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    TX Encoding - Part4

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    y.y.kersh
    The document discusses different techniques for encoding analog and digital signals and data, including digital to analog conversion, modulation, spread spectrum techniques, and more. It provides examples of encoding schemes and modulation techniques and explains concepts like data rates, bandwidth, and factors that affect signal interpretation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    TX Encoding - Part4

    Uploaded by

    y.y.kersh
    7 views15 pages
    The document discusses different techniques for encoding analog and digital signals and data, including digital to analog conversion, modulation, spread spectrum techniques, and more. It provides examples of encoding schemes and modulation techniques and explains concepts like data rates, bandwidth, and factors that affect signal interpretation.

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    TX encoding_part4

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    The document discusses different techniques for encoding analog and digital signals and data, including digital to analog conversion, modulation, spread spectrum techniques, and more. It provides examples of encoding schemes and modulation techniques and explains concepts like data rates, bandwidth, and factors that affect signal interpretation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views15 pages

    TX Encoding - Part4

    Uploaded by

    y.y.kersh
    The document discusses different techniques for encoding analog and digital signals and data, including digital to analog conversion, modulation, spread spectrum techniques, and more. It provides examples of encoding schemes and modulation techniques and explains concepts like data rates, bandwidth, and factors that affect signal interpretation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    1

    Signal Encoding
    Techniques
    2Figure 5-1
    Different Conversion Schemes
    3
    Signal Encoding Techniques
    • Both analog and digital data can be encoded as either analog
    or digital signals:
    • Digital data, digital signals: simplest form of digital
    encoding of digital data
    • Digital data, analog signal: A modem converts digital data
    to analog signal to be transmitted over an analog
    • Analog data, digital signals: Analog data (voice and video),
    are often digitized to be able to use digital transmission
    facilities
    • Analog data, analog signals: Analog data are modulated by
    a carrier frequency to produce an analog signal in a different
    frequency band, to be utilized on analog transmission system
    4
    Interpreting digital Signals
    ◼ need to know
    1. timing of bits - when they start and end
    2. signal levels
    ◼ factors affecting signal interpretation
    ◼ SNR :An increase in SNR decreases bit error rate.
    ◼ data rate: An increase in data rate increases bit error rate
    (BER).
    ◼ Bandwidth: An increase in bandwidth allows an increase in
    data rate.
    ◼ encoding scheme: mapping from data bits to signal elements.
    5
    Encoding Schemes examples

    •Nonreturn to Zero-
    Level (NRZ-L)
    •Nonreturn to Zero
    Inverted (NRZI)
    •Bipolar -AMI
    •Pseudoternary
    •Manchester
    •Differential Manchester
    •B8ZS
    •HDB3
    6

    Modulation Rate
    • Data rate/bit rate, is
    1/Tb, where Tb = bit
    duration.
    • Modulation rate is the
    rate at which signal
    elements are
    generated.

    D = modulation rate, baud


    R = data rate, bps
    L = number of different signal elements
    b = number of bits per signal element
    7
    Digital Data, Analog Signal
    ◼ main use is public telephone system
    ◼ has freq range of 300Hz to 3400Hz
    ◼ use modem (modulator-demodulator)
    ◼ Modulation involves operation on one/more of the
    three characteristics of a carrier signal: amplitude,
    frequency, and phase
    ◼ Modulation techniques
    ◼ Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
    ◼ Frequency shift keying (FSK)
    ◼ Phase shift keying (PSK)
    ◼ the resulting signal occupies a bandwidth centered
    on the carrier frequency
    8

    Modulation Techniques
    9

    Analog Data, Digital Signal


    ◼ digitization is conversion of analog data
    into digital data which can then be
    transmitted using any encoding code such
    as NRZ-L, NRZ-I, etc. or convert it to
    analog signal
    ◼ analog to digital conversion done using a
    codec
    ◼ pulse code modulation
    ◼ delta modulation
    10

    Analog Data → Digital Signal


    11

    Analog Data, Analog Signals


    ◼ Why modulate analog signals?
    ◼ Higher frequency can give more efficient
    transmission
    ◼ Permits frequency division multiplexing
    ◼ Types of modulation
    ◼ Amplitude
    ◼ Frequency
    ◼ Phase
    12
    13

    Spread Spectrum

    ◼ A popular form of communications


    ◼ Can be used to transmit either analog or digital
    data, using an analog signal.
    ◼ Developed initially for military and intelligence
    requirements.
    ◼ Idea: spread the information signal over a wider
    BW to make jamming and interception more
    difficult.
    ◼ Two types :frequency-hopping, direct-sequence.
    ◼ Used in various wireless data-network products.
    14

    Spread Spectrum
    ◼ Input is fed into a channel encoder that produces an
    analog signal with a relatively narrow BW around
    some center frequency.
    ◼ This signal is modulated using a sequence of
    random digits known as a pseudorandom (PN)
    sequence.
    ◼ This modulation increases BW (spread the
    spectrum) of the signal to be transmitted.
    ◼ On RX end, same sequence is used to demodulate
    the spread spectrum signal. Finally, the signal is fed
    into a channel decoder to recover the data.
    15
    Spread Spectrum
    ◼ Frequency hoping
    ◼ Signal broadcast over seemingly random series of
    frequencies
    ◼ Direct Sequence
    ◼ Each bit is represented by multiple bits in transmitted signal
    ◼ Chipping code

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