OOAD - Module 3
OOAD - Module 3
```cpp
class BankAccount {
private:
string accountNumber;
double balance;
string ownerName;
string password;
public:
// Constructor, methods, etc.
};
```
1. **Security**:
- By hiding sensitive data such as the account number and
password within the `BankAccount` class, we prevent
unauthorized access to this information from external sources.
- Only designated methods within the `BankAccount` class,
such as methods for depositing, withdrawing, or checking the
account balance, have access to modify or retrieve the
account's balance or other sensitive data.
- This ensures that sensitive information is not inadvertently
exposed or modified by external code, reducing the risk of
unauthorized access or data breaches.
2. **Maintainability**:
- Data hiding promotes encapsulation by encapsulating the
internal state of objects within their class definition. This
encapsulation makes it easier to maintain and modify the
codebase.
- If the internal representation of a `BankAccount` changes
(e.g., the balance is stored differently), only the methods
within the `BankAccount` class need to be updated to reflect
these changes. External code that interacts with
`BankAccount` objects remains unaffected.
- This reduces the likelihood of unintended side effects and
makes the codebase more modular and easier to understand,
debug, and extend.
3. **Flexibility**:
- Data hiding allows the internal implementation details of an
object to be hidden from external users of the object. This
enables the implementation to change without affecting the
external interface, promoting flexibility and adaptability.
- For example, if the banking system decides to change the
hashing algorithm used for password encryption, only the
internal implementation of the `BankAccount` class needs to
be modified. External code that interacts with `BankAccount`
objects does not need to be updated as long as the external
interface remains the same.
- This decoupling between internal implementation and
external interface simplifies system maintenance and
evolution, as changes can be made independently without
impacting other parts of the system.
1. **Designing Algorithms**:
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main() {
std::vector<int> array = {5, 9, 3, 7, 2, 8};
int maxElement = findMax(array);
std::cout << "Maximum element in the array: " <<
maxElement << std::endl;
return 0;
}
```
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main() {
std::vector<int> array = {5, 9, 3, 7, 2, 8};
int maxElement = findMax(array, 0, array.size() - 1);
std::cout << "Maximum element in the array: " <<
maxElement << std::endl;
return 0;
}
```
1. **Identify Actors**:
- Customer: The primary actor who interacts with the system
to browse, select, and purchase products.
- Administrator: An administrative actor who manages
product listings, orders, and user accounts.
- **Browse Products**:
- Description: Allows customers to browse through the list
of available products.
- Actors: Customer
- Preconditions: None
- Main Flow:
1. Customer opens the online shopping website.
2. System displays a list of available products.
3. Customer browses through the products.
- Postconditions: Customer views the list of products.
- **Add to Cart**:
- Description: Allows customers to add products to their
shopping cart.
- Actors: Customer
- Preconditions: Customer is logged in and has browsed
products.
- Main Flow:
1. Customer selects a product to add to the cart.
2. System adds the selected product to the shopping cart.
- Postconditions: Product is added to the shopping cart.
- **Place Order**:
- Description: Allows customers to place an order for the
selected products.
- Actors: Customer
- Preconditions: Customer has added products to the
shopping cart.
- Main Flow:
1. Customer proceeds to checkout.
2. System prompts the customer to provide shipping and
payment details.
3. Customer confirms the order.
4. System generates an order confirmation.
- Postconditions: Order is placed successfully.
3. **Iterative Refinement**:
- The use-case driven approach involves iterative
refinement of use cases based on feedback from
stakeholders.
- Additional use cases may be identified, refined, or
modified based on evolving requirements or stakeholder
input.
- Use cases provide a basis for system design,
implementation, testing, and validation throughout the
development lifecycle.
2. Optimization Objectives:
- Define the optimization objectives, such as maximizing
energy output, improving efficiency, reducing costs, or
minimizing space requirements.
- Establish constraints and trade-offs, considering factors
such as budget constraints, available space, and
environmental considerations.
3. Design Modifications:
- Explore alternative designs and configurations for the solar
panel array, such as adjusting the tilt angle, orientation,
spacing between panels, or incorporating advanced
technologies like solar tracking systems.
- Utilize simulation tools or modeling software to evaluate
the performance of different design options and predict their
impact on energy output and efficiency.
4. Performance Evaluation:
- Assess the performance of each design option based on
predetermined criteria and optimization objectives.
- Compare the energy output, efficiency, costs, and space
requirements of different design configurations to identify the
most promising design solutions.
5. Implementation of Changes:
- Implement the recommended design modifications or
optimizations, such as adjusting the orientation or spacing of
solar panels, installing solar tracking systems, or upgrading to
more efficient panel technologies.
- Monitor the performance of the optimized solar panel array
over time to validate its effectiveness and identify any further
refinements or adjustments that may be necessary.
1. **Problem Analysis**:
- Understand the problem domain: Before designing an
algorithm, it's essential to thoroughly understand the problem
domain and the requirements of the system or application
being developed.
- Identify inputs and outputs: Determine what data or
information the algorithm will need as input and what results it
should produce as output.
- Analyze constraints and requirements: Consider any
constraints, limitations, or requirements that may impact the
design of the algorithm, such as time complexity, space
complexity, or specific performance criteria.
2. **Algorithm Design**:
- Identify objects and responsibilities: In an object-oriented
context, identify the objects and classes that will participate in
the algorithm and define their responsibilities and behaviors.
- Use encapsulation and abstraction: Encapsulate related
data and functionality within objects, promoting abstraction
and modularization.
- Define interactions and collaborations: Determine how
objects will interact and collaborate to achieve the desired
functionality. Consider message passing, method invocations,
and collaborations between objects.
- Select appropriate data structures and algorithms: Choose
suitable data structures and algorithms based on the problem
requirements, considering factors such as efficiency,
scalability, and ease of implementation.
3. **Implementation**:
- Translate algorithm design into code: Implement the
algorithm using an object-oriented programming language,
such as C++, Java, or Python.
- Follow object-oriented principles: Adhere to object-oriented
principles such as encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism,
and abstraction while implementing the algorithm.
- Modularize the code: Break down the algorithm into
smaller, manageable modules or methods, each responsible
for a specific task or functionality.
- Reuse existing components: Utilize existing classes,
libraries, or frameworks whenever possible to reduce
development effort and improve maintainability.
4. **Testing**:
- Develop test cases: Create test cases to verify the
correctness and robustness of the implemented algorithm.
Consider edge cases, boundary conditions, and potential
failure scenarios.
- Execute tests: Run the test cases against the implemented
algorithm to identify and address any defects, errors, or
inconsistencies.
- Validate results: Verify that the algorithm produces the
expected outputs for different inputs and scenarios, ensuring
that it meets the specified requirements and objectives.
5. **Optimization**:
- Analyze performance: Measure the performance of the
implemented algorithm in terms of time complexity, space
complexity, and resource utilization.
- Identify bottlenecks: Identify any bottlenecks or
inefficiencies in the algorithm that may impact performance or
scalability.
- Refine and optimize: Refine the algorithm design, data
structures, or implementation to improve efficiency, reduce
resource usage, or enhance performance while maintaining
correctness and functionality.
3. **Iterative Development**:
- Implement the system iteratively, focusing on developing
features and functionalities corresponding to individual use
cases.
- Prioritize use cases based on their importance and
relevance to the system's objectives and stakeholders' needs.
4. **Use Case Testing**:
- Develop test cases based on the specified use cases to
validate the system's behavior against expected outcomes.
- Execute test cases to verify that the system behaves as
specified in the use cases, identifying and addressing any
defects or issues.
7. **Continuous Improvement**:
- Continuously monitor and evaluate the system's
performance, usability, and user satisfaction to identify areas
for improvement.
- Iterate on the development process, incorporating lessons
learned from previous iterations to enhance the system
further.