordinal: the data can be categorized and ranked

● Interval: the data can be categorized, ranked, and evenly spaced

● Ratio: the data can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, and has a natural zero.
Categorical Variable
Identify the type of data

1. How old are you? (Give your age as on your last birthday.)
2. How tall are you? (State as accurately as you can.)
3. Which gender do you identify with?
4. What colour are your eyes?
Graphical Techniques

Other Techniques:

● Line Graph
BAR GRAPH SCATTER PLOT
● Histogram
● Violin Plot

PIE CHART BOX-WHISKER PLOT


What is a frequency distribution?

The frequency of a value is the number of


times it occurs in a dataset. A frequency
distribution is the pattern of frequencies of a
variable. It’s the number of times each
possible value of a variable occurs in a
dataset.
Bar Graph
Pie Chart
Histogram

A histogram is a graph that shows


the frequency or relative
frequency distribution of a
quantitative variable. It looks
similar to a bar chart.
What is a scatter plot?

A scatter plot (aka scatter chart, scatter


graph) uses dots to represent values for
two different numeric variables.
When you should use a
scatter plot
Scatter plots’ primary uses are to
observe and show relationships between
two numeric variables. The dots in a
scatter plot not only report the values of
individual data points, but also patterns
when the data are taken as a whole.
The Central Tendencies
Different Measure of Spread

● Range
● IQR
● Variance
● Standard Deviation
Range
Quartile
Variance

The variance is a way of measuring spread, and it’s the


average of the distance of values from the mean squared.
Standard Deviation

Standard deviation is a way of saying how far typical values are from the mean

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