Atmospheric

Fluids and
Pressure in
4 Pressure
SYLLABUS pressure
u tugutasy Almospheri
Transmission of
the formula P
= hpg):
s e wn depth (including
ife examples.
Dreee
pressure. column P = hp8: Simpre dally
exerted by a liquid
uais pressure in
pressure and their units;
hrust and pressure of P E p 8 :
cope Diver's suit etc., some consequences
pressure
Duse of a dam, (i) conscuuci
C manifestation and
s examples; Atmospheric pressure;
common
altimeter. (Simpie numcca PrODlems).
rascal law; applications such as weather
forecasting and
tqualntative only);
c
TRANSMISSION
FLUIDS AND ITS
(A) PRESSURE IN
In both the cases
into the sand.
does not sink
body
4.1 THRUST AND PRESSURE
the thrust exerted
on the sand
same
is (equal to your
A force can be applied on a surface in are different.
when you lie
nrust: weight), but the effects
any direction. force is applied in a direction
When a thrust acts on a larger area and when
is called
on sand, the
(or perpendicular) to the surface, it same thrust
acts on a smaller area.
normal you stand,
the
thrust. Thus, expressed in terms of thrust
The effect of thrust is
called pressure. Thus
Thrust is the force acting normmally on a surface.p e r unit area. This, quantity is
The thrust exerted by a body placed on a surface Pressure is the thrust per unit area of surface.
is equal to its weight. The thrust is same in
the surface. then
whatsoever position the body is placed on
If a
thrustF acts on an
area A,
Thus,

surface Pressure Thrust

Area
or P= 4.2
Thrust exerted by a body on a

= Weight of the body 4.1)

EAS aScalar quantity.(
Thrust is a vector quantity. have t
It is measured in the units of
nnLs
ol pressure
Unit of
thrust:
From relation (4.2), pressure =
-
thrust
is
force.(The S.I. unit of thrust newton (N) Jand C.Gs. area

unit of thrust is
N
dyne, whereI
=
10 dyne.)
The gravitational unit of thrust in M.K.S. system
. Unit of pressure Unit of thrust
Unit of area
is gt. They are related S.I. unit: The S.I. unit of thrust is
system
is kgf and in C.GS.

that of area is metre, so the S.I. unit of

newton au
as
newton per metre which is abbreviated as N
pressure
1 kgf=9-8 N and 1 f= 980 dyne
the
Pressure: The effect of thrust on a surface s
unnt 1s named pascal (symbol Pa) after
which it acts. e irench scientist Blaise Pascal. i.e.,
depends on the area of the surface on
The effect of a thrust is less on a large area, while it 1 pascal (or 1 Pa) =NwLON

m o r e on a
small area.
I metre
is
stand on loose sand, your feet
Example: If you or
I Pa = 1 N m2
but it you lie on that sand, your
sink into the sand, Thus,
82

N/m
 ne pascal is the pressure exerted on a on ground when it is placed
surface pressure
with its longest
o farea 1 nm oy a Jorce of 1 Nacting normallyside (20 cm) vertical [Fig 4.1(a)], while t exc
with
when it is placed
oni minimum pressure on ground even
However if thrust 1S itsshortest side (5 cm) vertical [Fig. 4.1(6)I,
area in m, the unit ot pressure is kgf m.
measured in kgt and
though the thrust is same case.
a
In Fig. 4.1(a), Thrust = 4 kgf
C.G.S. unit: The CGS. unit
of pressure is
dyne cm where Area of base = 5 cm x 10 cm = 50 cm

1 dyne cmEGINm or
I Nm2 10 dyne cm2 Pressure on base (or ground)
4 kgt
If thrust is measured 50 cm2
unit of pressure is gf cm
in gf and area in cm, the
0-08 kgf cm
Other units: Other units of In Fig. 4.1(6), Thrust 4 kgf
=

pressure are bar 200

and millibar where Area
of base 10 c m x 20 cm
= =
cm
bar= 10° Nm and I millibar = 4Kgt
I
10- bar =10^ N m2 Pressure on base (or
grouna200 cm
(The atmospherie pressure is generally expressed
in terms
of the height of mercury column in the =
kgf cm0-02
barometer)At normal temperature and pressure, the Thus pressure on ground in Fig. 4.1(5) is one
barometnc height is 076 m of Hg (or 76 cm of Hg fourth of pressure in Fig. 4.1().
or 760 mm
of Hg) at sea
level which is
as one taken Obviously, larger the area on which a given
atmosphere. Thus atmospheric pressure is also thrust acts, lesser is the pressure exerted by l.
expressed in a unit atmosphere (symbol atm) where
1 atmosphere (atm) = 076 m of Hg = 1013 x 10' Pa 2rTmFig. 4.1(b), if another identical brick is
placed over the first brick, the thrust gets doubled
Sometimes we use tor as unit of atmospheric Kg) and since it acts on same area of base
pressure after the name of the scientist Torricelli 200 cm), so the pressure on ground becomes
where kgt 200 cm = 004 kgf cm (ie., it gets
1 torr = 1 mm of Hg doubled).
and atm Thus
larger the thrust acting on
=
760 torr. greater is the pressure exerted on it.
a
8iven areda,
Factors affecting the pressure : The pressure
exerted on a surface depends on two factors G) the W y or increasing pressure: For the given

area on which the thrust is applied, and (i) the nrus, 1ne pressure on a surface is increased by
magnitude of thrust. reducing the area of suface on which it is acting.
Examples : (a) The ends of nails (or pins) are
Examples (1) A brick
kgr of weignt 4
iv made pointed so that large pressure is exerted
dimensions 20 cm x 10 cm x5 cm exerts maximum
the
through
pointed ends and they can be driven into, with
less effort

(b) The cutting tools also have either sharp (or

pointed) edges so that even a small thrust may cause
great pressure at the edges and cutting can be done
with less effort,

Thrust 4 kgt Way of decreasing pressure: For the given

cm
4 kgt Pressure 4 Kguzu0 thrust, the
pressure on a surface is reduced by
Pressure4 kgis c = 002 kgt cm
9) Longest side vertical (b) Shortest side vertical
increasing the area of surface
Fig. 4.1 Thrust and pressure
Examples :(a) Wide wooden sleepers are placed
83
 of the hole
below the
railway tracks so that the
s the depth below the fre.
Oy the pres increases, the throw of liguiSur
iron rails on the
ground becomes less. liquid
i.e., the liquid reaches to a greater also urtace
increae o
D) The foundations made disto e
of buildings
wiac are the horizontal surface. This shows n
tnan the walls so that the pressure exerted oy
pressure a point increases with the in i
building on the ground becomes les depth of point Irom its free surface
ease of
4.2
PRESSURE IN FLUIDS 2
4.3 PRESSURE EXERTED BV

All Substance
liquids and
which
gases
can
are,
low is called a fuid.
thus, fluids.
COLUMN (P= hp 9)
The pressure exerted by a liquid of den
LIQUID
A Solid exerts pressure on a surtace ue
P8 wnere8 IS thee acceleati
weight. Similarly,
o
Tui
a fluid
d also exerts
exerts pressure
pressu
due depn, n is
gravity i.e.,
=
acceleration doe t
1ts weight. A solid exerts
pressue only on
Surtace on which it is placed i.e. at its bottom, but Pfessure P = hpg
a
tluid exerts pressure on the bottom as well as depth Xdensity of liquid
the xacceleralion due to
on
walls of the container due to its
tendeney gravity 43)
to
flow fluid, therefore,
A exerts pressure in
al Proof: Consider
directions. Thus,
a
vessel containing
density p. Let the liquid be stationary. In order
liquid of
ierd contained in a vessel exerts pressure at all calculate pressure at a depth h, consider a horizo
poinis and in all directions. circular surface PO of arca A at depth h below th
free surface XY of the liquid (Fig. 4.3).
vessel filled
Eperimental demonstration : Take a
with a liquid (say, water). Place it on
surtace. Make several small holes in the wall of the
a
horizontal
LIQUID
vessel anywhere below the free surface of liquid. lt o
is observed that
through each hole. This
(1) The liquid spurts out
shows that the liquid exerts pressure at each point
F i g . 4.3 Pressure at a depth in liquid
a
on the wall of the vessel.
be due to te
(2) If w e put our finger on any of the holes, our finger The pressure on surface PO willthe
feels a thrust due to liquid. This demonstrates weight liquid column above
of the surface ru
that the liquid contained in the vessel exerts thrust (i.e., the liquid contained in cylinder PORS of heigi
h with PQ as its base and top face RS lying on te
at all points below its free surtace. 1hrust on unit
the pressure due to liquid at free surface XY of the liquid).
area at a point gives
that point The thrust exerted on the surface PO
distance from the
bottom of the
(3) If we note the = Weight of the liquid column PORS
a hole
where the liquid from
vessel the
to point
strikes on the
horizontal surface, it is
noticed that Volume of liquid column PORSX densiy s
(Area of base PQ x height) x density x 8
(A xh) x pxg =
Ahp8 PO of a
This thrust is exerted on the surface
A. Therefore, pressure

(4
P-rust on surface Ahp8
Area of surface
pressure aboi
Note Since there is atmosphericC
:
nereases wilh increa os
pressure the free surface of liquid, so to find the
Fig.
4.2 Liguid below the Jree surjace
to
34
in

Pressure
Credsing
wwaGs

W i d t h ot wal increas
mg downwards
on it is the sum ot the atunsplne possur and the PUSH

s u r e de to water oumn above it. As the gas -FiSTONN

DuNe n e s dae to dorease in depth. the pressue
dac to waier vdumn dxnaes so the total
JETS OF WATER
passure REACHING THE
eerted on the bubble decreases. Acconding SAME HEIGHT
Boyle's law. the volume of a gas is inversely INITIAL
LEVEL
WATER
pm nat to the pressure on it. Therefone, the
olume ot bubble iNeases due tw the denase
praue. Le. the bubble gnows in size. \When the
ubble reaches the surfae of
liquid, total pressure WATER-
- FLASK

evertad on it ecoms minimum. just

equal to the
atmaphen pessure and so the size of bubble when
lawe
touching the surface comes maximum. ig.4.5 Demonstration
of Pascal's
4.7 APPLICATION OF PASCALS
4.6
TRANSMISSION OF PRESSURE
LIQUIDS: PASCAL'S LAW
IN LAW
Hydraulic machines such as hydraulic press,
We have read that the pressure due to and
liguid at a
point in a liquid of density p at a depth h below its
hvdrulic jack hydraulic brkes are based on
Pascal's law of transnission of pressure in liquids
tresurfae is P hpg. Obviously. the pressure Principle ofa bydraulic hachine
difference berween any two points x and y in a
The principle of each hydraulic machine is that a
statuonary lhqund will depend only on the difterence in
vertical height (Ah) between these
smallfone applied on a [mallerpiston is
tramsmitted
points. Now if by to produce large forte
a on the bigger piston.
some means, the
pressure at one point.r is increased. Fig. 4.6 shows two cylindrical vessels P and Q
the pressure other point y must also increase
a
by the connected by a horizontal tube R. The vessels contain
same amount so that the difference in between
pressure a liquid (or water) and they are
provided with water
the two points.x and ymay remain same. Thus
pressure tight pistons A and B. The vessel
P 1s ot smaller
exerted at a point x is equally transmitted the diameter
to as compared to the vessel
point y. This is Pascal's law. Thus,
Q. Let area of
cross section of the vessel P be
vessel Q be
A and that of the
A. When a weight is placed on the
Pscal's law states that the
pressure exerted piston A, it exerts force F, the piston A.
a on
anywhere in a confined liquid is Theretore
all transmutted
directions |
the pressure
equally and undiminished in applied the piston A is on

throughoutthe liquid. P= (46)

This can be demonstrated by the following WEIGHT
experiment
Experiment: Take a glass flask having narTow
PISTON
EER IONA
tubes coming out from its sides and bottom. The flask
is provided with air-tight piston at its mouth as
an
shown in Fig. 4.5. Fill the flask with water. The water
in each tube will be at the same level. The initial level
in is the dotted black
of water
line. Now
each tube shown by Fig. 4.6 Principle of a hydraulic machine
push
the piston
down into the flask gently.
It is observed that jets of water rises out from each According to Pascal's law, the
pressure exerted
tube, reaching the same height which is shown by the sonA IS transmitted through the liquid to pisto
upper dotted coloured line. This shows that the X s an upward pressure P on piston B
is
equal to P,. Thus
pressure applied to the enclosed liquid is transmittedwnicn
equally in all directions every where inside the liquid. 47) PaP
86
 F the upward 1orce e o plston B is F , Then called the pump plunger and piston B of the large

=PA, Cylinder is called the ram (or press pliunger).

1o

a lever
press down or raise up the pump plungerA,
on piston B is P,= 2
pressure is used. The
or , *.0arrangement provided with a handle H
with a releuse
cylinder Q at its bottom is provided
Fromeqns.
4.6). (4.7) and (4.8), =2 Valve which joins it to the reservoir.
is applied on the
Principle : When a force F,
contained in
A, it exerts a pressure on liquid
(4.9) Pston
the cylinder P. According to Pascal's law, this
R to
transmitted through liquid in tube
Since A, >A. therefore F > F pressure is to which the
he piston B of the other cylinder Q due
Thus a small force Fj applied on the smaller piston B tends to move upwards. Since the are o
niston A can be used to produce a large foree F, on cross section of cylinder P is less than that ot the
cylinder Q, therefore by applying a small force
on
the bigger piston 5. 1his Is the
principle of a hydraulic o n the
machine which acts as a force multiplier.
the piston A, we can lift a large weight kept
piston B.
4.8 EXAMPLES OF HYDRAULIC MACHINES
the piston B,
When no weight is placed on
) Hydraulic press (or Bramah press) it rises up against a fixed roof with a force F2
A hydraulic press works on the principle of (F, > F). If a bale of cotton is kept on the press
Pascal's law. plunger B, it gets compressed.
Construction: Fig. 4.7 shows a hydraulic press. orking: When the pump plunger A is raised
It consists of two hollow cylinders P and Q fitted by raising the handle H, the pressure in eylinder P
with valves V and V respectively, at their bottom. decreases and the valve V, opens upwards. AS a
The cylinderPhas a tank (or reservoir) at the bottom result, water from the reservoir tank is pushed up
connected through the valve V The area of cross into the cylinder P by the atmospheric pressure
section of cylinder Q is larger than that of P Water- acting on the free surface of water in the supply
tight pistons A and B are fitted in these cylinders. Let tank. When pump plunger A is pushed downwards
the area of cross sections of pistons A and B be A by lowering the handle H, the valve V, closes due
are connected to an increase in pressure in cylinder P. Now
and A, respectively. The two cylinders
by pipe R. The piston A of the smaller cylinder
a
is pressure from cylinder P is transmitted to the

FIXED
PIVOT (FULCRUM) ER
BALE OF
COTTON
H

P I S T O N A (PUMP PLUNGER)
-CYLINDER P
PISTON B
(PRESS PLUNGER
-CYLINDER O
OR RAM)
RELEASE VALVE
VALVE

cONNECTING IE
Atmospheric Pressure

WATER
SUPPLY TANK
(RESERVoIR)
press
Fig. 4.7 Hydraulic
87
 and undiminished
The igquid runs out from the
cylinder t ne cyunder
cosecE Ppe R As the pressure in pipe R
es the B, and
B of the w
cylinder Q. the valve V Q.As aresult., the piston
B
nse U a pistons B, and B,
DES
EEET tan n

forced into the car placed on

the platform.
W
hen tne car eches the shoes get pressed ag
rom cy underP s desired height. the handie o Onger
which the moton c
to shich the press plunger B is
nder 2. due V closed pressure
pressed. The valve gets becomes same) so that the
(Nnec
uc
a g n the fixed roof and the bale of coton
rased the valve
of eross section of
placed on the press plunger B gets compressed on either side of is less than that in th
from the C nnder lo the
not run back
when the function of machine is over, the release liquid
may applied at the foot
Cinder. the pistons B, and
valve opened so that the ram (or press) plunger B
is

gets loweredder of the cylinder Q runs out (ii) Hydraulic brakS is the tore respon
used in c a s ec., are also the vehicle. It s
into the K e r r . The hydraulic brakes
transmission of p
iydraulic press: A iydraulic press is based on Pascal's prineipie.
es hydraulic brake
the
pressure is exerte-
used mainly for the following purposes: Construction:
Fig.4.9 shows connected to the pa
bales and goods like quilts. arangement of a
vehicle. It consists
ora pipe line R
1.
For pressing cotton one end of which is On releasing th
books, etc. containing a liquid (oil).
Pited
a piston pulls the break she
extracung the juice from sugarcane. sugar
connected to the master cylinder wih
or 4 attached to the foot pedal. The other end of pipe R forces the pistons
beet, ec. of different wheel cylinder Q.
is connected to the brake arrangement
seeds.
3, squeezing ol out of linseed and couon
For one wheel
wheels of the vehicle. Fig. 4.9 shows only
4. For engraving monograms on goods. line. For each wheel, there
connected with the pipe
is a wheel cylinder Q having two pistons B and B,.
(i) Hvdranlicjack (or Hydraulic lift) the brake shoes. The area of cross section
attached to
Ahydraulicjack is used for lifting heavy vehicles 1. A h0y weighin
such as cars, trucks etc., in service stations for their of area of eross
(or the
FOOT PEDALK 45 kgf is wearia
repairing. It works on the Pascal's principle
section 15 em
principle of a hydraulic machine). PIPE
LINE R OUID PISTON A ground by thei
Construction: A simple form of a hydraulic TO OTHER of one foot.
wHEELE
jack is shown in Fig. 4.8. It consists of two cylindrical PISTON PISTON B MASTER CYUNDER P Thrust on heel
W H E E L CYLINDER Q
vessels P and Q connected to each other by a tube R Area of cross s
having a valve V. The piston A in the narrow cylinder BRAKE
SHOE
BRAKE SHOE
Pis attached to a lever and the piston B of the wider Pressure exerte
the vehicle. The
cylinder Q has a platform for lifting SPRING
vessels are filled with a liquid (say, water). RIM OF WHEEL
HINGE Now thrust on
Wetking : When handle H of lever is pressed
an effort, the valve V opens
Area of cross s.
Fig. 49 Hydraulic brake
downby applying P
because of increase in pressure in the cylinder
HANDLEH
of the wheel cylinder Q is greater than the Pressure exerted
LEVER
CAR areaof cross section of the master
FULCRUM cylinder
EFFORT P. The brake shoes press against the rim or Hence from eq
PLATFORM whel.
PISTON B PSTON A
Working: To apply brakes, the foot
pedal is pressed due to which pressure 1s Thus the girl's
- LIQUID
that of the boy
exerted on the liquid in the master
VALVE V cylinaet 2. Calculate the
P, so
liquid runs out from the master
height 100 m
TUBE A
cylinder P to the wheel cylinder 2. As water= 10' k
result, the pressure is transmitted equa
Fig. 4.8 Hydraulic jack
38
 diminished througn he lnquid to the pistons from rP
anu , of the wheel cylinder .
Theretore the and thus the cylinder Q ma the wheel to the

B, get pushed outwards and brake brakes get releascu

pistonressed
shoes
against the rim ot the wheel due to Note: In all hydraulic machines, effort is less
otion of vehicle retards. Since the than load while the
distance n
area
of cross section ot piston A in the master cylinder p
of
than the
han the distance
distance moved by load such that the product
moved Dy hat product
wheel cylinder Q, a small
the eftort and the distance moved by effort is equal to
isapplied
less than thatin force or
the
at the Toot pedai produces a lkarge
product of load and
the pistons B, and B, ot the wheel cylinder 0. This n ideal situation when there is o energy loss). 1.e.
energy loss). i.e., no

the responsibie ror retarding the motion

force
of work done by effort = work done by load.
bhe vehicle. It should be noted that due Thus, mechanical advantage (M.A.)
transmission or pressure tnrough liquid, equal
pressure 1s exerteu on al wheels of the vehicle Load
connected to the pipe line R. Effort
and velocity ratio (V.R.)
On releasing the pressure on
the pedal, the
spring
pulls the break shoes to their original position and distance moved by eftort
distance moved by load
forces the pistons B, and B, to return back into the
Hence a hydraulic machine acts like a Jorce
wheel cylinder . As a result the
liquid runs back
multiplier.

EXAMPLES
. A boy weighing 60 kgf is wearing shoes with heel
Given, h = 100 m, p 10' kg m.g 10
of arca of section 20 cm*, while a
cross
girl weighing Pressure = hps
= =
ms
45 kgf is wearing sandals with heel ol area
of cross 100 I0' 10 = 10° N
section 1-5 cm. Compare the pressure exerted on
x x
m
ground by their heels when they stand on the heel At what depth below the surface
be
of water will pressure
ot one loot. twice the
cqual to atmospheric
atmospheric pressure is 10N Cm, density of water is
pressure ? The
Thrust on heel of boy, F, = 60 kgf
10' kg mand g=8
Area of crosS section of heel of boy, A, = 20 cm ms
Given, atmospheric pressure P% 10 N cm

Pressure exerted by boy, P,=A 60 kgf 10N

20 cm (10-2m)210 Nm
3 kgf cm p= 10 kg m and g = 9.8 ms*
Now thrust heel of girl,
on
F, = 45 kgt Pressure at a depth h below the surface of water
Arca of cross section of heel of girl, A, = 1>
cm atmospherie pressure
+pressure due to water column of height h.
Pressure exerted by gur, P, =
kgf
245 or
2P Pot hp8 or
hps Po
1-5 cm2
= 30 kgf cm Hence h= 10
.(11 P8 10x9-8
Hence from cqns, (1) and (1)
Thus a water column of
height 102 m exerts a pressure
B 30 10:1 equal to the atmosphenc presure and therefore at depth
R3 T =10:1 102 m below the surtace or water, the total
pressure
e girl's heel exerts 10 times will be equal to twice the atmosphernic
nat of the
pressure more
uan pressure
boy's heel. 4. A cube of each side 5 cm is placed inside a liquid. The
pressure at the centre ot one face of cube is 10 Pa.
a t e the pressure due to a water column o
Calculate the thrust exerted by the
t100
water
m.
(Take g =
10 m sand density o
liquid on this face.
=
10P kg in. Given, pressure P= 10 Pa,

89
 Area of face A = 5 cm x 5 c m = 0 m 0 m (1) Pressure at the bottom of the vesei

25 x 10 m. 204 x 0 = 2-16x 10 N m
06 m
The thrust exerted by the liquid on the facee
(11n) Pressure at a depth of 5 cm (= O 0 m) irom the free
F=PxA= 10 Pa x (25 x 10) m>= 25 x 10~ N.
suraee
S. A square plate of side 10 m is placed horizontal Im
hpg =
0-O5 x (1-1 x 10) x 9-8 =539 N m
below the surface of water. 1he atmaspheric pressreiv) Net force on the metal toil will be Zero because the
is 1-013x 10 N m. Calculate the total thrust on the force exerted by the liquid on cach or the two faces
plate. fol, will be cqual and
opposite.
(upper and lower) of
Density ol water P= l kg m.g=9-8 m s ) b) Total pressure at the bottom o f vessel = Atmospheric

Given. = Im. p = 10 kg m s = 98 m s the bottom

due
to liquid column
pressure+ pressure at 10*)
Atmospthenc pressure % 1-013 x 10* N m (1-0x 10) +
(2-16 x
10) + (0-216 x 10)
area of plate = 10 m x 10 m = 1 0 m. (1-0 x

Total pressure at a point below the surface of water 1-216 x 10Nm

Total thrust at the bottom Pressure x Area
atmosphene pressure + pressure due to the cofumn
(1-216 x 10*) x 0-6 = 7-296 x 104 N.
of waer
In Fig. 4.10, a tube of length 200 cm illed with a
Po+ hpPs
(1-013
= x
10) + (1 x 10 x 9-8) 0-90 10 kg m is placed inclined
liquid of density x

1-11 x 10 Nm with the vertical such that the level A ot liquid in

Total thrust on the plate =

PressureX the tube is at a vertical height 100 cm from its
Area of plate lowest point C. There is a point B in the tube below
=(-111 x 10) x 10
=11l1 x
10' N. the
(a)
point A at a

Calculate the pressure at points

vertical depth 60 cm.

6 A vessel of base area 100 cm x 60 em and height

200 cm is completely filled with a liquid of density ) A, (ii) B and (ii) C.

1-1x 10 kg m. (b) What will be he pressure at point C when the

(a) lgnoring the atmospheric pressure. find: tube is made vertical
() the thrust at the bottom of the vessel, Take atm0spheric pressure = 1-013 x 10 N m .
in) the pressure at the bottom of the vessel.
(ii) the pressure at a depth of 5 cm from the free
surlace
(iv) the net force experienced by a metal foil of 60 cm
area 10 cm placed at a depth of 5 cm from
the free surface, 0
(b) The thrust at the bottom of the vessel if the 0 cm
atmospheric pressure equal to1x 10 N m i s
taken into account.
Takeg 9-8 m s .
Fig. J.10
(a) Given, area of base of vessel = 100 cm x 60 cm,
Given. p 0.9 x 10 kg m>, Po = 1-013 x 10 Nm
1C
100 mx
X 100 m=0-6 m? m 06 m 898 ms

height=200 cm. p= 1-1x 10° kg m.g = 9-8 ms* (a) 0 AI the point A,
Pressure
Volume of the vessel = 100 cmx 60 cm x 200 cm
=

Atmospherñc pressure (P
1-013 * 105Nm
100 200 (ii) At the point B,
100 100^ 100
-2 m Pressure Atmosphenc pressure +pressure due
liquid column of vertical heighi 60 Cn
() Thnist at the bottom of the vessel (h = 0-6 m)
= Weight of liquid in the vessel
= Volume x density P*8
Po+hps8
=
(1013 x 10) + [06x (09 x 10) x 981
12
x(0-1x 10) x 9-8 =
(1013 x 10) + (0-053 x 10)
= 1294 x 10 N = 1-066 * 10° N m*

90
 Surtace of waler h, (20+ 19) em 19 emfy 19 m
xwnt
Ar ssure= Anosprcie pressure + pressure duc to ) Pressure at the top surface d eute
the

ii)
essure at the te
column or
vertical height 100 cm
liquid
(h= 1 m 10 (020 10'9
x (09 x 10') x 98
= (1013 x 10)+[| 1019% 10 a
x 10')
= (1-013 x 10)+ (00882 (ii) Pressure
= 1-101 x 10' Nm it the botom surface of cue
vertical, at the point C.
the rube

b)
On making
Pressure= Atmosphetne
+pressure due
pressure 10'(035 10'98)
to liquid column or height 200 cm 10343 10 P
2 m), (ii) Resultant pressure on ctube
= (1-013 x 10) + [2 x (09 x 10) x 9.8]
0343 19-1019% 19
= (1-013 x 10)+ (0-1764 x 10)
00147 x 10° Pa (or 147 10 Pa),
= 1-189 x 10° Nm

Tniled with mercury. Then

Arca
of base of cube
s
AUtube tirst partily
is
an on 1S added in
15 cm x 15 cm
water is
addcdFm e na and oil
orWater columns
the other arm. na
tne rio 100
mx
100
m 225 10 m
that mercury
level 1s same in
both the arms
of
so
Resultant thrust on cube
or water = 1° kg m , density
U tube. Given
:
density Resultant pressure x area of base
of oil = 900 Kg m
1s same in both the arms of the (147 x 10) x (225 x 10)
Since level of mercury
=33-074 N (upwards)
U tube, theretore
1he resultant cube will be upwards. The
the surface of mercury in
ote pressure on
Pressure of water column on

resultant thrust cube in

ooe arm=
Pressure of 01l column on the surface
of mercury acting on
upward directuon 1s
in the other armn.
1.e,
called upthrust. Obviously this upthrust depends on the
immersed volume (= area of base x height) of the cube

P18 Pa 8 and not on its inside water. Here

depth we
can note
where h, = height of water column,
Pdensity of water = 10' kg m
that if cube is replaced by a lamina which has negligible
thickness ( 0). pressure on the two sides of lamina
will be equal, hence upthrust on it will be zero.
h =
height of oil column, and
dcnsity of oil
=
900 kg m 10. An air bubble rises from the bottom of a lake of depth
P 10-34 m to its surface. Compare the pressure on bubble
9
" 2 900 the bottom to that on
10 at
= 0-76 mof Hg, density of Hg= 13-6 x
surface. (Atmospheric presure
10° kg m
9. Fig. 4.11 shows a cube of each side 15 cm immersed in
and density of water = 10° kg m ) .
a tub containing water of density 10 kg m such that
Oiven, Amospheric pressure Po =0-76 of Hg
its top surface is 20 cm below the free surface ol waler:
=0:76 x (13-6 x 10) x 9-8 = 1-013 x 10° Nm
h= 10.34 m, p = 10* kg m g = 9:8 ms

Pressure on bubble at the bottom of lake

P1= Atmosphenc pressure +Pressure due to water col

CUBE bcm umn

Po+ hps
= (1-013 x 10°) + (1034 x 10' x 9-8)
. 4.11
Calculate: = 2026 x 10° N m
0 the pressure at the top of cube, Pressure on bubble at the surface of lake
t h e pressure at the bottom of cube,
(1) the resultant presure on culbe
P2 Atmospheric pressure Po
v)
=
1-013 x 10 N m .(i)
the resultant thrust on
cube From eqns. () and (in)
Ne atnospheric pressure = 10 Pa andg=%N
° Pa. g 9.8 N kg" = 2026x10 2
top of tPsureP
plh of
.20P the cube from the free surface
o1 of waler
P1013x10
Cm= 0:2 m, depth of bottom of cube Trom ue
 h c T ease ae CbaCas ure
1. na
hydraulic machine, the two
tn the
n pistons are
the rato:0. What force of area ot wquired on the punp pluner
seetion of the p u p plunger is
001
a of trans
narrow pisfon fo is needed
the wider piston ? overconie a Force of 00 N
o Let F be the force required on the punp plunger

Given, A, A,1: 0.F,= ?. F,- 100 N Given, for pump plunger m, o

400 kgf, A,4 m.
By the ess prunger F,
pnnciple of
hydraulic machine By P'ascals law,
Pressure on narrow
piston =
Pressure on wider piston Pressure on pump plunger
Pressure on press plunger.

A or
A
= * 100 x 10 10 N. 1.e, O01
F 400
4
12. The area of cross
hydraulic press is 4 mi. It is
section
press plunger o
of a F=100 x 0-01 = 1 kgf.

a required
resistive load of 400 kgf on it.
to overcome
1.e., Force required on pump plunger= 1 kg.
Caleulate the force

EXERCISE-4(A)
. Define the term thrust. State its S.l. unit. 15. State three factors on which the pressure at a point in
2What meant a liquid depends.
is
by pressure ? State its S... unit.

(a) What physical quantity is measured in bar 16. Write an expression for the pressure at a point insideca
liquid. Explain the meaning of the symbols used.
(b) How is the unit bar related to the S..L unit
As. (a) Pressure, (6) 1 bar = 10 pascal pascal ? Deduce an expression for the pressure at a depth inside
a iquid.
4. Define one pascal (Pa), the S.I. unit of pressure.
18. How does the pressure at a certain depth in sea water
5. State whether thrust is a scalar or vector ?
differ from that at the same depth in nver water ?
Ans. Vector Explain your answer.
6. State whether pressure is a scalar or vector ?
Ans. Scalar 1. Pressure at free surface of a water lake is P. while

7Differentiate between thrust and pressure

a at
pointand depthrelated
k below its free surface is Pz (a) How
? (6) Which is more
are
P, P, P, or
P?
8. How does the pressure exerted by a thrust depend on Ans. (a) P =P, + hog. 6) P, >P
the area of surface on which it acts ? Explain with a
Suitable example. 20. Explain why a gas bubble released at the bottom of a
lake grows in size as it rises to the surface of lake.
9. Why is the tip of an allpin made sharp 7
21. A dam has broader walls at the bottom than at the top
10. Explain the following: Explain.
(a) It is easier to cut with a sharp knife than with a
blunt one. 22. Why do sea divers need special protective suit ?
(6) Sleepers are laid below the rails. 23. State the laws of
liquid pressure.
11. What is a fluid ? 24. A tall vertical cylinder filled with
water is kept
12. What do you mean by he lerm fluid pressure ? honizontal table top. Two small holes A and B arc
0
on the wall of the
13. How does the pressure cxerted by a sold and a fluid cylinder, A near the middie u
just below the free surface of water. State and expla
differ ?
Ans. A solid exerts pressure only on its basee your observation.
downwards while a fluid exerts pressure at all points How does the
liquid pressure on a diver change
in all direcions 0 the diver moves to the greater depth, and
to demonstrale that a (i) the diver
Y14. Describe a
simple experiment moves horizontally?
liquid enclosed vessel exerts
in a pressure in all Ans. (0) Pressure increases, (ii) Pressure remalns chang

directions. 26. State Pascal's law of

transmission of
presSsu
2
 g e Or
tne of the water column in | Assunmption: There
is no fnction and
hquid,
wi height part
and of a botle
(a) change if the cross section ot the waler column diameter of neck
. (a) The enectively. The botle
botle
is made wIder? Ans. (a) 952 m b) No 2 cm and 10 cm respecuvely.
completely filled with oil. f the cork in n e c k
The pressure of water on the ground floor is
E wnat force is
40000 Pa and on the fint floor is 10,000 Pa. Find the pressed in with a
Toree othe botue ?
bottom ot
exerted on the
ot the first floo.
Deight nave used to find the
ITake: deasity of water= 100 ke m.g= 10 ms) (6) Name the law/principie you
Ans. 5m Torce in part (a)
Ans. (a) 30 kgf (6) Pascal's law
A Simple U tube contains niercuiry to the same level n
both of its arms. If water is poured to a height of 12. A force of 50 kef is applied to ofa
ind the force
13-6 cm n one am. how much will be the ise n
hydraulic machine. Neglecting mcon,
mercury level in the other arn ? exerted on the large piston, it ne danelers of the
and 25 cm respectively.
Given: density of mereury = 136 x 10 kg m and pistons are 5 cm
Ans. 1250 kg
density of water = 10°kg m Ans.T Cm

Ia a hydraulic machine, a fonce of 2 N is aplicd on 13. Two cylindrical vessels fited with psons Aand 8 of
area of crosSs section 8 cm* and S20 cm respectively,
the piston of area of cross section 10 cm. What force
are joined at their bottom by a fube and they are
is obtained on its piston of area of cross section
mass of 4
00 cm? Ans. 20 N completely filled with water. when a
kg is
placed on piston A,find : 0 the pressure on piston A,
9. What should be the ratio of area of cross section of
(i) the pressure on piston B, and (n) he thrust on
the master cylinder and wheel cylinder of a hydraulic
brake so that a force of 15 N can be obtained at each piston B.
of shoe by exerting force of N Ans. (i) 05 kef cm, (i) 0-5 kgf cm- (i) 160 kg
is brake
pedal 3
a
05 on
the
10. The areas of pistons in a hydraulic machine are
aus: 014. What force
is applied on piston of area of
a cross
section 2 cm- to obtain a force I50 N on he piston of
c m and 65 cm:. What force on the smaller piston area of cross section 12 cm in a hydraulic machine ?
will support a load of 1250 N on the larger piston ?
Ans. 25 N
State any assumption which you make in
your
calculation. Ans. 10 N

(B) ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT

4.9 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
therefore
The earth is surrounded by air up to the atmosphere exerts a total thrust of
a heignt
about 300 km from its Surface. This envelope
or about 2 x 10° N on our body. However, we are not
aware of this or air
around the earth is called afmosphere. 1he weignt because the enormous thrust (or load) on us
of air column exerts a thrust on earth s pressure of our blood (i.e., blood
surface. 1he pressure), balances it. The blood pressure is slighty
thrust exerted on unit area of earth s surface is called
more than the
atmospheic pressure. Thus atmospheric pressure. However, at
high altitude, the atmospheric pressure becomes
THe thrust exerted per unit area on the earths because the height of air column les
above that altüude
surface due to column ofair, is called atmospheric is less than at the earth's
surface. As a result, at high
pressure on the surface of earth. altitudes the blood pressure
becomes much more
than the
Note : The weight of air column overI atmospheric pressure and nose bleeding
on earth's surface is
cm* arca may occur due to excess blood
nearly I kgf, so the atmospheric pressure.
pressure on
earth's surface is about 1 kgf per cm2
=1 kgf/l cm 10 N/10 10*
DNONSTRATION
PRESSURE
OF ATMOSPHERIC
m = Nm). This
implies that a thrust of about 100,000 N acts on The existence of
every I m of the surface of objects on earth. The atmospheric pressure can D
average surface area of a human body is about 2 m,
easuly demonstrated in the laboratory by the following
Simple experiment.

4
 in can experiment
Collapsing
tin fitted with an
Take a thin can
pper. The stopper is removed and small
sto of water is boiled in the can.
Gradually the ATMOSPHERIC
quaCupies the
steam ox
entire space ot can
by expelling PRESSURE
he air from it i g 4.13(a). The stopper is then
tightly replaced and simultancously the lame
flame
i8 Cold
removed.
benealn
me
cin Cn
noured over the can. It 1s observed that the can
Fig. 4.14 Sucking a drink with a sfraw
collapses inwards as shown in i g 4.13(b). The
is
reason is
that
iniiauy the pressure due to steam) Fling a syringe with liquid: The syringe
a

and the
the air pressure kept with its opening just inside a liquid
inside the heated can is Same as
when the
Outside the can |Fig. .l5(a)J. But on pouring cold plunger is lowered till its base. Now
water over the can, itted with a stopper plunger is pulled up in the barrel (Fig. 4.15),
Fig. 4.13(5)), the stearm inside the can condenses, there is no air inside and thus the pressure inside
producing Waler and water vapour at a very low the barrel below the plunger is much less than
the atmospheric pressure acting on the liquid
pressure. Now tne air pressure outside the can Surface. As a result, the atmospheric pressure
exceeds the vapour pressure inside the closed can.
Consequently, the excess atmospheric pressure forces the liquid to rise up the
in
syninge
outside the can causes it to collapse inwards. This PLUNGER
demonstrates that tne almosphere outside the can
exerts a pressure which 1s known as atmospheric
ATMOSPHERIC BARREL
pressure. PRESSURE
coLD WATER
TIN CAN

AIR
STEAM
PRESSURE PRESSURE AIR Fig. 4.15 Action of syringe
PRESSURE
RES n
RESSURE
simiar manner, in a water pump, water is
a

drawn up from a well on pulling the piston up.

WATER
(i) Filling of ink into a fountain pen : As a
syringe is filled with a liquid due to the
(a) (b) atmospheric pressure, ink also gets filled into a
Fig. 4.13 Collapsing tin can fountain pen. The pen is kept with its nib inside
expermen
4.11 COMMON ink. When the rubber tube of the fountain
CONSEQUENCES OF ATMOS- pen
is squeezed, almost all the air of rubber tube
PHERIC PRESSURE
expels out in form of bubbles through the ink.
Sucking a drink with a straw: When a drink When the rubber tube is released, the
pressure
s SuCked with a straw (Fig 4.14), first the air in inside the ubber tube is much less than the
Suraw goes into our lungs due to which the atmospherne pressure acting on the ink. As a
pressure inside the straw decreases. The result, the ink rises into the tube through the
pheic pressure acting on the surface of
dnnk being more than the pressure nside the
capillary below the nib of the pen.
(iv) Action of rubber suckers: Rubber suckers
a, 1orces the drink to move up into the straw
which are often used as hooks in the kitchen and
then reaches into our nouth.
95
 n e
d o w n th
h e ley
n

levelB w a l e r
at t
ater at
thne ievels C
or

sucker is pressea to
the lower pressure

bathroom. For this, rubber that the a r dillerence

in

so
the wall (Fig.
4.16)
o can : It is
ard against sucker and the wall is forced Out, and b
S e c u

the out
oil
trom
a conpletely
filled
a
Detween rom

between. The atmosphnc Taking

creaing a
v a c u u m in
then
holds (vi)
to
take
out
ol a
single
hole in it ne
outside difficult making

o m
on it irmiy sealed
can by
no air
inSide
a completelv
letely
alongwith the hook and
there 1S
the can is
is ti
tilted,
the sucker must
De that
the wall is when

wall. For firm grip. reason

oil
can.

e the
(inside
against the of oil
tne sealed
between and column

are no gaps filled the

so that there due to ess than the
smooth
to leak nside
wall and the
sucker to
allow air
the
pressure

the
hole
1S mucn can, s o the oji
oil
outside the
can) at
AIR IS FORCED OUT
atmospheric
pressure

of the
But
if one more
hole.

f l o w out
RUBBER SUCKER
does not end
on the top cover
made at the opposile will enter in
hole is outside
the c a n
ATMOSPHERIC from
air atmospheric
of the
can,

PRESSURE and will exert

this hole alongwith t
HOOK through from
inside
on the oil results in the
pressure column.ihis

to oil
pressure
due
a n d sO it easily flows
on oil,
WALL
increase in pressure
can.
FORCED OUT hole of the
AIR IS the
out through
rubber sucker ATMOSPHERIC
Fig 4 l 6 Action of OF
MEASUREMENT

(V) Action of a siphon system:

Water
is supplied a
4.12
PRESSURRE
level to
lower a
level using
at a place I s measured by
from a higher the siphon pressure
4.17 shows Atmospheric
Siphon system. Fig. Q. a barometer: Thus
vessels Pand
there are two
in which
system
than the vessel Q. instrument which
is used to
Vessel P is at a higher level to the barometer is an

in the vessel P is passed

Water contained
tube measure the atmospheric pressure.
of a glass (or rubber)
vessel Q by means
immersed inside water
three types or barometers are
The following
AB with one end Akept Bis kept open
in vessel P, while the other end vesselP to commoniy
used:

To transfer water
from (i) Simple barometer
in vessel Q.
sucked out from the the
vessel Q. first air is i ) Fortin's barometer
result the pressure
lower end B of the tube. As
a
i i ) Aneroid barometer
becomes less than
inside the tube decreases and

the atmospheric pressure acting

above the water () Simple barometer
at A, In 1643, Torricelli first designed simple
surface in vessel P. Due to excess presure
water rises in the tube through
the end A,
so asAbarometer using mercury as the barometric liquid.
to reach up to the level C. Then water 1ows Construction {A simple barometer uses a haru
end.
ATMOSPHERIC glass tube of about l m length closed at one
PRESSUN The tube is completely filled with pure mercury sucn
that no air bubble remains inside the tube. The open
end of tube is closed with thumb and the tube is then
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE made upside down several times so as to force ou
any air bubble which might have entered in it. Tne
completely filled tube with its open end closed Dy
thumb is then inverted into a trough of mercury
Fig. 4.17 Siphon system
Such a way that the open end
6
oftube is wellimmerseu
ATMOSPHERIC-
PRESSURE
wThe surtace of mercury is
shining and opaque.
nerelore, it is easily seen while taking the
simple barometer. It
1s us
n the
laboratory to
feading. measure the atmospheric pres
Dhercury as the barometric liquid.
o
uses
3. It can easily be obtained in a
pure state. Construction: The Fortin barometer shown in
Disadvantages of using water as a
as a
barometric
barometrie
E 4.20 consists ot ia narrow glass tube of length
liquid ahout 85 cm to 90 cm. This tuD
If water is used in and has an opening at the other end. It is completely
a
barometer, it has the following filled with
disadvantages pure mercuy
glass vessel having a leather cup at
at the bottom Th
the bottom. The
1. The density of water is low
(= 10" kg m'), so
cup contains mercury aand behaves like a trough.
ey m height of water column is needed The open end of the tube is dipped into nereury of
O Dalance the normal atmospheric pressure. But the cup. The glass tube is proteeteu oy eieiOSing it
sngny inconvenient to take a tube of height in a brass case. At the bottom or tne Drass ase, there
10-4 m for a barometer.
is a screw S, the end of which supports the leather
n a p o u r pressure of water is high, so its cup of the glass vessel. The leather eup can be raised
s i n the vacuum space will make the reading up or lowered down with the help of the screw Sto
inaccurate. adjust the mercury level in the glass vessel. The
3. water sticks with the glass tube and wets it, so mercury level in the glass vessel is adjusted to
the reading becomes inaccurate. coincide with the zero mark of the main scale
. water 1s transparent, so its surface is not easily graduated in mm attached with the brass tube. The

while zero mark of the fixed scale is at the tip of an ivory

seen
taking the observation.
pointer I which is distinctly visible from outside.
Demerits of a simple barometer The upper part of the brass tube has a slit in it so as
() There is no protection for the glass tube. to note the mercury level in the glass tube. For
(ii) The surface of mercury in the trough is open, accurate measurement, a vernier scale is provided
thercfore there are chances that the impurities which slides over the main scale by using the screw
may fall in and get mixed with the mercury of R.A thermometer T is also mounted on t case
the trough. which records the room temperature.
(ii) It is inconvenient to move the baromcter from Measurement : To measure the
atmospheric
one place to another i.e. it is not portable. pressure, firse level of mercury in the leather
(iv) A scale can not be fixed with the tube (or it can

not be marked on the tube) to measure the GLASS TUBE

atmospheric pressure. The reason is that when 0 SLIT

VERNIER SCALE
the atmospheric pressure chunges, the height of SCREW R
mercury column in the tube chunges.
As a result,
the levcl of frec surface of mercury in the Lrough MAIN SCALE -MERCURAY
to the flow of mercury in or out of BRASS CASE
changes due THERMOMETER T
the tube. Therefore, the free surface of mercury
will not remain the
coinciding with
in trough
e r o mairk of scale if a scale is fixed with it to
VORY
measure the barometric height. POINTERT
removed in the MERCURY GLASS VESSEL
The above demerils have been
Fortin barometer LEATHER cUP

(ii) Fortin barometer

18 a modified form of a SCREW S
The Fortin
barometer Fig. 4.20 Fortin barometer
98
 n is raised up or loweteu uown wih the help of Consequently, the pointer moves to nc e
S so that the mercury level in the glass pressure is read over the calibrarcu
the
s t touches the ivory point .
The position Uses
of mercury level in tne Darometer tube is noted ofa barometer
hree
ot the main scale and baromcter is used for the following
A
the help the vernier
scale. The sum of vernier scale reading andand the purposes:
purposes:
ain scale reading gives the barometric height. . To measure the atmospheric pressure at a place
2. For
weather forecasting
(ii) Aneroid barometer 3. As an altimeter to measure the heighl.
This barometer has no liquid, lt is light and 4.13 VARIATION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
1able and therefore, it can easily be carried from
WITH ALTITUDE
one place to another. lt is calibrated to read directly
the atmosphenic pressure. ltneeds no prior adjustment ne atmospheric pressure decreases with alitude
like Fortin barometer. mainly due to the following wo lactors:
Construction : Fig. 4.21 (a) shows the main decrease in height of air column which causes
parts of an aneroid barometer. It consists of a metallic a
lineardecrease in the atmospheric pressure
boxB which is partialy evacuated. The top D of box () decrease in density of air which causes a
is springy and is cormugated in form of a diaphragm
as shown in Fig. 4.21(6).At the middle of diaphragm,
non-linear" decreasein atmospheric pressure
T h e atmosphere can be considered to consist
there is a thin rod L toethed at S upper end. The of a number of parallel air layers. Each layer
teeth of rod fit well 1nto tne teeth or a wneel S experiences a pressure on it due to the thrust (or
artached with a pointer F which can move over a weight) of the air column above it. Theretore, as we
circular scale. The circular scale 1s graduated and is go up, the height of air column above us decreases
initially calibrated with a standard barometer so as and so thrust exerted by the a r column
to read the atmospheric pressure directly in terms of decreases, which results in the decreasealso
of
the barometric height.
atmospheric pressure with increase in altitude.
CIRCULAR SCALE (i) Since the lower air layers get compressed
(or of
due the weight thrust) the
to upper layers,
therefore, the density of air layers is more near the
P
POINTER earth's surface and it decreases as we go higher and
in with altitude is not
higher. The decrease density
linear. It is rapid at low altitude (near the sea level)
wHEEL
S
and is slow at higher altitude. Due to decrease in
RODL
m density of air with altitude, the atmospheric pressure
also decreases with altitude in a non-inear way
Fig. 4.22 shows the variation of atmospheric
(6) pressure ith height above the sea level. At the
summit of Mount Everest, the atmospheric pressure
Fig. 4.21 Aneroid barometer
is only 30% of the atmospheric pressure at sea level.
Working: When atmospheric pressure increases, At high altitudes, since the
presses the diaphragm D and the rod B Consequences:
atmospheric pressure(1)is less, breathing becomes
pressed.The wheel Srotates clockwISe and pou difficult and nose bleeding may occur due to excess
moves to the
right on the circular scale. o uof pressure of blood over the atmospheric pressure
Dand, when atmospheric pressure decreases,
r a g m D bulges out due to which the rod T h e decrease in density of air with altitude is not incur. It is
u p and the wheel S rotates anti-clockwISe. rapid at low altitude but slow it high altitude,

9
 90
lemperature or the presence ot moisture increas
Thus, the change in the atmospheric pressure hetne
0
us to know about the weather m
advince. By seein
5
the
barometric height, he weather forecast can be
made as follows:
De

(i) If the barometric height at a place suddenty

it means that the
falls, pressure at that place
O 6 12 1B 24 30
has suddenly decreased which indicates the
30 40
HEIGHT coming ofa storm or cyclone.
C SEA LEVEL
ABOVE(Km)
(i) If the barometric height gradually falls,
Fig. 4.22 Variation in
atmospleric pressture with alritude indicates that the moisture 1s
increasing ie,
there is a possibility of rain.
heretore, high blood pressure
advised to go to hill stations or patients are not (iii) A gradual increase in
the DaroeriC height
higher altitudes. means that the moisture in air is decreasing
(2) At high altitudes, a fountain This indicates the coming of a dry weather
Teason is that normally a fountain pen filled with ink
pen leaks. The (iv) A sudden rise in the barometie height means
contains some air also which is at a
the flow of air from that
the atmospherie pressure equal to place to other
pressure on the earth's surface. When surrounding low pressure areas. This indicates
the pen is taken at an
altitude, the atmospheric
pressure the coming of an extremely dry weather.
at tis altatude is low so the excess pressure due to air (v) If there is no abrupt change 1n barometric
inside the rubber tube forces the ink to height, it indicates that the atmospheric
leak out.
4.14 WEATHER FORECAST BY THE USE OF
pressure1s normal i.e., the weather will remain
BAROMETER unchanged.
4.15 ALTIMETER
ne atmospheric pressure at a
by the change in temperature and the amount of
place is affected
An altimeter is an aneroid barometer, but it is
water vapOur present in air at that place. The reason used in an aircraft to measure its altitude.
Since
is that the density
of air changes with the
change in aumospheric pressure decreases with the increase in
temperature and with the change of water vapour height above the sea level, therefore a barometer
present in it. The density of air decreases with the which measures the atmospheric pressure, can be
increase intemperature and also with the increase in used to determine the altitude of a
the amount of moisture present in it (i.e., the density
place above the
sea level.fts scale is calibrated in
terms of height
of moist or humid air is less than the density of dry of ascent with height increasing towards lefi
air). Consequently, the atmospheric pressure (or the because the atmospheric pressure decreases wilh
barometric height) gradually decreases as the increase of height above the sea
level.

EXAMPLES

1. "The atmospheric pressure at a is

place 75 cm ofHg'.| Atmospheric pressure P hpg
What does it mean ? Express it in N
Use: density of Hg = 136 g c m 8 = 9 - 8 m
m =075 x (13-6x 10)x98
9-996 x 10' Nm.
The atmospheric pressure at a place 1s 75 cm of Hg It
The upper blood pressure of a
means that the atmospherie pressure at thal place 1s equal
whereas the patient is 160 cmofh
coiumn of height 75 normal blood
to the pressure due to mercury cm.
of Hg. Calculate pressure should be 1
the extra
Given: h =75 cm = 0-75 m, g= 9-8 ms heart in S.1. unit. Take pressure generated
density of 13600
Hg= E
p=13-6g cm=
136x
10° kg m and g=9-8 ms
100
 Given, p 1 3600 kg m",8= 98 ms
Extra pressure= 160- 120= 40 cm t will then require the barometer tube of iengin more
=
04 m of Hg
Frum relation P=hps than 10,34
which will be highly
m
inconvenic
Extra pressureP=U4x 13600 x 9-8 mercury baromeler reads 75 cm. Now 3 cm o
5:3312 x 10 Pa. ospheric air is introduced into the tube. The
ercury falls to a height of 65 cm and the length of
(a) What length ot
water column is equivalent colmn above the mercury is found to be 15 cnm.
to
0-76 mof mereury columin Slate the aculate the cross-sectional area of the barometer
made in your calculation. assumption tube.
(b) Can water be used as barometric liquid Initial volume of air V, 3 cm at a pressure
? Give a
reason. atmospheric pressure = 75 cm of mercury
(a) Given: height of mercury column The level of mercury falls to 65 cm because the air in the
h, =
0-76 m
Let h, be the height of water column which will produce uDe exeris pressure on iL Therefore, pressure of air inside
tnetube, P 75-65=
same pressure as neignt ",EU76 m) of mercury column. Hg&10 cm of
Then P& P8 Given, length of air column = 15 cm. IfA cmé is the area
ol cross section of the tube, then volume of he trapped
h 076x 136= air V,= 15
2 1034 m. xA cm.
By Boyle's law,
Assumption: Tbe density of mercury is P,V,==PV
density of water Le, P 13-6 P 13-6 times the 75x3- 10 x (15 xA)
(b) Water cannot be used as the barometnc liquid because A= 10X1515 an

EXERCISE-4(B)
What do you understand by
1.
atmospheric pressure ? inside the bell jar, balloon
2. Write the gets more inflated. How does
on the
numencal value of
surface of the eath in
the
atmospheric pressure the
pressure change :
increase, decrease or remains
pascal. Same, inside the (a) bell
jar and (6) balloon ?
Ans. 1-013 x 10
.
pascal Ans. (a) decrease, (6) decrease
What physical quantity is measured in torr ? How is it what is the
purp0se
related to the S.. unit ot the of a barometer ?
quantity? Ans. To measure the
Ans. Atm0sphenic pressure, 1 torT 133-28 Pa12. =
atmospheric pressure
What is a barometer 7 How is a
Name the
physical quantity which is expressed in the unit onstructed 9
simple barometer
atm. State its value in
pascal. 13. Explain how is the
We do height of mercury column in the
not feel uneasy even under the tube of a
Simple barometer,
pressure of almosphere above as well as around us. enormous a measure of the
almosphernc pressure.
JIVe a reason.
14. Ilustrate with the help of a labelled
diagram of a
barometer that the atmospheric pressure at a simpleis
. Descnbe an experiment to demonstrate that air exerts
place
.
pressure 76 cm ot H
Explain he
following 15. Why is the barometnc height used as a unit to
express
() A balloon collapses when air is removed from it. the atmosphnc pressure
() Water does not 16. What is meant by the stalement "the
run out of a dropper unless its
at a
atmospheric
rubber bulb is pressure place is 76 cm t Hg7 State its value in
pressed. a.
Ans. 1-013 x 10° Pa
Two
n holes are made in a completely niled
un can to
take out oil from it. sealicu17. How will you shoOw that there is
vacuum above the
surface of mercury in a barometer ? What name is
ny does the liquid rise in given
is
pulled up ?
a syringe when its piston to this vacuum?

18. How is the barometric height of a

wulcr drawn up from simple barometer
a well by a waler pump? affected if
partially
connected
inflated balloon is placed
inside a
Del (a) its tube is pushed down into the
trough of
a vacuum pump. On creating vacuu mercury?

101