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TX Fundamentals - Part3

The document discusses concepts related to transmission fundamentals including attenuation, noise, channel capacity, and signal-to-noise ratio. It also covers analog versus digital transmission and provides examples of calculating channel capacity using Nyquist and Shannon formulations.

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10 views17 pages

TX Fundamentals - Part3

The document discusses concepts related to transmission fundamentals including attenuation, noise, channel capacity, and signal-to-noise ratio. It also covers analog versus digital transmission and provides examples of calculating channel capacity using Nyquist and Shannon formulations.

Uploaded by

y.y.kersh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transmission Fundamentals III

Rowayda A. Sadek
Attenuation
 Is where signal strength falls off with distance
 depends on medium
 received signal strength must be:
 strong enough to be detected
 sufficiently higher than noise to receive without error
 so increase strength using amplifiers/repeaters
 For analog signal, it is a function of frequency
 so equalize attenuation across band of frequencies used
 eg. using loading coils or amplifiers
3
Attenuation
A decibel (dB) measures the relative strengths of two signals
dB= 10 log10(P2/P1)
Where P1 and P2 are the powers of a signal at points 1 and 2,
respectively

Example: Imagine a signal travels through an


amplifier and its power is increased ten times. This
means that P2 = 10 P1. In this case, the
amplification (gain of power) can be calculated as

10 log10 (P2/P1) = 10 log10 (10P1/P1)


= 10 log10 (10) = 10 (1) = 10 dB
4
Noise
 additional signals inserted between TX and RX
5
About Channel Capacity
 Impairments, such as noise, limit data rate
that can be achieved
 For digital data, to what extent do
impairments limit data rate?
 Channel Capacity – the maximum rate at
which data can be transmitted over a
given communication path, or channel,
under given conditions
Concepts Related to Channel
Capacity
 Data rate - rate at which data can be communicated
(bps)
 Bandwidth - the bandwidth of the transmitted signal
as constrained by the transmitter and the nature of
the transmission medium (Hertz)
 Noise - average level of noise over the
communications path
 Error rate - rate at which errors occur
 Error = transmit 1 and receive 0; transmit 0 and receive 1
Nyquist Bandwidth
 For binary signals (two voltage levels)
 C = 2B
 With multilevel signaling
 C = 2B log2 M
 M = number of discrete signal or voltage levels
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
 Ratio of the power in a signal to the power
contained in the noise that’s present at a particular
point in the transmission
 Typically measured at a receiver
 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, or S/N)
signal power
( SNR) dB  10 log 10
noise power
 A high SNR means a high-quality signal, low
number of required intermediate repeaters
 SNR sets upper bound on achievable data rate
Shannon Capacity Formula
 Equation:
C  B log 2 1  SNR
 Represents theoretical maximum that can be
achieved
 In practice, only much lower rates achieved
 Formula assumes white noise (thermal noise)
 Impulse noise is not accounted for
 Attenuation distortion or delay distortion not accounted
for
Example of Nyquist and Shannon
Formulations
 Spectrum of a channel between 3 MHz and
4 MHz ; SNRdB = 24 dB
B  4 MHz  3 MHz  1 MHz
SNR dB  24 dB  10 log 10 SNR 
SNR  251
 Using Shannon’s formula

C  10  log 2 1  251  10  8  8Mbps


6 6
Example of Nyquist and Shannon
Formulations
 How many signaling levels are required?

C  2 B log 2 M
6
 
8 10  2  10  log 2 M
6

4  log 2 M
M  16
13 Figure 3.25 Throughput
14 Figure 3.26 Propagation time

Propagation Time= Distance /Propagation


Speed

Wavelength = Propagation Speed x Period

= Propagation Speed x 1/frequency


Reasons for Choosing Data and
Signal Combinations
 Digital data, digital signal
 Equipment for encoding is less expensive than digital-
to-analog equipment
 Analog data, digital signal
 Conversion permits use of modern digital transmission
and switching equipment
 Digital data, analog signal
 Some transmission media will only propagate analog
signals
 Examples include optical fiber and satellite
 Analog data, analog signal
 Analog data easily converted to analog signal
Analog Transmission
 Transmit analog signals without regard to
content
 Attenuation limits length of transmission
link
 Cascaded amplifiers boost signal’s energy
for longer distances but cause distortion
 Analog data can tolerate distortion
 Introduces errors in digital data
Digital Transmission
 Concerned with the content of the signal
 Attenuation endangers integrity of data
 Digital Signal
 Repeaters achieve greater distance
 Repeaters recover the signal and retransmit
 Analog signal carrying digital data
 Retransmission device recovers the digital data from
analog signal
 Generates new, clean analog signal

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