Upthrust Fluids, Archimedes in

Principle and Floatation

SYLLABUS
Anchimedes
Buoyunecy A r h i m e d e s
v prueigie, Jotno,
relationship with
sold.
density; relative density, determination of relave density

Buoyaney, upthrnust 'a

Scps of upthrust; Archimedes0clinion;
different cases, F>, =
weight Wof the body immersed, car teristic
or <

uid
principle; explanation of cases
which it IS where bodies with
density P lensity
in
immersed. R.D. and Archimedes' principle. Experimental deteminations Df a solid
id denser than watet oataron: principle of floatation; relation of K.
anu aid in which it is
between the density of a
floating bouy
floating and the fraction of
volume of the
afing object; body immersed; (P,/P2
application lo
shup. submarine, iceberg, balloons, etc.
Simple numerical problems invoivng n himeles
buoyancy and tloatation.
principle,

(A) UPTHRUST AND ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE

51 BUOYANCY AND UPTHRUST Stationary in that position. It is the maximum

When a body is partialy or wholy immersed in upthrust on the can. Now if the can is released at
liquid. an upsward jorceacts on it. This upward this position, it is noticed that the can bounces back
torce is known as upthrust or buoyant force. It is to the Surface and starts floating again.
denoted by the symbol P Thus,
Exp. 2. Pushing a cork into water : If a piece of
Cok surface of water in tub, it
The upward force exerted on a
body by the fluid
1s
placed on
the a

in which it is submerged, is called the upthrust or floats with nearly gth of its volume inside water.
buoyant force. If the cork is pushed iñto water and then released,
it again comes to the surface of water and floats. If
The property of liquid to exert an upward force the cork is kept immersed, our fingers experience
On a body immersed in it, is Called buoyancy. This some upward force. The behaviour of cork is similar
property can be demonstrated by the following to that of the empty can.
experiments. Explanation: When the can or cork is put in the
Exp. 1. Pushing an empty can into water lake tub of water, two forces act on it : (0tS weight (i.e.,
an empty can. Close its mouth with an airtight the forcedue io gravity) W which pulls it downwards,
sopper. Put it in a tub filled with water. It floats and (i) the upthrust F due to water which pushes
wth a large portion of it above the surface of water the can or cork upwards. It floats in the position
and only a small portion of it below the surtace when the two forces become equal in magnitude
water (i.e., W= Fp). Now as the can or cork is pushed
If we push the can into water, we feel an more and more inside water, the upthnust F exerted
ipWard force which opposes the push and we find by water on it increases and becomes maximum
iCult to push the can further into water. It is (F when it 1s
completely immersed in water. So
also noticed that as the can is pushed more and when itis released, the upthrust F exerted by water

Dore into water, more and more force is needed on

it being greater than its weight W (or force due to
0push the can further into water, till it is gravity), tnses up. To keep the.can.or.corkimmersed
Completely immersed. When the can is fully inside an extemaldownward.force (EF-W) is needed to
ate
&Constant force is still needed to keep it Dalance the net upward force.

I03
 Note: Like liquids, gases also have the property
liquid (Fig. 5.1). Thus for a jloating body, net

i.e., body immersed (or placed) in a force acting downwaras (L.e., apparent weight)
of buoyancy, a

gas also experiences an upthrust. Al objects is zO will sink due to the

also acted upon by a buoyant (ii) If Fh <W, the body net
including ourselves, are
force due to air, but we do not feel it because it s
force TWF) acting on the body downwards.
On If m is the mass of body, it Will go down into
to our own weight.
negligibly small as compared the liquid with an acceleration a such that
the other hand. balloon filled with hydrogen (or
a

than air) rises up because the W FB Or

a =( W-Flni. Here we
Fe
-

=
ma
any gas less denser have ignored the viscous force of the liquid.
force) on balloon due to the
upthrust (or buoyant
than the weight of balloon Unit of upthrust : The upthrust, being a force,
surrounding air is more

filled with gas. is measured in newton (N) or kgf.

to Noat or sink in a
Condition for a body PROPERTIES OF
5.2 CHARACTERISTIC
luid: When a body is immersed in a fluid, fwo
UPTHRUST
the body: (i) the weight W of the
forces act on
The upthrust has the following three
body vertically downwards and (ii) the
which acts
:
have characteristic properties
upthrust which acts vertically upwards. We
in
Larger the volume of a body submerged
a
noticed that the upthrust depends on the submerged (i)
portion of the body. It increases as the submerged
fluid, greater is the upthrust.
of inside the fluid increases and (i) For the same volume
of a
body inside a fluid,
portion body more the density of fluid, greater is the upthrust.
when the body is
becomes maximum (= F)
inside the tluid. Fig. 5.l
immersed (ii) The upthrust acts on the body in upward
completely
shows a body held completely immersed in
a fluid direction at the centre
of buoyancy i.e., the
with w o forces W and acting on it. This is the centre of gravity of the displaced fluid.
F
be equal to W. in
situation when Fg happens to
() Larger the volume of body submerged a

fluid, greater is the upthrust

F (Max. upthrusl)
In the experiment of pushing an empty can or
cork into water as discussed earlier, it is experienced

that the upthrust on the body due to water increases

as more and more volume of it is pushed into water,
till it is completely immersed.

Fig. 5.1 Forces acting on a body held immersed inside a

liquid Similarly, when a bunch of feathers anda pebble
upon the density of the fluid, the of same mass are fall in air, the
allowed to pebble
Depending the bunch of feathers. The reason
1alls faster than
maximum buoyant force F can be greater than,
equal to or less than the weight upthrust due to air on pebbleis less than
W of the given body. is that
Whether the body will float or sink in a fluid, that on the bunch of feathers because the volume
Ot
depends on the relative magnitudes of forces W and oI pebhle S less than that of the bunch of feathers
F (buoyant force when the body is fully
same mass.
However in vacuum, both the buneh
of feathers and pebble will fall together because
immersed).

If W F W, the body will float

there will beno upthrust.
() FB> or =

(u) For same volume inside the fluid more the

(it will not sink). If Fp > W, the body will
float partly immersed with only that much part density of fluid, greater is the upthrust
water
of it inside liquid, the upthrust F, due to If we place
another identical cork B into
a piece of cork A into
(or mercury»
an
which becomes equal to the weight W of body glycerine
(i.e., F = W). But if F= W, the body will we notice that both A and B floats but the volume
iminersed inside the of cork B immersed in glycerine (or mercury)
float with whole of Just
104
 ller as compirea to the volume of cork
smaller A
water. The reason is
that the
inmersedn density
ycenne
mercury) is niore than that' of Water.
(or
of
Now i
ant to iminerse cork B im
glycerine to
extent
cCAICnt
as
a s COTk
c ork A n waler, then an
same
the ana force IS needed on cork B, to imerse it
abtitnonal.
level as cork A. This shows that I ..1 A hlock ummered in a lgua
for
olume e of a body inSide the liquid, a denser upward force (i.e.,
everts a greater upihrust. upthrust) (P2-P,A on the duy
=
iguid
e 1Owever, lhe thrust F on the side walls of body get
The upthrust ac's on {he body in upwarduralised as they are equal in magnitude and
direction at ne cenire o buoyancy (i.e., the PDoNte in directions.
entre of graviy of the displaced liquid) Note: If a lamina (thin sheet) is immersed in a
For a uniform body completely immersed inside d,the pressure on its both surfaces will be nearly
higuid. tthe f buoyaney conciaes wItn tne Same, so the liquid will exert negligible upthrust on
centre
centre of gravity of the body (Fig. 5.1). But if a body it, it to sink into the causing
liquid due to l s owa
we
lts in a liquid wth only a part of it submerged h
i. 5.2). the centre of buoyancy B is at the centre . 4 UPTHRUST IS EQUAL TO THE WEIGHT OF
d gravity of the displaced liquid (ie., at the centre DISPLACED LIQUID (Mathematical proot)
of gravity of the immersed part of the body) which When a is liquid, body immersed in
upthrust a
lies helow the centre of gravity G of the entire
body. on it due to
of the liquid liquid is equal to the weight
The weight of the body W acts downwards at G, while aisplaced by the submerged part of the body.
upthrust F acts upwards at B such that W= F
Proof: Consider a cylindrical body PQRS of
cross-sectional area A immersed in a liquid of
density p as shown in Fig. 5.4. Let the upper
surface PQ of bodybe at a depth h, while its lower
surface RS be at a depth h, below the free surface
liquid.
fig. 5.2 A boady Jloating wilh part of if submerged
53 REASON FOR UPTHRUST
We have read that a --
liquid contained in a vessel
ciers pressure all points and in all directions. The
at
:P, ***
atapount in a liquid is same in all directions Fig. 5.4 Calculation for upthrust
uwards, downwards and sideways). lt increases
epth inside the liquid.When abody, say ablock At depth h, pressure on the upper surface PQ
aea of cross section A, is immersed in a nqu
5, the pressure P, exerted upwards on the
hps
. Downward thrust on the upper surface PQ
ace of the block (which is at a greater depin)
e nan the pressure P, exerted downwards On pressure x area =hpg A ....)
eT Tace.of the block (which is at a lesser pth). At depth h pressure on the lower surface RS
CTe is a difference in pressure (= P2-F Phpg
e
lower and
upper faces of the block. Since Upward thrust on the lower surface RS
CSSLre x area, the difference in pressures
*ud on the two faces of block causes a net FhpgA ..(11)
105
 he honntal thrust al various points on the (ii) density of the liquid tor luidj n nuth the

vertutal sides of bxdy get balanced because liquid hndy is suhmerged.

preure is same at ail points at the same depth. Fffect of upthrust The ejeet upthrust is
r o n above cqns. (0) and (ii). it is clear that that the weight of body tmmeriea in a liquid

its actuul weight. Tis can

2will
ecause
h, h, and therefore, the body appears to
he less than
be dernonstrated by the tollowing enperiIETt.
experience a net upward force.
full of water from
Resultant upward thnust (or buoyant force) on Experiment: Lifting of a bucket
the body a well. Take an empty
bucket and tie a long rope t
in tne waier H
a well
t.If the bucket is imnersed
F =Fa-f keeping one end of rope
in hand and the bucke is

hpxA-h,pgA pulled when it is inside water. we riotice that it

deep
it is inside water.
Alh, -h,) p is easy to pull the bucket as long as
But A (h, - h ) = V, the volume of the body But as soon it starts coming out of
the wateT surface.
to become heavier
and now more torce is
submerged in liquid. appears
needed to lift it.
Upthrust F, = V pg This experiment shows that the bucket of water

it is immersed in water than is

VP Volume of solid immersed x
density of appears lighter when
actual weight (in air).
liquid x acceleralion due to gravity.
when pulling a fish out of water, i
Since a solid when immersed in a liquid, Similarly,
inside water as compared to when
displaces liquid equal to the volume of its submerged appears lighter
it is out of water.
par. theretore
of 8imilarly, a body weighed by a sensitive spring
p = Volume of liquid displaced x
density
balance, will weigh slightly less in air than in vacuun
liquid x acceleration due to gravity.
mass of liquid displaced x acceleration due to upihrust of air on the body.

due to gravity. 5.5 ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

the
Weight of the liquid displaced by When a body is immersed in a liquid, it occupies
subnerged part of the body the space, which was earlier occupied by the liquid
Hence, i.e., it displaces the liquid. The volume of liquid
displaced by the body is equal to the volume of the
Upthrust= Weight of the liquid displaced by the submerged part of the body, so the body experiences
submerged part of the body. ...(5.2)
an upthrust equal to the
weight of the liquid
(1) Jf the body is completely immersed in
Nole: displaced by i.
a liquid, the volume of liquid displaced will be equal It is the upthrust due to which a body
to its own volume and upthrust then will be maximum immersed in a liquid appears to be of less weight
(= F than its real weight. The apparent loss in
weig
(2) Although the above result is derived for a is equal to the upthrust on the body. This is called
cylindrical body, it is equally true for a body of any Archimedes' principle. Thus,
shape and size.
Archimedes' principle states that when a body
Factors affecting the upthrust is immersed partially or
From the above discuSsion, il is clear that the
completely in a liqu
it experiences
due
an
upthrus which is equal to

magnitude of upthrust on body a

liquid to a
the weight of the liquid displaced by it.
on the following two factors:
(or fluid) depends
This principle applies
(i) volume of the body
submerged in liquid (or not only to liquids, but
Jluid), and applies equally well to gases also.
T06
6i EXPERIMENTAL RIFICATION OF
5ARCHI
HIMEDES' PRINCIPL
Archimedes principle SPAING
Cither of 9BALANCE E
can b
verified by 100 00
the following experiments.
200 00
Expt. (1) Take two 00

A and B of the
00
cylinders
volume. Ine cylinder
same SOLID
solid and tne cylinder
A is
the
g is hollow.Suspend EUREKA
SPOUT
Irom the
cylinders left CAN
wo
physical balance
m of
a
()
cylinderA 100 m
keping une Sd
the hollow cylinder MEASURING CYUINDER
pelow
8. Then balance the beam Fig. 5.6 Verification of Archimedes"princple
by keeping weights
on
right Now immerse the solid
In this ig. 5.5
Verification of gently into water of the
am of the balance. nedes
"

principle
eureka can. The water displaced by it gets collected
situation, botn cylinders A in the
measuring cylinder [Fig. 5.6 (b)]. When water
and B are in air. stops dripping through the spout, note the weight of
The solid cylhnderA is now completely immersed the solid and the volume of water collected in the
iato water contained in a beaker D placed on a bench measuring cylinder.
(s shown in Fig.
5.5, taking care that the
cylinder In Fig. 5.6, the solid weighs 300 gf in air and
Adoes not touch the sides and bottom of the beaker. 200 gt
when it is completely immersed in water.
tis observed that the solid cylinder A loses The volume of water collected in the
it, he left arm of the balance rises up. Obviously
weight cylinder is 100 ml i.e. 100 cm'. measuring
te loss in weight is due to upthrust (or
buoyant Loss in weight = 300 gf- 200 gf= 100 gf.(i)
fxce) of water on the cylinder A.
Volume of water
Now pour water gently in the hollow
cylinder B displaced =
Volume of solid
ilit is completely filled. It is observed that the beam 100 cm*
buances again. Since density of water = 1 g cm
Thus, it is clear that the buoyant force acting on .Weight of water displaced 100
oid eylinder A is
=
gf i)
equal to the weight of water filled From eqns. (i) and (ii)
the hollow cyBinder B. Since the
cylinders A and B Weight of water displaced = Upthrust or loss in
oUn have equal volume, so the weight of water in
* hollow cylinder B is just equal to the weight.
weight or
CT displaced by the cylinder A. Hence the buoyant hus the weight of water displaced by a solid is
Cting on the cylinder A is equal to the weightcqual to the loSS in weight of the solid. This verifies
d
Archimedes' principle.
aplaced by it. Thus, it verifies Archimedes
ciple. 5.7 SOLID BODIES WITH DENSITY (p)
tapt.
4Take a solid (say, a metallic plece). GREATER THAN DENSITY OF LIQUID (P)
dI by a thin thread from the hook ot a SINK WHILE WITH DENSITY (p) LESS
ng balance [Fig. 5.6(a)). Note its weight. THAN DENSITY OF LIQUID
(p) FLOAT
Now tal a Let
ke eureka can and fill it with of volume V and density p be
water up a body
u Af ATange a measuring cylinder below the immersed completely in a liquid of density P: The
it of
the eureka can. weight of the body acting downwards will be

107
 at of iron
hc maximum upthrust on the body while the density ot water is ie = S0 cm,
density o
Pg
acung and will be F = VP,8. Following three
upwards nai. acceleration due to
Take few solid bodies of different i) F,
cases may arise Expt. 12: repre sents the
upthru
materials
density
of known is and Plae e n on the (ii) m, represents the
p,. the mass=
te
Vps> Vp,8 or p > y aensity of
w
or
surface of water. It observcu
uld stone.
wil sink due to net force (W- F) acting the body 1s equal to or less than
(ii) Net lorce
DOay the material of
it
acting on
ston
downwards.
the densiry of water
(1.e.,
p P» orP <P), (iv) Given: V=
80 cm' p:
the upthrust On
o n Douy
Doay due to
aue its
to ls
(ii) If w =
Fp or Vpg =
VPB or
p = P:: ueaoats.
is Jloats,
implving
implying
that tne
tnat upunrust
m=200 g= 10 kg=
and the net force on the body is equal to is own weight (i.e.,
Oy
w
noal
submerged part waer with their weight ot stone
F,
Zero.
F W). Different
bodies
Tioat
on Mass of water
mg=
volumes inside waler.
Pw* Une body displaced m
(ii) If W <F% or
Vpg< VPL8 or p < P the different t p
of its volume inside water, while
body will float due to net force acung floats with whole
of the body Iloats with only that much
and that much volume
only
v
< the body upthrust F m,8 =008
upwards
due to which p P tne upthrust F on
submerge inside the liquid nstde
waer by wnicn Hence net
wi vOlume the other hand, if downward force
balances the weight W. The balances its weignt
On w.

purust BVP28) in this situation also.

body
body is more than the
netTorce on the body is zero
the density of the
material
of
(i.e., p> P). The
body sinks,
Thus a body of density p sinks in a liquid of
density of water to water on is less
due DOdy ACceleration = orce
if p While
Ioats P PLO because the upthrust
density PL > PL (í.e., < Mass
P <P: This can be demonstratca by tne 1OnowE than its weight FB A piece of iron of
densi
expenments. than that of the volume 100 em° is ce
Expt. (1): Take an iron nail and a piece of cork
Thus, bodies of density greater water (p
liquid sink in it,
bodies
while of average 1000 kg r
=

iron nail on the that of the weight ot iron piece in a

both of same mass. First place the smaller than
sinks. density equal to o r (iii) its
surface of water contained in cup. The nail a
on it. apparent weight
of gravity (or weight) on quid Jloat Given: Volume
implies that the force of iron pie-
tiron nail puling it downwards is grealer than the empty tun can (or
An iron ship) fioats on water

the nail pushing it

upwards. because its average density"
is less than the density 100 x
upthrust of water on (i) Weight of iron
surface of piece in
Now the piece of cork on the
place or waer.
when
water.
Volu
It means that upthrust on cork, The average density ol a hollow body Is the ratio of mass o
The cork Jloats. 10
fully immersed is more than that on nail because the he body (mass Of matenial O1 body t mass ot aIr encloseda)
(1i)
water is more than the density of cork,
i t s totll vojuinC. Upthrust =
(Volume of
density of of water x
But volume of water
EXAMPLES piece when it is comple
Upthrust = 10;
in air and 190 gf when i)
1. A body weighs 200 gf Apparent weight = Trus
immersed in water. Calculate:
completely = 7.8
in
(i) the loss in weight of the body
O
water

(ii) the upthrust on the body.

body in air 200 gf

of the
=

Given: Weight
190 gt What do you understand
Weight of the body in water =
b
Describe an expenment to
(i) Loss in weight of the body
=
200 gf -

190 gf Fig 5.7

. In what
(i) What does F, represent
direction
and at
Iorce on a body due to a
Upthrust on the body = loss in weight
(ii) (ii) What does m, represent ? Ans. Upwa
10 g. 3.
(ii) What is the net force acting on stone What is meant by the ter
A snall stone of mass m (e 200 g) is held under (iv) What is the acceleration of stone as it a
2. Define upthrust and state
tall jar and is allowed to fall as shown
t o

water in a

through water ? Neglect the foree due S.

What is the cause of
in Fig. 5.7. The forces acting on stone a r e also VIscosity. Assume that the volume of sto be uf
considered to act?
shown.
108
 S0 c . density of water
C
acceleralon uc "

Ra 8 =
10
s.
A metal cuhe
of side 5 cm and
density 7-9 g cm

F, sents the upthrust s

SUspended by thread and is
i) on stone due to water. completely in
a

a liquid of density
immersed
T g em.
) m, represents the mass of water
stone displaced by Find : ta) the
weight of cube, (bi,the upihrust
0n cube and (e) the tension in thread.
Net force ctng on sOnC

Given: S0 -F2(downwards). (a) Given, side of cube = cm

CmP=Ig Cm.8 = 10 Volume of the cube
m s-2, = 5 x 5 x 5 =
125 cm
m=
200 g= T000 kg =02 kg Mass of the cube = Volume x density
weight of stone mg
= 02 kg x 10
=
125 cm' x 79 g
cm
m
s-=2N
Mass of water displaced Vp= 80 x 1 =
80 g
987-5 g
Weight of the cube = 987-5 gf (downwards)
(b) Upthrust cube= Weight of liquid
I000g0-08 kg on
displaced
upthrust F m,8 =
008 kg x 10 ms2 =08N -
Volume of cube x
density of liquid x 8
Hence net GOwnwird rorce on stone 1-1 xg
=
125
1375 gf (upwards)
x =

= F-F2 (c) Tension in thread Net downward force =

2-0-8= 1:2 N Weight of cube - Upthrust on cube

987-5-1375 = 850-0 gf.
Acceleration = =4 A solicl
Mass -2kg 6 ms of density p has
weight W. Show that its
apparent weight will be wil - P,/p| when it 1s
. A piece ot iron
oi density 78 x 10° kg m and completely inmersed in a hquid of
volume 100 em° is density Pz
completely immersed in Given, weight of solid =W
water (p 1000 kg m).
=
Calculate: i) the
weight of iron piece in air, (ii) ihe Mass of solid =
W/g
tii) its apparent weight im water. npthrust.
and
(g 10 ms) =
volume of solid = a s = "
Given: Volume Density P
of iron piece = 100 cm*
Volume of liquid displaced
100x 10 m3 =
=
Volume of solid
() Weight of iron piece in air
=
10m
- .
W&
Volume P
x
density of iron x 8
Upthrust on solid =
Volume of liquid
10 x (7-8 10") dsplaced
x
10 78 N x
X density ot liquid
u)
Upthrust =
(Volume of water displaced) density x
x
acceleration due to
gravity
of water x 8
But volume of water displaced = volume of iron or
upthrust= W/g
pece when it is completely immersed = 10 m> P) x P* 8 *
Pz
Upthrust = 10 x 1000 x 10 = 1N Apparent weight =Tnue weight -upthrust
)
Apparent weight =
True weight -

Upthrust
= 7:8 - I = 68 N.

Hence proved.
EXERCISE-5(A)
What do you understand by the term upthrust of a fluid Why is a torce needed to
keep a block of wood inside
O e an experiment to show its existence. waler ?
Ans.
foCe durection and at what point does the buoyant Upthust due to water on block when
on a body due to a liquid, aCt
fully submerged is more than its
7. A piece weight.
Ans. Upwards, at the centre of
buoyancy of wood if left under water, comes to the
surface. Explain the reason.
natl is meant by the term buoyancy
eine
upthrust and state its S... unit.
Describe experiment to show that a body immersed in
an
a
liquid appears lighter than it really is.
what is the cause of upthrust ? At which point it can 9. Will a body
*
considered to act ? with
weigh more in air or in
vacuum when
weighed
a
spring balance ? Give a reason for your answer.
109
 State the aSsunmpion made in purt (i).
As. (0
The mass of a block made of a certain material is
T0 (u) 140
Cm gl (ii) 140 gf K g and its volume is 15 x 10m
Assunption :
density of water
with
=

10g cm alculate upthrust on the block if t is held fully

You are provided a hollow iron ball A of volume merscd in waler.
15 em' and ass i -
ganuutace a
sold iron ballB of mass 12 g. (b) Will the hlock Noat or sink in water when released
Both are
Plue cu contained in a ol water
u v e reason lor your answer.
large tub. t(a) P d upinnust on cach ball. (b) Which bal
will sink GiVe reasOn tor your answer. c)what will be the upthrust on block while Noating?
= S0g cm )
(Density of iron
Take density of water = 1000 kg m
Ans. (a)
Upthrust on ball A 12
gf and
= Ans. (a) 15 kgf. (b) The block wilI Noat since upthrust
on ball B =
15 g1. (b) The ball B will sink. 0n

Reason: Volume ball B=

when tuly mmersed in water, more than its
weight. (c) While loaling. upthrust = 13:5 kgl.
is

ot 12/80=
15 cm'. Upthrust
on al whch is less than its weight 12 gf. 7 Apicce of brass weighs 175 gf in air and 150 gf when
while upthrust on ball A will be I5
submerged, which 1s greater than is
gf if it is fully ully immersed in water. The density of water is
1-0g cm". (i) What is the volume of the brass piece
will float with its thal much part
weight 12 gf, so it
submerged for which (ii) Why does the brass piece weigh less in water
upthrust becomes cqual lo its weight (=12 g). Ans. (9) 25 cm" (i) due to upthrust.
A solid ol S00
density kg m weighs 0-5 kgf in air.8. A metal cube
of edge
5 cm and density 90 g Is
em
It
conipieteiy mmersed in water of density
is

1000 Kg m.Calculatec the apparent weight of the solid

suspended by a thread so as to be complelcly immersea
n a liquid ol density 12 g c m . Find the tension in
in water.
Ans. 04 kgf thread. (Take g =

10 ms*)
5. Two spheres A and B, each of volume 100 cm' |Hint: Jension in thread = Apparent weight or the Cube
are placed on
waler (density= 10g cm). The splhere A n
liquid) Ans, 9.75N
is made of wood ol density 0-3 g cm and the sphere Bis
9. A block of wood is floating on water with iS
made of iron ol density 8-9 g cm
dimensions 50 cm x S0 cm x S0 cm inside water.
(a) Find: (1) the weight
upthrust on each sphere.
of each sphere, and (ii) the acuate tne Duoyaunt 10rce actung on the block. Take
& 98 N kg \ns. 1225 N
(b) Which sphere will float ? Give reason. 10. A body of mass 3-5 kg displaces 1000 cm' of water

Ans. (a) (i) A -30 gl. B -

890 gf.
(i)A -

30gl. B- 100g when fuly immersed inside it. Calculate : (i)

volume of body, (1)) the upthrust on body and (ii)
the
the
(6) The sphere A will fioat upparen weignt ot body in water.
Reason: The density of wood is less than the
Ans. (i) 100X0 em° (ii) T kgf (ii) 2:5
density of waler. kgt

(B) RELATIVE DENSITY AND ITS MEASUREMENT BY

ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE
5.8 DENSITY the particles of lead are closely picked, while those
f egual volumes of different substances such of colton are very loose. In other words. lead is
s wood, iron, zinc, water, glycerine, mercury elc.. denser than cotton. Thus to explain that equal
ire weighed by a physical balance, we tnd h t volumes ol dillerent substances have different
cir masses are dilferent. The mass ol iron is muc maSses or cquial masses ot difterent substances have
more than the mass of an equal volume ol wood. diflerent volumes, We use a term called density. lu
This is because the purticles of iron are heavier and is delined as follows
more closely packed than those o
wOrds, iron is denser than wood.
woou. ",
In a similar
\The density of a substance is its mass per unit
volume. i.e,
It we of cotton and lead
Cr, take egual masses
are
ensity ol a substance
notice that their vounmes
Oe kg cach), we Mass of the
substanCe
volume of cotton is much larger tnin
Volune (5.3)
.he because
of the substance
VOUme of an equal mass of lead. This is
 scalar quantity and is represented by 5.9 RELATIVE DENS
sa FOR SAME VOLUME R.D. =
the letterp (rho) or d., [R.D. =
If mass of a substance is M and its volume is
that density of water at 4°C is
We have read R.D. = N=
V, its density is standard it as a or

Ig cm (or 1000 kg m°).Ireating

(5,4) the density of a substance can DE
compared with Examples

and or tnat obtained

nc so
V
the density of water at 4 ratto () The dens-
the relative denMsity substance
nit of densty is termed as
is 89.
Unit Thus, (ii) The dens
Unit of density Unitofof volume
mass
The relative density (RD.) of
a
substance is its R.D. is
In S..
system, unit of mass kg and unit ot
is
densiy n a r
substance to
the ratio of the (iii) The R.E
volume iS m', so S.l. of unit density is kg m-3, In the density of
water at 4 C . C.GS. u
unit of mass isg and unit of volume
CGs. system. 10-8x 10
Is cm, so C.Gs. unit of density is g cm (or gram Density ol substance Ps)
i.e., R.D. Difference b-
per cubiC centimetre). Density of water at
4
Relationship between S.I. and C.GS. units substancec
Mass of unit volumeofofwater Density
at 4 C
Mass of unit volume

kg 1O00g substance (ms) 1 . Density of a s-

KEm Im
Mass of a certain volume of a is the mass p
(100 cm) water at 4C (mwy) volume of th=
Massof an equal volume of
substance.
=
1000
g cm (5.6)
2. It is
Thus expresse
I kg m = 10*° g cm
hus, 8 em or kg
substance is also defined
S)Relative density of a
or 1gcm=1000 kg m . 3 ) a s the ratio of the mass of a certain volume of
the mass of an equal volume of
Density an
EXample : The mass of 1 cm3 of iron is a
substance to
water at 4°C. Substance
7-8 g, hence the density of iron is 7-8 g cm or

7800 kg m>. Different substances have different Unit of relative density : Since relative density
Cork
It is a scalar
densities. 1s a pure ratio, it has no
unit. Wood (pine)
Effect of temperature on density quantity. Petrol

density and relative

Most of the substances expand on heating and Relationship between Turpentine

contract on cooling, but their mass remains density calculating the relative density of
: While Ice
most of the a substance from its density (or density
from its Olive
unchanged. Therefore, densiry of
with the increuse in temperature relative density), we note that Pure water
substances decreases (at 4°c)
amd mcreases_wh
the decrease n temperature. 6) In C.GS. system, density of water at 4°C is Sea water
water is however g cm, so the relative density of a
Exception The behaviour of Glycerine
Water substance is equal to the numerical value of
very different due
to its uneven expansion. Glass
when cooled from high temperature, contracts up density of that substance. Thus
a Aluminiumn
to 4°C, thereafter it expands below 4°C up to 0°C. Iron

Thus the density of water gradually

increases when R.D. = o Substance in g cm ..5.1)
cm Copper
it is cooled up to 4°C, and hen starts decreasing Silver
when it is cooled further below acupto uC.nusor RAD. = Numerical value of density Mercury
Gold
The density of water is maximum
at 4°C, equal
i) In S.I. system, density of water at 4°C 3 Platinumn
To g cm or 10O0 Kg m
1000 kg m", so its relative density 1s
112
 R.D.=
Density of substance in kg m 5.10 DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE
1000 kg m ..(5.8) DENSITY OF A SOLID SUBSTANCE BY
ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE
KD.= Numerical value of density x 10
We know that

Exanples Mass of the body

) The density or copper is 8:9 g cm", its R.D. D.Mass of water (at 4°C) of volume cqua
to that of the body
is 8-9.

The density of mercury Using Archimedes' principle, the mass of water

) 1s
36x 10 kg-m", of volume equal to that of the body Is
its R.D. is 13-6. oblained
by finding the mass of water displaced by that
(ii) The R.D. of silver is 10-8, its density in body when it is completely immersed in water
C.GS. unit 1s
10-8 g cm and in S.I. unit is Since a body when immersed in waler, displaces
10-8x 10' kg m. water to its
cqual own volume. Therefore
Difference between density and relative density R.D.= Nass or body
Mass of water displaced by the oouy
Density Relative density
I. Density of a substance Relative density of a ..
Weight ol body
substance
.

5 the masS per unit is the ratio of density of that Weight of water displaced by the body
volume of that substance to the density of
substance. water at 4°C.
Weight of body
LOss in weignt ol the in watcr(or
body upthrust)
2.t is expressed in 2.It has no unit.
gCm or kg m
Weight of body in air
or R:D.= weight of body in air- Weightot body in water

Density and R.D. of some common substances

(5.9)
Substance
Density Relattve
h u s , to find relative density of a solid body
Cm density
Cork 240 0-24 0-24
using Archimedes' pnnciple, we have to weigh the
d (pine) S00 0-50 0-50
body first in air and then in water. If the weight
of body in air is and in water is
Pettol 800 0-80 0 80
W, W. then

urpentine 870 087 -87

ce
Ofive oil
920
920
0-92
092
0-92

-9E
BD.W-W .5..10)

Pure water 1000 1-00

4C) Note: Weight and mass are related as
aler 1025 1-02 weight mas x acceleration_ due to gravity (i.e..
W= Mg). On
Giycerine 1260 1-26 26 weighing a body with a physical
ulass 2500 2-5 balance, its mass is
expressed in kg or g. while
Alumanium 2700 70
its weight is expressed in_kgf or g.
ron
7860 86 786
Now shall describe the
we
Copper 8920 92 8-92 determine
procedure to
the relative density of a solid in wo
Silver 10500 U' 10-5 cases 0when the solid is denser than water
and
Metcury 13600 15-6 insoluble in it and (ii) when the solid is
Gold 19300 193 19.3 than water and soluble in u. denser
Palinun 21500
21-5

113
 () R.D. of a solid denser than waler
solid denser man and soluble
in it water and insoluble ii) R.D. of a
in il
Procedure P'rocedure : If solid is soluble in water, inste-

relative densi
() Suspend a
picce of the given solid with
given solid with aa
owate, We take a
liquid o Ow
thread from hook of the left in which solid
hich solid isis m s o l u b i e
insoub ind it sinks in tha
e pan
pan of
of a physical
balance and find its
a

weight W physICalliauid. the process

Then the
liquid. Then pe
uesciDed
above is
Now
(i) Now place a wooden bridge over the lefi
ealed.

pan of balance and place a beaker nearly two-third Weight of olid in a

R.D. =
liquid* oiquid
illed with water on the
bridge. Take care that Loss in weight of solidin
the
bridge and beaker do not touch the pan of ..(5.12)
balance.
5.11 DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE DENSITY
(ii) Immerse the solid OF A LIQUID BY ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
that
completely in water such
it does not touch the walls and bottonm ot or
beaker 5.8) and tind the By definition, relative density
a
lhquid is
(Fig. of solid weight W.
in water.
given as liquid
Weightof a given volume of thewater D.13)
Weight of the same volume of
if a solid is immersed
in a
By Archimedes principle
liquid or water, it displaces the liquid or water

cqual to its own volume. Therelore the above

form:
cqn. (5.13) takes the
WATER
R.D. :
Weight of liquid displaced by abody
Weight of water displaced by the same body
WOODEN
BHIDGE Weight of body in aur -weight o body inin liquid
Weight of body in air -weight ot body water

.(5.14)
Fix. S.8 RD. ofa solid denser than water
Thus to find the relative density of a liquid
Observations: using Archimedes principle, we take a body which
= W, gf is heavier than both the given liquid and water
Weight of solid in air
and also insoluble in both. The body is first
Weight of solid in water = W2 gf
weighed in air, then in liquid and then after
Calculations: it with and drying. it is weighed in
washing water
Loss in weight of solid when immerSed in water. If the weight of the body in air is W, gt. in
water = (W, - W,) gt
liquid is W2 gf and in water is
W3 gt. then from
cqn. (5.14)
R.D. Weightof solidin air
LOss in w e i g h t o1 s o l i d in water

R.D. W- . (5.15)
of liquid =
w, -W,
(5.11)
R.D. W

114
 EXAMPLES
Pelative density of silver is 105. What is the
esits of siler n S.. nit hat 5 em
do you make m yuur caleulations.
assunmption
(i) Given, weight of solid = 30 g
Given. R.D, of silver = 10.5
Mass of solid = 30 8
R.D.
R.D. = = Sy of silver
Density of water Mass
Density oI olid = Volume 5 " Bcm'
Density of silver = R.D x density of water

10-S x 10 kg m. Hence relative density of solid = 6

Asumption : Density of water = 10 kg m- lternative method

s o l i d e i g h s s0 g in air and 44 g when i ) Volume of solid = Volume of liquid displaced
completely immersed n water. Caleulate: mass of liquid displaced / density of liguid
i the upihrust. 5 cm.
t h e volume of the solid. and
(30 26)/08 =

(1) R.D. of solid

i the relative density of the solid.
Weight of solid in air_
Given, weight of solid in air W, = 50 gf and weight of Weight of solid in air - weight of solid in liquid xR.D. of liquid
solid in water W 44 gf.
30 x08 = =
6
(i) Upthrust= loss in weight when immersed in water 30-26 4
W- W = 50 - 44 = 6 gf

(i) Weight of water displaced = upthrust = 6 gf

4. A solid N in air. Its
body weighs 2-10 relative
density is 84. How much will he body weigh if
Since density of water is I g cm, therefore volume placed
of water displaced = 6 cm' (i) in water,
But a solid displaces water equal to its own volume, (i) in a liquid of relative density 1-2?
Given of the body in air 2.10 N.
therefore volume of solid = 6 cm°.
) : Weight
R.D. of body = 8:4, weight of body in
W, =

Weight of solidin air

er
?
)R.D. of solid
Weight in air - Weight in water
R.D. = 8-4
21-W2
W-W 30-44 833 or 8-4 (2-1 - W) = 2:1

solid weighs 30 gf in gf when air and 26 2-1x7.4

completely immersed in a liquid of relative
r
8-4
=1-85 N
and
density 0-8. Find: (i) the
(i) the
volume of solid,
relative density of solid.
Thus weight of body in water = 1-85 N

(n) Upthrust due to water = W - W, = 2.10- 185

Given, weight of solid in air gf 30 and weight of

W =
= 0:25 N
Sod in liquid W = 26 gf., R.D. of liquid = 0-8
Upthrust due to liquid
* Density of liquid = 0-8 g cm =
Upthrust due to water x R.D. of liquid
) Let V be the volume of solid. 025 x 1-2 = 0-30 N
g t of liquid displaced = Volume of liquid displaced Weight of body in liquid = Weight of body
x density of liquid x g
in air-Upthrust due to liquid
= Vx 0-8 xg dyne = 2-10- 0-30 = 18 N.

= Vx 08 gt (i) Allernative method :

nweight of the solid when immersed in liquid Let weight of body in liquid be x N. Then R.D.
4 gf ..(i)
W- W = 30 2 6
=

Weight of body in air or

lquld
the weight of liquid displaced is equal to uc
Weight of body in air Weight of body in liquid.D.
ght of solid when immersed in
ngua 2

From eqns. (i) and (i1). 8-4 21-r 12

V x 0-8 = 4 4 (2-1 x) = 12 or x = I8 N

115
 . 82-1
A body weighs 82-1
gl in air, 75-5 in
water Given. R.D. of
liquid
08/,
, gr.

In (a) Find de
758 gt in aa liquid. (a) e r and(b)
and(b)
the relative density f Given,
, , W,= 75:5 g
the liquid. (b) How much will it
in
weigh if
immerse
liquid of relative density 087
a T'rom relaton R.DP.

(a) Given, weight of the body in air 82-1

W gt
08 *
821-
821-755
Weight of the body in liquid = W,= 758g
Weight of the body in waler W, = 75:5 gf = 087 x 6.6 =
5.742
82-1 -

W,
S5.742 = 76-358
R.D. of liquid = 82-1 -

-W
*
W
4g
821-75S >*= 1-26
821-755 66

EXERCISE-5(B)

1. Define the tem density. W gt in

and W 8 when it is
ar

R A body weighs of
water. rinu 0) volume the
:
immersed in
What the units of density in (i) C.GS. completely
are
s ( ) 8 cm
and (i) S.l.
( ) Kg m body. (ii) upthrust
on the body. (u1) of relative
density
sy'stem material of the bouy.
Express the relationship between the C.Gs. and S..
(i) (W-W) cm° (11)
(W- W,t (ii)
units of density. ns. T g cm"= 100 kg m" Aas.
W-W
pnciple,
ron is /800 kg m What do you -Describe an experiment, using ArCncues
ne desity ot
understand by this statement? to t i n d
relative density of a liquid.

wnte he density ot water at 4 C im S.1. unit. body weighs W, when immersed inna
8t in air and

gt. while it weigns g t

on

Ans. 1000 kg m liquid, it weighs W o the body

mmersing it water. Find
in
0)
volume of the
:

H o w are the (i) mass, (i) volume, and (ii) density or to liquid (u) relaave density
( ) upthrust due
i1 all, with increase in ot h e liquid.
a metalic
piece atlected, at
Solid and (GV) relative density
Cmperature ? Ans. (i) (W,-W) cm', (i) (W, - W) gf.

(1) decreases.
Ans. (1) unchanged, (u) increases, (ii) (iv) TW

Water is heated from 0°C to 10°C. How does the (1) W-w, W-W,
change with temperarure
density of water

from 0°C, the density of wateruiple choice ypPe by

s.
On heating
4°C. . Relative density of a substance is
expressed
then decreases beyond with the density
up to 4 C and
substance
Increases of that
companng the density
sentences :
8. Complete the following of:
Mass= . x density air (b) mercury
is...*** water (d) iron.
(u) S.I. unit of density Ans. (C) waler

(ii) Density of water 1s.. kg m

density is:
2. The unit of relative
(V) Density in kg m
... xdensity in
g em
(iv) 1000 (a) g em (b) kg m
volume, (i) kg m*, (ii) 1000,
Ans. (i)
the term relaive density mkg (d)no un. Ans. (d) no unit
9. What do you understand by
of a substance ?
of water is

relative density ?
3. The density
10. What is the unit of Ans. No unit (a) 1000 g cm (6) 1 kg m"

a (c) 1g cm (d) none of these.

11. Differentiate between density and relative density of Ans. (C) Tg cm
substance. :

With the use Archimedes pnnciple,

ot state how youNumericals t
2. of denser
nan w . The density of copper is 8-83 g cm. Express
will find relative density solid a

insoluble in it. How will you modify your m

and
soluble in water ? Ans. 8830 kg m
solid is
experiment if the
116
 i n (i) C.s. unit, (i) S.I. unit 0 State its

Ans. () 13-6 g em°

density
(i) 13-6 x /9gcmweight of solid in a liquid of density
density of 10' kg
relative density ?
iron
is /8 x
1 kg m". What m . A
A s () 3:2 cm'. (ii) 10, (i1) 2912 g
is its A body
body weighs 20
20
tive density of silver Ans. 8 carale
relative
gf in
gf air
at and 18-0 gf in waler.
is 10-8. Find density of the matenal or
uyAns.
its
Ans. 10-8 x density.
10
V Asolid weighs 15
leulate the mass of a 10' kg kgf in air and 09 kgf in
Doay whose m Cnsity 1-2 x 10" kg m'. Calculate R.D.
a
liquid o

and relauve density is 0-52. volume i

e volume is 2 m3
of solid.

Calculate the mass AS. 04r

1040 14. Ans. 3-0
of air in kg A Jewellerclaims that he
5m X 3-5 m x 2:5 m it the
a
room of
dimensions makes ornaments ot pure gold
13 kg m. density of air at relativeto density 19-3. He sells a bangie
N.T.P. is 8 t a person. The clever customer wegning
. A piece of stone
of mass
113 g sinks
Ans. 51-19 kg
ngie when immersed
water and in weigns e
finds that it
water contained in a measuring cvlinda to the bottom in 23-075 gf in water. With weighs
the help of
the ornament is suitable
rises from 30 ml and water level Caiculations find out whether
to 40 made of
mi. pure gold or not.
of stone. Calculate R.D.
Ans. 11-3 Hint :
Calculate R.D.
A body of vojume 10 of material of
bangle which
) its weight in water
cm weighs I kgf
and (1)
in air. Find:
comes out to be
11-6). Ans. Gold is not pure.
ts
relative 15. A
density. piece of iron weighs
Ans. 445 in ar.
ron is 8-9* 10° kg m", findgfthe
of

9. A body o i) 90 gf. (ii) 10 when weight of iron ece

piece
mass g. when completely immersed in waler, Ans. 39-5 gm
water, usplaces immersed in
20,000 m of water. Find: 16. A
piece of
weight body in water and (i) the stone of mass I51 g is first
of
) the relative
and t weighs 109 g1. immersed
Then on immersing the
material of body.
Ans.
() S0 kgf. (i) 3-5
density of piece of stone in water, it
weighs 9-7 gt. Calculale -
. A solid weighs 120 (a) the weight of the
gl in ar and 105 gf when it is
and piece of stone in air,
completely immersed in water. Calculate the (6) the volume of the piece of stone.
density of solid. relative (c) the relative
solid
Ans. 8 density of stone,
1. A weighs 32 gf in air
and 28-8 gf in water. (d) the relative density of the
Find: () the volume of solid, (ii) R.D. liquid.
of solid, and Ans. (a) 15:1 gf. (b) 54 cm>, (c) 2-8, (d) 0-78

(C) FLOATATION
5.12 PRINCIPLE OF FLOATATION Fig. 5.9 shows the two forces W and
a
body floating on a liquid.
F, actüng on
We have read that when
a body is immersed
n a liquid, the following two forces act on it
(0
The weight W of body acting vertically
aownwards, through the centre of gravity G of
une
body. This force has a tendency to Sink the
body.
he upthrust F, of the liquid acting vertically fIg. S.9 1 w"
Jorces acting on a
jloaftng body
pWards, through the centre of buoyancy B
In magnitude,
e, the centre of gravity of the displaced
W volume of
guid. The upthrust (or buoyant force) 1sequa body x density of body x
g
magnitude to the weight of the liquid .(5.1 6)
and F volume of
Splaced. This force has a tendency. to make Ine
=
submerged part of body
x
density of liquid x
g (5.17)
body float.
117
 Let the body be floating
Obviously. the upthrust Fg is maximum (= p immersed inside the liquid o-
inside the
when the body is completely immersed Weight ot the body W= Ve=

the
Depending upon whether maximum
upinrust a
1S
ess than, cqual to
or
grealer than
the weighW, the body will either sink or tloat im Weight ot liquid displaced b
parinly n s d e the liquid
The bouly Jloats
liquid. So we consider the t1ollowing three cases 5.12
ele immerston
when (i) W>F, (i) W=Fand (ii) W<F*
when W Fa on to
V
ie., he weight Dy which the
Case (i): When W >
Fp portion oJ bOdy ges suomerged
he
to the
greater
y liqud.
ts weight of the
than the
dispiacea
o the qua Decomes cqual
displaced In this case, he bouy
In this case, the body
w
will Sn
sink as wetght
weight of body. In this siuaton w 0ng.
ucea igud. the centre ol graVIy or the For floatation.
shown in Fig. S.10. The apparent wegnt o weight W acts at
of
body (i.e.. the weight ot body inside uu body, whileB upthrust F acts a ne cenre P 8=

measured by a spring balance i t is attaced i buoyancy which is vertically Deiow , and

o ne
the body., will be (W-Fa acng v weight Wequal to upthrust n On thee
is
the case when the density p of 1nus, apparent
Serged purt of he body.
downwards. This is
this case also. Thus.
is greater than the density P, of the liquid weight of the
be zero m
body will
SOnd of such a body is less than the
(i.e.. p > The density p
Pi density P of hquid (.e., P < P,) Volume ot immersedpart of
we find that for a Total volume of body
From the above discussion,

floating body.
Examples: (1)A cork
Weight of body
the while tloating in water
of liquid displaced by
Weight
Submerged part of the body. immersed inside water
Fig. 5.10
1 he body sumAS WHen "*'n
(5.18)
(
part outside the surface on
When W=Fnie, the weight oforW=fg
Case ( i i ) :
the displaced
:. Apparent weight of a floating body = 0 (zero) (2) A cube of ice (der
Is equal to the weight of
the body have 90% of its volume in
below
Just
liquid. In this case, body the
wil float This is the principle of floatation. Thas
shown in Fig. 5.11. The
the surface of liquid
as
PL
the
gcm°) while floa
surface of water.
will be zem, The density The weight of a floating body is equal to the
apparent weight of body
of
is equal to the density P weight oj the liquid displaced by its submergeu Inference : (0)ANoa
P of such a body
liquid (i.e., P = Pi)
part. nas jts more volume
su
And hence experiences hi.
Note: A body floating in different liquids tkods of low density.
insioe
wu varyng extents of its body submerged ea
hquid, such that the weight of the liquid displace (2) A body floats in
y by only and only when the
each case (i.e. the buoyant force on the bouy
nan or
each liquid) is equal to the weight of the bouy equal to the det
when W =} ot body submerged in
Fig
5.17
7he body Jloats 5.13RELATION BETWEEN vOLUME the
increase in
When W F% i.e,, the weiglht of sUBMERGED PART OFA FLOATINGBO density
Case (ii):
<
In each case,
THE DENSITIES OF LIQUID AND THE the
the body is less than the weight of the liquid B body i.e. u
floats the weigh
displaced by
i. ln this case, the body
partially above and belOw
parialyS.12.
the surface of VV Submerged
he
part of the
shown in Fig. Only that much Let V be the volume of a body of densiy weight of the body.
liquid as
18
 ne body be 1loating with its PRINCIPLE OF
lume APPLICATIONS OF THE
sed
inuners
inside the liquid of
density P. Then
.14

FLOATATION
icht of the body W =
Volume of body x
0) Floatatiom of iron ship
density of body x g iron mail sinks in water while
An
a slhip
= Vp, s
Ots : If we place an iron nail on the surface o
.ioht of liquid displaced by the body or water, it sinks. This is because the density oliron
upthrust IS greater than that of water, so the weight of nail
F Volume of
=

displaced
liquid x density of
1s more than the upthrust of waler on it.

On the other hand, ships are also made of iron

hquid x g
but they do not sink. This is because
PL8 hollow and the empty space in it contains
theairship 1s
For loatatio,
Fa which
makes its volume large and average density less
P,8 'P 8 than that of water Therefore, even with a small
portion of ship submerged in water, the weight of

water displaced by the submerged part of ship

V
.1 becomes equal to the total weight of ship and
]hus therefore il floats.
A loaded ship is submerged more while an
Volume ofimmersed part of body Density of body unloaded ship is less
submerged: When cargo
Total volume of body Density of liquid is loaded on a sailing ship, its weight increases,
so it sinks further to displace more water till the
Examples: ()A cork of density p, =g cm weight of water displaced by its submerged part
to the weight of loaded ship. If
shile floating in water will have
itsth part Decomes equal
cargo is unloaded,
the ship will rise in
water till
mmersed inside water (P = Ig cm3) and th the weight of water displaced balances the weight
art outside the surface of water. 4of unloaded ship.
A ship begins to
(2) A cube of ice
(density
cm*) will 0.9 g submerge more as it sails
P,from
=

hae 90% of its volume immersed in f r o m sea water to river water: The water of a
water (aesy river is of low density than that of a sea. Thee
lg cm*) while floating and only 10% outside dens
density
e surface of water. of water of different seas is also different.
Therefore, whenship a sails from
a sea of
higher
Inference: ()A floating body of higher density water
tas jis more volume submerged inside the liquid
density to a sea of lower water (or
from sea water to river water), it sinks further. The density
d hence experiences higher upthrust than the body reason is that according to the law of floatation, to
f low density.
balance the weight of ship, a
greater volume of
2)A body floats in liquids of different densitieswaer is required to be displaced in water of lower
when the density of the is less density in river (or sea).
Nd only body
Or cqual the density of liquid. The volume
to Plimsoll line
Each ship has a white
:
line
0y submerged in the liquid will decrease with paintea on its side, Known as the Plimsoll line.
Crease in density of the liquid. This line indicates the
Case, the upthrust by the liquid on the
limit for safe
ship in water of density 10' kg m-3. Aloading
the
ship is not
tody Lhe weight of liquid displaced by
allowed to be loaded turther
when its Plimsoll line
starts touching the water level, so that
Oerged part of the body is same and cya
t
is
in sea water of
when it sails
weight of the body. density
more than 10°
kg m", only
T19
 ol a
submane to Cxpliun
ts loatation.
line remains portion that the diver could
ne part ol il below ihe plimsoll with periscopes
so

IS provjded
subinerged in water. Surtace even when submarina
narine
filled with sand at
its
ee
above ne wacr waer.
mC
nunloaded
ship is
s well
inside

floats with its very enscop

Dollom: An unloaded ship
simall volume inside water. As
a result, its centre o Ballast ta
ank
badstlank
is unstable.
is higher and its equilibrium
gravity over on its
that it may get blown
There is a danger
Theretore, an unloaded shiP
winds.
SIde by strong called ballast, at its
(or stones),
---

hlled with sand

Is
c e n t r e of gravity to make ig. S.15 Submurine
botom. This l o w e r I s
its cyuilibnum stable. lo dive n t o water oor
can be made
A submarine
waler a s and when
Floatation of human body rise up to the surface of
ii ballast tanks
is to dive, its
desired. If a submarine
The average density of human body depends on
like bone, blood, water so that the average density of
of its constituents are filled with
the proportion than the density of sea
submarine becomes greater
muscles and fat as
has anirerent
each constutuent
dives into water. If
water and the submarine
density. Further. it also depends amoune or on the

is to rise, water from the ballast tanks is

airin lungs
our at that time. 1he
average density or submarine the compressed
with empty lungs is I-07
g cm, Wnile forced out into the sea by allowing
win
body This makes the average
lungs filled with air is
1-00 g c m . A
gOOd swimner air to enter the tank. than that of sea water. As
can float on waler, like
a tloating object,
wIn nis density of submarine less
the weight of water displaced by its
lungs filled with air and mouth projecing
nose and a result,
becomes cqual to
surface.
1he weignt or
Waer
partially small submerged part
just above the water
of submarine and hence it rises up to
displaced by him is then nearly equal to hisown the weight
Thus, he can swim with a very little effort. the surface of water.
weight.
in sea water
It is easier for a man to swim
The reason is that
Oalation
of iceberg8
han lo in tresh ( o r river)
water
: he density of ice is less than the density of water.
due presence of minerals (salt etc.), the density ot ice is 0-917g cmd and that of water
water (= 1-026 g cm*) is more than the e density
of sea
1-0 g cm'). 1s8Cm. Therefore, huge masses
of ice known as
density of fresh (or river) water (= icebergs float on
are able to water with their major
Therefore, with a smaller portion of the body the water surface and onlya small portion
Submerged in sea water, the weight of water part inside
abOve the water surtace.
the total weight of the
dusplaced becomes equal
to

of fresh Volume of iceberg above the water surlace

body, while to displace the same weight
while Noating If the total volume of an iceberg
large portion of his body will
:
(or iver) water, a
IS
nave to be submerged in water. So it becomes is V and the volume of iccberg submerged
difficult to swim in river water. then by the principle of floatation,

In the Dead Sea, the density of water is much of water displaced by the submergeu
Weight
more (= 116gcm*), therefore, a man can easily part of iceberg=Total weight of iceberg
swim in Dead Sea with small portion submerged Pwater X8 VxPe X8
a or V X =

inside water so as to balance his weight.

(ii) Floatation of submarines or

Pice . . ( 5 . 2 0 )

A submarine is a fish shaped water-tight boat

provided with several ballast (or jloatation) tanks Examples : (1) An iceberg (p =0-917g cm
olume
in its front and rear parts. Fig. .13 shows the floats on water (P,uater =1:0 cm") with VO
120
 Jd17 ie. * ot s total
volunie belowethe Hence the levei

surface ow ony dSt ot

surface while loating on it.
while loatng
iUs volume above the waler does not chunge wicu
surtce as SDown m Fig. 5. 14.
l melis.

eberg (v) Floatation of fish

organ called
a
Many species of fish have an

Svm bladller. I acts like the ballast (or floatalon)

lank of a submarine. When a fish hus to rise up

in water, it diffuses oxygen gas from its

o the bladder, so ils volume increases
blood
and its

Fig. S.4
Ftottang tcehery average density decreases. This increases the
Volume of water displaced by the lish and so the
2)An icederg \PieeU91g
em*) floats on upthrust fish increases duc to which it
on
u rses
seawater (Pwaieru20 g Cm°) with volume When the fish has to come down, it
Cmpcs
V=0-893 Vi.e.. 89.3% of its total volume
1026
bladder to the required extent, so its volume
decreases and density increases. Hence upun u
ubnierged inside sea water and only 10-7% above sea lish decreases and it goes down in waler.

walct.
(vi) Rising of balloons
leebergs are dangerous tor ships: lcebergs
heing ighier than waler, Tioat on waler wilh heir
When a light gas like hydrogen or helium
(density much less than that of air) is fnled in a

mjor part (nearly 90o) imside water and only a

balloon, the weight of air displaced by Uie
small part (-10%) outside water. Since the
portion inllatea
balloon (i.e., upthrust)) becomes more than the
of iceberg inside water
surtace depends upon tne weight of the gas filled balloon and it rises up.
dkensity of sea water, therefore for the driver of
The balloon does not rise indefinitely. The
ship. it becomes difficult to estimate the size of
reason is that the density of air decreases with
keherg. Thus an iceberg is very angerous iO a

ship as it may collide with the ship and cause

altitude. Therefore as the balloon gradualy goes
the the
Lamage. Up. weightIt of displaced air (i.e., upthrust)
No ehange in level of water n melng decreases.
the upthrust onkeeps
on
rising
it exceeds
long
its weight. When
as as

foating piece of ice: When a floating piecC O upthrust becomes equal to its weight, it stops
kt melts into water, it contracts by the volume rising further.
qual to the volume of ice piece above the water

EXAMPLES

A Block of wood of volume 25 em' loats on waler () Wweight of block of wood = Vpg

with 20 of ils volume immmersed. C ulculiatle : (0) h e

25 *08 x 8=
cI
Gesity, and (ii) the weight of block woo.
20 g dyne
2.
20 gt.
ven: Volume of block V = 25 cm'. A block of iron loats
iereury. Find the fraction uM
on

wolume which remains immersed in

Volume immersed in water 20 cm
nercury.
(Densities iron and
y of wood is p cm", then by prineipie
or
o mercury are 7-8 cm' g and
TS-6 g
0alation. enm resprcvely
n t of block of wood = Weight of water displiaced Let V bethe volume ot iron block and v be its volume
block.
immersed in mercury. For Noutation,
n e immersed part of
y
P V X I x g (since density of water = i g c
Weight of block = Weight of mercury displaced by the
immersed portion of block.

25
121
 7 8 xgix 116x 2000 x 084 x 8 = 200- V)x 1-05 x
g

574
V 2000x(1-05-0-84)
-05

Thetractuon 0-574 of total volume

200x021
05 40 cm3
will reain
immered in menury
(ii) When wood piece is
totally submerged, then
n wherR Thats n trsh ater witlh a
part t it
atssde ihe water
surlace. Calculate the fractiom of Upthrust =
VxP: X8= 200 x
1-05 x
g
the volune of ihe
ieberg which is helow
= 210 gf (upwards)
the waler
Weight of wood piece V* P, * 8 *2
x 0-84 x
g
168 gf (downwards)
Force to be exerted
B the pnheipic ot tleatalion.
to keep the wOd
tolaly
Upthrust Weight of wood piece submerged
=

ume o
Ial
Keergimimereu s ox 210 168 =
42 gf.
solume ot iceberg Density ot tresh water . The volume of a
balloon is 1000 nm'.
with helium of It is filled
= = 0-917
density 0-18 kg m*, What
load ean it lift ?
Thus
0917 part of volume Density of air is 1-29 maximum
elow the
water surface.
of
iceberg will remain
Given, volume of balloon V kg m.
1000 m, =

block wood Noats on ol

lensity of helium p 0-18
water with ot its kg m3, =
alume above the
water surface.
th density of air 1-29 kg m3 =

density vt wood. Caleulate the |

Let the
volume of block Weight of helium filled balloon
wood be p. be V and
Volume of block
above the density of Vxp* g= 1000
surface of water
x
0-18 x
g
=V. 180 g N =
180 kgf
.
Weight of air
displaced upthrust =
Volume
of block immersed v= V- =
V
By the
principle of floatation, V= V density of air
x
xg
Weight of the
=
1000 x
1-29
block x
g
=

Weight of water 1290

the
immersed displaced
part of
by g N 1290 kgf
Resultant upward force
=

block
Vxpxg=Vxxg P
on
ballaon
upthrust- weight of balloon
(Here the
dens1ty of water =06 gcm =
1290 180 =
1110 kgf.
is taken So it can
Apieer of wood of
as I
g cm") lift
maximum load of 1110
a

densily volume Two

-84 g em 200 identieal kgf.
What
C loats emand
in
liquida
ol
loat on blocks A and B
water sueh of
volume of density remair that 90% of different materials
What force
liquid ? woud will
remain above the i)
density subnerged
of A
A and
inside waler. 15e ol B
must tbe exerted
totaly sulbaerged
surface )
upthrust
and
of
B. Compare:
on w0od Nater on A
Given, V= 200 to
keep it and B.
(1) Let
V cm'
cm'.p, =084 g Given for block
volume ofcmPL=
he the 1-05 g A :
surface cm* 90% =
0.9
=
V-
of
liquid. Then wood which
V remains
submerged
Noatation. =(200 V) com' volune ol above for block B:
=15%
Weight of wood and by the wood
Pa =
0.15
piece principle of then, P» and
P are the
=
Upthrust due
densities of A, B
and
to water
submerged part of
wood
For blockA = PA 0.9
=

Pw
For blockB
122
=

V PA 0-15
Pw
..(i)
 (n), we get
(0l by cyn ( 0 ) V i the velbune of cuch block.
ng oqn.
piheust A
015
=6:1
=6:1
EXERCISE-5(C)
or tioatation.
the
prneipie Reason: The upthrust on the body by cac olume
ute
held n
immersed
csed
in aa lio
in liquid. () Name the nwv
Cyual to theupthnust
weight body. Butvolume d of

A
y
on body and draw a diagrim to show these
gCXP *g.
For liquid C, since subncg
f State how do he magnitudes ot twO forces Ast
ciisity p, must be maaximun.
Aned in pat 0) determine whether the body will Druw a dliagran to show the forces acting on body
enunk in liquid when it is releasca. ( ) What is
oatng in water with its some pau i o n How
body it t (a) sinks, (b) Noats
e on the forces and show their points ol app
o the hookk of a of water displaced by the
1loaung
bou
when a picce or w c Wght
elatcd to the of the bouy 1se
weight
intbalance. it reads 0 gt. he wood is now loweed
waler.
balance
What* reading do you expect on the scale of| I. What is centre of buoyancy ? State i s po
or

Oling body with respect to the centre of gravity o

1he piece or
wox w iot on water and while body.
Hint: \ns, Zeo A balloon filled with helium gas floats in a big closed
fAuting. appaurent weight
=
01.
solid iron bal or mass u g 1s droPped in mercury Jwcn connected Is to an evacuating punip. na
win De your observation, if air Irom jar Is pumpeu
"
in a beaker. (a) wne Dall ioat or sink Give
aLined (b)What our ? Explain your answer.
reason. willbe the apparent weight
ns, Observation: The balloon will sink.
of ball?G eason.
density
Ans. (a) Float, Keason: Density of ball (ie., iron) ENplanation: As air is pumped out
from jar, Ihe
A r in jar decreases, so the upthrust on bulloon occrese
is less than the density of mercury. (b) Zero As weight of balloon excecds the upthrust on it, it sinks.
Reason: While Tloatng. upthrust = weight.
13. so loaded that it in
How does thne aensiny P. or a substance determine
A block of wood is
at room temperature. What change will occur in
just floats water
he
sod mar substance will tloat or
whether a picce state of Noatation, if
nk in a given liquid of density P (al so sait 1s added to wäater,
Ans. The body will float if p,
and it will Sink il
s
>
P 0
walcr Is heatcd
P, PL GiVe re
Euplain why an iron nail floats on mercury, but it sinks Ans. (a) Floats with some part outside water.
n walct.
n salt
Hint: Density of iron is less than that ot mercury. Keason : adding some to water. the density of
block of wood increases
bul more than that of waterj water increases, upthrust so on

and hence the block rises up till the weight of salty water
A odly floats in
with
a
part of it submerged
liquid a displaced by the submerged part of block becomes equal
aswde liquid. Is the weight of floating body
cqual to or less than upthrust
greater than, Ans. Equal to
to the weight of block. (6) Sinks.
Reason: On heating. the density of water decreases, so
Abomogeneous block floats on water (a) partly immersed upthrust on block decreases and weight of block exceeds
compleiely mmersed. In each case state tne posiuon the upihrust due to which it sinks.
of cenire of B with
buoyancy respect to tne cenrc
o 14. A body of volume V and density P,. floats with volume
gavnty Gof the block.
inside a liquid of density Pz Show that
a 8 will lie vertically below G (b) B will coincide with

Fe515 shows the same block of wood floating in three 5, w dentcal pieces, onc of ice (density = 900 ke m)
and other oft wood (density 300 kg m") float on water. =
e n t iquids A. B and C of densities P1P and Pa
Which liquid has the highest density ? (a) Which of the
two will have
ecuvely.
UIe
reason for submerged inside water ?
more volume
your answer.
(b) Which of the will
due to water ?
two expenence more
upthrust
Ans. (a) Ice. (b) lce
16. Why 1s
floaung ice less
submerged in bnine than in
water

Ans. C
Ans. Density ot bnne is more than the
density of water.

123
 (b) Pi*P
Aman fist sW Ims in sCa water and then in nver wan
P P
onng can be said
C) PP u
the weights of sea wafer and
nver watct Ans. (C) P >
P2
Cinpae
displaced oy nim.
w h e t e does he Tind t casier to swini and whny volume
.
rubber ball loats on
waler wi s 1/S
s. in olacec
Cach case the weight or water isplaceu Is the density or ubber
?
waler what
outside
Ans. 667 kg m'
AIu
e cual to the weignt o man at of
of wOOd of miass
z4 AE TIOIls n water. The
is halanceu n ea waer
w 2. A block
weight 0052 m°. Find
water so his :
nier
volume ol wood is
inside i.
nis iess purt subicTged
ttoats (a) the volume of block
below lhe surtiace of water
An iron nail snks
in waler while an
iron ship 0 wood.
IS. of
(6) the density
water. EAplain the ea
water 1O00 kg m')
of a ship (Density of Ans. (a) 0-024 m (b) 7-5 x 10 kg m-
9What can you y
about the averRge densily
ot

oating on water in
relaion
to he densiy wacr What
wooden cube of
side 10 cm has mass /00g.
erage density of ship Is less than
ne aensiy owa Dut 3 . A
aboVe the waler surface
while floating
of it remains
0. A picce
of ce
loating ina glass o water mells,
reason.
part
waler surtace
Give
glass
water in does not chinge. verticaly on the
the level of
3 lce contracts on meling-J
Ans. 3 cm height
THint of its
by tying a vessel on bnne. what traction
A buoy i s held
inside
water contained in A
piece o tloals wax

of the vessel. Name the three

a thread to the
base volume is immersed?
i with in cquilibnum and state the
forces that keep the buoy
Density of wax =095 g cm, Density ol brine=1l g cm
direction in which each force acts. Ans. 0-86
weight of buoy vertically downwards,
Ans. () waler and what portion of
() uphnust of on ouoy Vertically upwards, If the density of ice is 9 8 cm. of waler in a
downwards,
(11) tension in hread verucaly an iceberg will remain below the
surface
cm°)
cargo ship sails
loaded
from Sea water to nver sea ? (Density of sea waler =

1- g
A observauon. Ans.th (or 0-8]8th) par.
water S t a t e and explain your

ing and height

Explain the follow of wood of uniform cross section
:
A picce
in sea are dangerous 1or ships. floats vertically with ils height 10
c m in water
(a) lcebergs lloating 15 cm
in a strong and 12 cm in spint. Find the density of () wood and
An SiNkS in tresh water, but fioats
(b) cE cm"
Salt soluuon. spint. Ans. (i) 0-667 g cm, (i) 0-833 g
(C) A toy balloon filled with hydnogen nses to the ceilun8 two-third ot is
7. A wooden block floats in water with
to the tioor. of wod.
but if filled with carbon dioxide sinks volume submerged. (a) Calculate
the density

(d) As a ship in harbour is unloaded, it slowly being (b) When the same block is placed in oi, three-quater
or Iis volume is immersca in oil. Calculate the densiy
nises higher in water.
Ans. (a) 667 kg m , (b) 889 Kg m
nises 10 a certain oil.
(e) A balloon hilled with hydrogen
and that of sea waler
height and then stops nsing further 8. The density of
ice is 0-92 g
cm
of an iceberg
T025 8 c m . Find the total
water
()A ship submerges more as it sails irom sea
IS volume
water.
to nver waler. which floats with its volume 800 cm° above
Ans, 7809) Cn
Multiple choice type :

weight Wand upthrust on it 9. A weather forecasting plastic balloon ot volume

.Forafloating
e relalcd as
body. its
I5 m° contains hydrogen of density 0-09 kg m In
b) W<F volume of an equipment carried by the balloon 1s
W>F
(d) nothing can be sad. volume. The mass o
C W=F negigible compared to its own

Ans. (C) W=fp

empty balloon alone is 7-15 kg. The balloon is floatung n
the mass o
2 A
body of weighi W1s floating in a liquid. Is apparent
air density 1-3 kg m", Calculate : (i)
of

weight will be hydrogen in the the mass of hydrogen and

(a) cqual to W b) less than W
balloon,
balloon, (11) the total mass of hydrogen, balloon an
the
W (d) zero. Ans. (d) zero cquipment if the mass of equipment is x kg. (iv) ms
(C)grealerthan ol air displaced by balloon and (v) the mass of equipne"
3. A body flouts in a liquid A of density P, with a part of
using the law of tloatation.
it submergcd inside liquid while n liquid B of density
) KE
kg (ii) (8-5
+
Ans. () 1-35 kg (ii) 8-5
P totally submerged
inside lquid. The densities
p, and 11 Kg
related as : (iv) 19.5 kg (v)
P are