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TX Encoding - Part4

The document discusses different techniques for encoding analog and digital signals and data, including digital to analog conversion, modulation, spread spectrum techniques, and more. It provides examples of encoding schemes and modulation techniques and explains concepts like data rates, bandwidth, and factors that affect signal interpretation.

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y.y.kersh
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11 views15 pages

TX Encoding - Part4

The document discusses different techniques for encoding analog and digital signals and data, including digital to analog conversion, modulation, spread spectrum techniques, and more. It provides examples of encoding schemes and modulation techniques and explains concepts like data rates, bandwidth, and factors that affect signal interpretation.

Uploaded by

y.y.kersh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Signal Encoding
Techniques
2Figure 5-1
Different Conversion Schemes
3
Signal Encoding Techniques
• Both analog and digital data can be encoded as either analog
or digital signals:
• Digital data, digital signals: simplest form of digital
encoding of digital data
• Digital data, analog signal: A modem converts digital data
to analog signal to be transmitted over an analog
• Analog data, digital signals: Analog data (voice and video),
are often digitized to be able to use digital transmission
facilities
• Analog data, analog signals: Analog data are modulated by
a carrier frequency to produce an analog signal in a different
frequency band, to be utilized on analog transmission system
4
Interpreting digital Signals
◼ need to know
1. timing of bits - when they start and end
2. signal levels
◼ factors affecting signal interpretation
◼ SNR :An increase in SNR decreases bit error rate.
◼ data rate: An increase in data rate increases bit error rate
(BER).
◼ Bandwidth: An increase in bandwidth allows an increase in
data rate.
◼ encoding scheme: mapping from data bits to signal elements.
5
Encoding Schemes examples

•Nonreturn to Zero-
Level (NRZ-L)
•Nonreturn to Zero
Inverted (NRZI)
•Bipolar -AMI
•Pseudoternary
•Manchester
•Differential Manchester
•B8ZS
•HDB3
6

Modulation Rate
• Data rate/bit rate, is
1/Tb, where Tb = bit
duration.
• Modulation rate is the
rate at which signal
elements are
generated.

D = modulation rate, baud


R = data rate, bps
L = number of different signal elements
b = number of bits per signal element
7
Digital Data, Analog Signal
◼ main use is public telephone system
◼ has freq range of 300Hz to 3400Hz
◼ use modem (modulator-demodulator)
◼ Modulation involves operation on one/more of the
three characteristics of a carrier signal: amplitude,
frequency, and phase
◼ Modulation techniques
◼ Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
◼ Frequency shift keying (FSK)
◼ Phase shift keying (PSK)
◼ the resulting signal occupies a bandwidth centered
on the carrier frequency
8

Modulation Techniques
9

Analog Data, Digital Signal


◼ digitization is conversion of analog data
into digital data which can then be
transmitted using any encoding code such
as NRZ-L, NRZ-I, etc. or convert it to
analog signal
◼ analog to digital conversion done using a
codec
◼ pulse code modulation
◼ delta modulation
10

Analog Data → Digital Signal


11

Analog Data, Analog Signals


◼ Why modulate analog signals?
◼ Higher frequency can give more efficient
transmission
◼ Permits frequency division multiplexing
◼ Types of modulation
◼ Amplitude
◼ Frequency
◼ Phase
12
13

Spread Spectrum

◼ A popular form of communications


◼ Can be used to transmit either analog or digital
data, using an analog signal.
◼ Developed initially for military and intelligence
requirements.
◼ Idea: spread the information signal over a wider
BW to make jamming and interception more
difficult.
◼ Two types :frequency-hopping, direct-sequence.
◼ Used in various wireless data-network products.
14

Spread Spectrum
◼ Input is fed into a channel encoder that produces an
analog signal with a relatively narrow BW around
some center frequency.
◼ This signal is modulated using a sequence of
random digits known as a pseudorandom (PN)
sequence.
◼ This modulation increases BW (spread the
spectrum) of the signal to be transmitted.
◼ On RX end, same sequence is used to demodulate
the spread spectrum signal. Finally, the signal is fed
into a channel decoder to recover the data.
15
Spread Spectrum
◼ Frequency hoping
◼ Signal broadcast over seemingly random series of
frequencies
◼ Direct Sequence
◼ Each bit is represented by multiple bits in transmitted signal
◼ Chipping code

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