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Data Models

The document discusses four common data models: network, hierarchical, relational, and XML data models. It provides a brief overview of the configuration, structure, implementation, and examples of each model. It then asks about the latest data models and lists three - graph database, JSON, and time series database models - providing some key features of each.

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6 views

Data Models

The document discusses four common data models: network, hierarchical, relational, and XML data models. It provides a brief overview of the configuration, structure, implementation, and examples of each model. It then asks about the latest data models and lists three - graph database, JSON, and time series database models - providing some key features of each.

Uploaded by

Home Cuisine With Raheela
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: Mirza Muaaz Sajid

Reg. No: FA22-BCS 047-A

Course: Database Systems

Submitted to: Sir Nasir Mehdi


Q. What are data models?
Differentiate between the Network, Hierarchical, Relational and XML Data models.

Ans.

Data models serve as abstract depictions of data arrangements and connections, aiding in the

organization, manipulation, and storage of data within a database management system (DBMS).

These models establish the fundamental structure of a database and furnish mechanisms for

interacting with the stored data.

Here's a succinct comparison among the Network, Hierarchical, Relational, and XML data

models:

1. Network Data Model:

- Configuration: Data is structured as a compilation of records, with relationships indicated by

pointers. Each record can possess multiple parent and child records.

- Hierarchical Layout: Differing from the hierarchical model where each record has a sole

parent, in the network model, a record can have multiple parents.

- Implementation: Utilizes intricate data structures like pointers and sets.

- Illustration: CODASYL database model.

2. Hierarchical Data Model:

- Configuration: Data is arranged in a tree-like form where each record has a singular parent

and can entail multiple children, establishing a parent-child relationship.

- Hierarchical Arrangement: Each record, excluding the root record, has a parent record.
- Implementation: Relatively straightforward and can be executed using pointers or arrays.

- Illustration: IMS (Information Management System) database.

3. Relational Data Model:

- Configuration: Data is structured into tables comprising rows and columns, delineating

entities, attributes, and relationships among entities.

Structured Methodology: Adopts a tabular format, representing data in rows and columns.

- Implementation: Utilizes SQL (Structured Query Language) and operations like SELECT,

INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

- Illustration: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle.

4. XML (Extensible Markup Language) Data Model:

- Configuration: XML portrays data in a hierarchical arrangement utilizing tags to define

elements and their relationships.

- Semi-Structured Nature: In contrast to relational databases, XML offers flexibility in data

representation, accommodating nested structures.

- Implementation: XML data is stored as text and can be parsed and manipulated using XML

parsers.

- Illustration: Employed in web services, configuration files, and data interchange formats.
Each data model possesses distinct strengths and weaknesses, with the selection of a model

contingent upon factors such as the characteristics of the data, application requisites, and

implementation ease.

Q. What are the latest data models in use today. Mention 3 of them and
explain some of their salient features.

Ans.

1. Graph Database Model:


• Description: A graph database model represents information through
nodes (representing entities) linked by edges (representing relationships).
• Characteristics:
- Dynamic Relationships: Permits intricate and adaptable connections
among data points, departing from the rigid structure of traditional relational
models.
- Scalability: Effectively manages extensive datasets with interlinked
entities, making it well-suited for applications like social networks and
recommendation systems.
- Traversal-Based Querying: Facilitates efficient exploration and retrieval of
interconnected data by navigating specific paths within the graph structure.

2. JSON Data Model:


• Description: The JSON data model utilizes the JavaScript Object Notation
(JSON) format to express data in a format readable by both humans and
machines.
• Attributes:
- Lightweight and Versatile: Its straightforward design enables effortless
exchange and manipulation of data across diverse systems.
- Schema Flexibility: Dispenses with rigid schema requirements, allowing
adaptation to evolving data structures.
- Wide-ranging Support: Enjoying extensive adoption, it is supported by
numerous programming languages, frameworks, and APIs.

3. Time Series Database Model:


• Description: Tailored to handle storage and analysis of time-stamped data
points, frequently employed in applications such as sensor data, financial
transactions, and system logs.
• Features:
- Time-Centric Query Optimization: Streamlines retrieval and analysis of
data based on specific time intervals for enhanced efficiency.
- High Throughput for Writes: Facilitates swift ingestion of large volumes of
time-stamped data streams.
- Data Compression: Typically employs compression techniques to enhance
storage efficiency for extensive time series datasets.

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