evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 25

cÖ_‡g Avgiv Dcv`vb I DcKiY kã `y‡Uvi A_© I cÖ‡qvM †R‡b wbB| evsjv GKv‡Wwg AvaywbK evbvb Awfavb Abymv‡i
Dcv`vb I DcKiY mgv_©K kã| Z‡e e¨vKi‡Y Dcv`vb I DcKiY wfbœ A_© enb K‡i| †Kv‡bv GKUv wRwb‡mi ÿz`ªZg
Ask n‡jv Dcv`vb Ges e„nËg Ask n‡jv DcKiY| A_©vr DcKiY‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j Dcv`vb cvIqv hv‡e| Dcv`vb I
DcKiY wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †UKwbK `y‡Uv gyL¯’ Ki‡Z n‡e :
➢ †UKwbK 1 : DcKiY = e‡ov/e„nËg/e„nËg GKK/GKK/cÖvY
➢ †UKwbK 2 : Dcv`vb = g~j/cÖavb/†Qv‡Uv/ÿz`ªZg/ÿz`ªZg GKK
❖ cÖ_‡g Avgiv wb‡¤œi µgwU AvZ¥¯’ Kie|
fvlv

evK¨

kã

eY©/aŸwb
➢ Ic‡ii µg †_‡K †h bvgwU Avm‡e Zv‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j hv cvIqv hv‡e Zvi e‡ov AskwU n‡e DcKiY Avi †Qv‡Uv
AskwU n‡e Dcv`vb|
✓ Abykxjb K‡i †`wL cvwi wK-bv : DwjøwLZ wbq‡gi Av‡jv‡K Z…Zxq µ‡g _vKv ÔevK¨Õ-Gi Dcv`vb-DcKiY wbY©q
Kie| evK¨‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j me‡P‡q e‡ov/e„nËg/e„nËg GKK ev Ask wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq ÔkãÕ| myZivs ev‡K¨i
DcKiY/GKK/e„nËg GKK n‡jv kã| Avevi evK¨‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j me‡P‡q †Qv‡Uv/ÿz`ªZg/ÿz`ªZg GKK ev Ask
wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq eY© ev aŸwb| myZivs ev‡K¨i Dcv`vb/†Qv‡Uv/ÿz`ªZg/ÿz`ªZg GKK n‡jv eY© ev aŸwb|
➢ Gevi wb‡¤œi QKwU fv‡jv K‡i ey‡S wbB :
µg DcKiY = e„nËg/GKK/e„nËg GKK/cÖvY Dcv`vb = g~j/cÖavb/†Qv‡Uv/ÿz`ªZg/ÿz`ªZg GKK
1. eY© ev aŸwb‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j †Kv‡bv e‡ov/ 1. eY© ev aŸwb‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j †Kv‡bv †Qv‡Uv/
eY©/aŸwb e„nËg/ e„nËg GKK ev Ask cvIqv hvq bv, myZivs ÿz`ªZg/ ÿz`ªZg GKK ev Ask cvIqv hvq bv,
eY© ev aŸwbi †Kv‡bv DcKiY †bB| myZivs eY© ev aŸwbi †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb †bB|
2. kã‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j e‡ov/ e„nËg/ GKK/ 2. kã‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j †Qv‡Uv/ ÿz`ªZg/ ÿz`ªZg
e„nËg GKK ev Ask wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq eY© ev aŸwb; GKK ev Ask wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq eY© ev aŸwb;
kã myZivs k‡ãi DcKiY eY© ev aŸwb| myZivs k‡ãi Dcv`vb eY© ev aŸwb|
we. `ª. Ack‡b eY© I aŸwb DfqB _vK‡j DËi n‡e we. `ª : Ack‡b eY© I aŸwb DfqB _vK‡j DËi n‡e
aŸwb| aŸwb|
3. evK¨‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j e‡ov/ e„nËg/ GKK/ 3. evK¨‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j †Qv‡Uv/ ÿz`ªZg/ ÿz`ªZg
evK¨ e„nËg GKK ev Ask wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq kã; myZivs GKK ev Ask wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq eY© ev aŸwb;
ev‡K¨i DcKiY kã| myZivs ev‡K¨i Dcv`vb eY© ev aŸwb|
4. fvlv‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j e‡ov/ e„nËg/ GKK/ 4. fvlv‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j †Qv‡Uv/ ÿz`ªZg/ ÿz`ªZg
fvlv e„nËg GKK ev Ask wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq evK¨; GKK ev Ask wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq eY© ev aŸwb;
myZivs fvlvi DcKiY evK¨| myZivs fvlvi Dcv`vb eY© ev aŸwb|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 29

evsjv fvlvq wZb ai‡bi aŸwb cvIqv hvq :

1. ¯^iaŸwb : 7wU; 2. Aa©¯^iaŸwb : 4wU; 3.e¨ÄbaŸwb : 30wU|
Aa©¯^iaŸwb : †hme ¯^iaŸwb cy‡ivcywi D”PvwiZ nq bv †m¸‡jv‡K Aa©¯^iaŸwb e‡j|
➢ Aa©¯^iaŸwb 4 wU| h_v : B&, D&, G&, I&|
➢ ¯^iaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq †U‡b `xN© Kiv hvq, wKš‘ Aa©¯^iaŸwb‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB `xN© Kiv hvq bv| †hgb : ÔPvBÕ k‡ã `ywU
¯^iaŸwb Av‡Q| Av Ges B| GLv‡b Av n‡jv c~Y©¯^iaŸwb Avi B n‡jv Aa©¯^iaŸwb|
wد^i/†hŠwMK ¯^i/mvܨÿi/mwܯ^i : c~Y© ¯^iaŸwb I Aa©¯^iaŸwb GK‡Î D”PvwiZ n‡j wد^iaŸwb nq| †hgb : jvD, PvB,
ZvB, bvB|
• †hŠwMK ¯^i 25wU| G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖZxK Av‡Q 2wUi (H, J), evwK 23wUi cÖZxK †bB| †hgb : eB = e& + A + B
(GLv‡b ÔABÕ n‡jv †hŠwMK ¯^i)| myZivs wjwLZ †hŠwMK eY© ev ¯^i 2wU, Avi AwjwLZ †hŠwMK ¯^i 23 wU|
• †hŠwMK ¯^iÁvcK eY© ev †hŠwMK eY© 2wU| h_v :
• H = A + B A_ev I + B
• J = A + D A_ev I + D
¯^iaŸwbi PwiÎ wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †gvUvgywU 5wU gvb`‡Ð fvM Kiv hvq :
1. wR‡fi D”PZv Abyhvqx evsjv ¯^iaŸwbi †kÖwYwefvM;
2. wR‡fi AMÖcðvr Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx evsjv ¯^iaŸwbi †kÖwYwefvM;
3. †Vuv‡Ui AvK…wZ Abyhvqx evsjv ¯^iaŸwbi †kÖwYwefvM;
4. †Kvgj Zvjyi Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx ¯^iaŸwbi †kÖwYwefvM;
5. D”PZvi ˆ`N©¨ Abyhvqx evsjv ¯^iaŸwbi Ae¯’vb|

†gŠwjK ¯^iaŸwb (7wU)

evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 80

wb‡Pi QovwU gyL¯’ ivL‡Z n‡e :

PvYK¨ gvwYK¨ MY evwYR¨ jeY gY
†eYy exYv K¼Y KwYKv|
Kj¨vY †kvwYZ gwY ¯’vYy ¸Y cyY¨ †ewY
dYx AYy wecwY MwYKv|
AvcY jveY¨ evYx wbcyY fwYZv cvwY
†MŠY †KvY fvY cY kvY|
wP°Y wbK¡Y Z~Y KdwY ewYK ¸Y
MYbv wcYvK cY¨ evY|
❖ Qovi evwn‡i wKQz kã : GY (nwiY), DrKzY (DKzb), †kvY (i³eY©), KYv, AvYweK, MY¨, bMY¨|
 evbvb mZK©Zv : wP°Y, wbK¡Y, Z~Y, †ewY, KdwY|
➢ GKUz jÿ Kwi :

b/Y

F, F-Kvi K, L, M, N, O/s
i, i-djv ( ª), †id ( ©) c, d, e, f, g eY©gvjvi evwK me eY©
l, ÿ n, h, q

Pz¤^K †jvnv KvV

Pz¤^K + †jvnv = AvKl©Y = Y Pz¤^K + KvV = weKl©Y = b
e¨vL¨v : cÖ_‡g b/Y eY©hy³ GKUv kã wbB| awi kãwU Ôimvqb/Y| Ôimvqb/YÕ k‡ã ÔbÕ n‡e bv-wK ÔYÕ n‡e? Ôimvqb/YÕ
k‡ãi Ôb/YÕ-Gi Av‡Mi `ywU eY© †Lqvj Kwi (ïay e¨ÄbeY© wnmve Ki‡Z n‡e, ¯^ieY© ev KviwPý wnmv‡e Avm‡e bv), Av‡Mi
`ywU eY© ÔqÕ Ges ÔmÕ| gv‡b †jvnv (q) + KvV (e‡·i eY© ev‡` evwK me eY©)| †jvnv ev KvV wgwjZ n‡j AvKl©Y K‡i bv|
AvKl©Y bv Ki‡j ÔbÕ n‡e, wKš‘ AvKl©Y Ki‡j ÔYÕ n‡e| myZivs m~Îg‡Z imvq‡b ÔbÕ n‡e|
➢ GB †UKwbK cÖ‡qvM K‡i wb‡Pi k㸇jv Abykxjb Kwi :
A‡cÿgvY, AveZ©b, cwieZ©b, mvqvý, Acivnè, c~e©vnè, cÖvnè, ga¨vý, `k©b, al©Y, ebvqb, ivgvqY, DËivqY,
`wÿYvqb, cjvqb, evZvqb, A_©vqb, eY©vqb, AMÖnvqY, MÖnvqY, iƒcvqY, bvivqY, wÎnvqY, cÖavb, cÖYq, ¯§iY,
i_v‡ivnY, cÖenY, me©v½xY, iveY, kÖveY, ÿiY, †ÿcYv¯¿|
❖ YZ¡weav‡bi e¨wZµg :
➢ ÔMYÕ avZzhy³ k‡ãI ÔYÕ n‡e| †hgb : MwYZ, MYbv, MYZš¿, MYmsMxZ|
➢ Z-e‡M©i (Z, _, `, a, b) eY© hLb hy³ n‡q em‡e ZLb ÔbÕ n‡e| †hgb : dw›`, P›`b, `yišÍ, `šÍ, Z`šÍ, MÖš’,
e„šÍ, MÜ, gš’b, g›`, g›`b, µ›`b|
➢ mgvme× c‡` F, i, l _vK‡jI b n‡e| †hgb : wÎbqb, me©bvg, `ybx©wZ, `yb©vg, wbwb©‡gl (wbi wb‡gl †h,
eûeªxwn), ciwb›`v, AMÖbvqK BZ¨vw`|
we‡kl `ªóe¨ : 1| c~e©c` I cic‡`i ms‡hvM¯’‡j ÔbÕ eY© G‡j ÔbÕ n‡e| †hgb :
✓ wÎ + bqb = wÎbqb
✓ wbi + wb‡gl = wbwb©‡gl
✓ AMÖ + bvqK = AMÖbvqK
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 96

mËv/mË¡/mË¡v/¯^Z¡
mËv (we‡kl¨) mË¡/mË¡v (we‡kl¨) ¯^Z¡ (we‡kl¨)
▪ ÔmËvÕ A_© we`¨gvbZv ev ▪ ÔmË¡vÕ A_© we`¨gvbZv ev ▪ ¯^Z¡ = ¯^ + Z¡| Ô¯^Õ A_© wbR| ÔmÕ e‡Y©i
Aw¯ÍZ¡| †hgb : Aw¯Í‡Z¡i c‡iI †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ m‡½ e-djv hy³ n‡jB eyS‡Z n‡e
✓ e¨w³mËv eRvq ivL‡Z _vKv| †hgb : wb‡R‡K †evSv‡bv n‡”Q| myZivs Ô¯^Z¡Õ
n‡e| ✓ KuvVv‡ji AvgmË¡| k‡ãi A_© wb‡Ri AwaKvi ev gvwjKvbv|
✓ mËv wemR©b †`Iqv hv‡e ✓ †g‡qwU AšÍtmË¡v| †hgb :
bv| `y‡Uv evK¨ A_© we‡kølY Ki‡j ✓ KvD‡K wKQz w`‡j ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i w`‡qv|
`y‡Uv evK¨ A_© we‡kølY Ki‡j †evSv hvq, cÖ_g ev‡K¨ KvuVv‡ji ✓ G f~wg‡Z Avgvi ¯^Z¡ (AwaKvi) Av‡Q|
†evSv hvq †h, †Kv‡bv mËv ev ¸Y _vKvi c‡iI AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e `y‡Uv evK¨ we‡kølY Ki‡j †evSv hvq †h, cÖ_g
Aw¯ÍZ¡ wemR©b †`Iqvi K_v ejv Av‡gi ¸Y _vKvi e¨vcvi ev‡K¨ gvwjKvbv Z¨vM Kivi K_v ejv n‡”Q|
n‡”Q| †mLv‡b GKwU mËvi †evSv‡”Q| wØZxq ev‡K¨ †g‡qwUi Avi wØZxq ev‡K¨ †Kv‡bv GKwU f~wg‡Z
K_vB ejv n‡”Q| ÔAšÍtÕ-Gi g‡a¨ gv‡b †fZ‡i gvwjKvbv _vKvi welqwU †evSv‡bv n‡”Q|
Av‡iKUv Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q †evSv‡bv
n‡”Q|

Kvwi/Pvwi/`vwi/evwR/gvwi : Kvix/Pvix/†hvMx
Kvwi/Pvwi/`vwi/evwR/gvwi Kvix/ Pvix/†hvMx
1. Ae¨w³evPK n‡j B-Kvi n‡e| †hgb : 1. e¨w³evPK n‡j C-Kvi n‡e| †hgb :
miKvwi, `iKvwi, ZiKvwi, Rwg`vwi, cvqPvwi, cvBKvwi, Kg©Pvix, mnKvix, ARb©Kvix, c_Pvix, wQbZvBKvix,
†`vKvb`vwi, †dŠR`vwi, PvjevwR, Puv`vevwR, AwZgvwi, QjbvKvix, mn‡hvMx, cÖwZ‡hvMx, DcKvix, AwaKvix,
gnvgvwi Av‡e`bKvix, wbg©vYKvix, e¨wfPvix, b‡fvPvix|

Rxwe/Rxex
Rxwe Rxex
1. ÔRxweÕ k‡ãi cÖ_‡g e‡m| †hgb : RxweZ, RxweKv, 1. ÔRxexÕ k‡ãi †k‡l e‡m| †hgb : K…wlRxex, eyw×Rxex,
RxweZvkv (†eu‡P _vKvi evmbv), Rxwe‡Zk (¯^vgx, wPiRxex, kÖgRxex, ÿxYRxex, AvBbRxex, †ckvRxex,
wcÖqZg), Rxwe‡Zk¦i (¯^vgx, wcÖqZg)| `xN©Rxex, ciRxex|

evb/gvb
evb gvb
A Ges Av-Gi c‡i evb n‡e| B, C, D-Gi c‡i gvb n‡e|
A_©evb, ÿgZvevb, ¸Yevb, PwiÎevb, wbôvevb, c~Y¨evb, Asïgvb, AwMœgvb, Avqy®§vb, Fw×gvb, K…wógvb, Pÿz®§vb,
b¨vqevb, cÖÁvevb, cÖwZfvevb, bv_evb, ˆah©evb, †R¨vwZ®§vb, `y¨wZgvb|
ÿgvevb|
we‡kl `ªóe¨ : AwMœ + evY = AwMœevY| cyiv‡Y ewY©Z AwMœel©YKvix wZiwe‡kl| GwU‡K ÔAwMœevbÕ †jLv hv‡e bv|

fz/f~
fz f~
f~wg ev gvwU msµvšÍ bv-n‡j fz n‡e| f~wg ev gvwU msµvšÍ n‡j f~ n‡e|
fzeb, wÎfzeb, wÎfzR| f~, f~wg, f~‡Mvj, f~gÐj, f~wgK¤ú, f~ai, f~Zj,
f~‡jvK|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 97

ˆZwi I ˆZwi
ˆZwi (wµqv) ˆZwi (we‡klY)
1. wµqvc` wn‡m‡e ÔˆZwiÕ| †hgb : 1. we‡klY wn‡m‡e ÔˆZwiÕ| †hgb :
▪ Kzgvi gvwU w`‡q Kjm ˆZwi K‡i| ▪ ˆZwi †cvkvK ißvwb K‡i A‡bK Avq nq|
▪ gv gRv`vi Lvevi ˆZwi K‡ib| ▪ ˆZwi ZiKvwi‡Z byb w`‡Z G‡mv bv|

D‡V Ges I‡V

D‡V/ey‡S I‡V/†ev‡S
D = AmgvwcKv wµqv I = mgvwcKv wµqv
m~h© c~e©w`K †_‡K D‡V cwð‡g A¯Í hvq| m~h© I‡V|
†m ey‡S ï‡b KvRwU K‡i‡Q| †m †ev‡S|
†m ï‡b _vK‡e| †m †kv‡b|

wK Ges Kx
wK (Ae¨q/wµqvwe‡klY) Kx (me©bvg/we‡klY)
wK = Ae¨q ev mskqm~PK Ae¨q Kx + wµqv = me©bvg
wK = c`vYy wµqvwe‡klY Kx + we‡kl¨ = we‡klY
nu¨v A_ev bv w`‡q DËi †`Iqv †M‡j ÔwKÕ n‡e| nu¨v A_ev bv w`‡q DËi †`Iqv bv †M‡j ÔKxÕ n‡e|
1. Ae¨q I c`vYy wµqvwe‡klY wn‡m‡e ÔwKÕ : 1. me©bvg wn‡m‡e ÔKxÕ :
Zzwg hv‡e wK? Zzwg Kx Lv‡e?
Zzwg Lv‡e wK? G ev‡K¨ ÔKxÕ cÖkœ‡evaK me©bvg| Zzwg Kx Lv‡e? GB cÖ‡kœi
ï‡b‡Q wK? Dˇi †Kv‡bv Lvev‡ii bvg ej‡Z n‡e, †mUv fvZ gvQ ev †h-
e‡jwQ‡jb wK?Õ †Kv‡bv Lvev‡ii bvg n‡Z cv‡i| †hwUB †nvK †mwU GKwU
GLv‡b ÔwKÕ GKBm‡½ Ae¨q Ges c`vYy wµqvwe‡klY| we‡kl¨ n‡e, myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h Kx †Kv‡bv GKUv Lvev‡ii
G¸‡jv ev‡K¨i †k‡l e‡m, ev‡K¨ cÖ_‡g e‡m bv| bv‡gi cwieZ©‡Z e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB Kx GLv‡b me©bvg|
2. mskqm~PK cÖ‡kœ Ae¨q wn‡m‡e ÔwKÕ e¨eüZ nq| 2. we‡klY wn‡m‡e ÔKxÕ e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb : †hgb :
wK Rvwb! Zv‡Z Avi m‡›`n wK! Zzwg Kx Mvb K‡iQ?
wK abx wK wba©b! ▪ e¨vL¨v : GLv‡b ÔKxÕ kãwU ÔMvbÕ we‡kl¨‡K we‡kwlZ
†m Dcw¯’Z Av‡Q wK-bv Rvwb bv| K‡i‡Q, ZvB Kx GLv‡b we‡klY|
3. we¯§qm~PK ev‡K¨i †k‡l ÔwKÕ nq| †hgb : 3. we¯§qm~PK ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g Kx nq| †hgb :
ewjm wK! Kx ewjm!
 mZK©Zv : evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖwgZ evsjv e¨envwiK e¨vKiY MÖ‡š’ ÔwKÕ kã‡K c`vYy wµqvwe‡klY wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
ÔwKÕ-hy³ cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨i DËi Ôn¨vuÕ A_ev ÔbvÕ w`‡q cvIqv †M‡j †mB ÔwKÕ Ae¨q wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| †h c`‡K KL‡bv
cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv ev cwiewZ©Z nq bv, Zv‡KB Ae¨q ejv nq| ZvB DcmM©, cÖZ¨q, AbymM© meB Ae¨q RvZxq kã
ev kãvsk| ÔwKÕ †h‡nZz c`vYy wn‡m‡e wµqvi n¨vu A_ev bv-m~PK A_© cÖKv‡k mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Q †m‡nZz ÔwKÕ c`vYy‡K
wµqvwe‡klY ejv hvq| Avevi cwieZ©b bv-nIqvi ˆewk‡ó¨i Av‡jv‡K GwU‡K Ae¨qI ejv hv‡e|
 evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 126

O. µgevPK ev c~iYevPK we‡klY : †h we‡klY Øviv K‡i ZLb Zv we‡kl¨, wKš‘ hLb Ab¨c`‡K
c‡`i msL¨vµwgK Ae¯’v wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡K µgevPK we‡kwlZ K‡i ZLb Zv we‡klY n‡e|
we‡klY e‡j| †hgb : Q. Dcv`vbevPK we‡klY : †h we‡klY Øviv we‡kwlZ e¯‘i
• Øv`k †kÖwY Dcv`vb wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡K Dcv`vbevPK we‡klY
• wØZxq c„ôv e‡j|
➢ †UKwbK : we‡kl¨ + G = we‡klY| †hgb :
• cÖ_g mšÍvb|
P. cwigvY ev gvÎvevPK we‡klY : †h we‡klY Øviv c‡`i • †e‡j gvwU
cwigvY ev gvÎv wb‡`k© K‡i Zv‡K cwigvY ev • †g‡U Kjwm
gvÎvevPK we‡klY e‡j| †hgb : • cv_y‡i g~wZ©|
• cuvP kZvsk Rwg R. cÖkœevPK we‡klY : †h we‡klY Øviv cÖkœ‡evaK A_©
• GK †KwR Pvj cÖKvk cvq Zv‡K cÖkœevPK we‡klY e‡j| †hgb :
• KZ `~i c_?
• nvRvi Uwb RvnvR
• †Kgb Ae¯’v?
• A‡a©K m¤úwË
• KZÿY mgq?
• †lvj Avbv `Lj
❖ we‡kl `ªóe¨ : wb‡`©kK ev mvgxc¨evPK me©bvg,
• wmwK c_|
wbw`©óZvÁvcK we‡klY, cÖkœevPK me©bvg I
 mZK©Zv : msL¨vevPK, µgevPK ev c~iYevPK, cÖkœevPK we‡kl‡Yi g‡a¨ c¨vuP jvM‡Z cv‡i|
cwigvYevPK k㸇jv we‡kl¨ I we‡klY DfqB A_ev g‡b n‡Z cv‡i me †Zv †`wL GKB e¨vcvi-
n‡Z cv‡i| Awfav‡b hLb _v‡K, hLb †Kv_vI m¨vcvi| ZvB cv_©K¨ AvKv‡i ey‡S wb‡j Avcwb
wew”Qbœfv‡e _v‡K ev †Kv‡bv c`‡K we‡kwlZ bv A‡b¨i †P‡q GwM‡q hv‡eb|
wb‡`©kK ev mvgxc¨evPK wbw`©óZvÁvcK cÖkœevPK cÖkœevPK
me©bvg we‡klY me©bvg we‡klY
k㸇jv †Kv‡bv bvg ev k㸇jv †Kv‡bv bv‡gi cÖkœ‡evaK k㸇jv e¨w³i cÖkœ‡evaK k㸇jv GKUv
we‡k‡l¨i cwie‡Z© em‡e, cwie‡Z© em‡e bv, Ab¨ cwie‡Z© em‡e| †hgb : we‡kl¨‡K we‡kwlZ Ki‡e|
†Kv‡bv c`‡K we‡kwlZ †Kv‡bv we‡kl¨‡K ILv‡b †K? †hgb :
Ki‡e bv| †hgb : we‡kwlZ Ki‡e| †hgb : Zzwg Kv‡K PvI? KZ `~i c_?
Iiv P‡j hvK| GB †jvK‡K wPwb bv| Kviv cov‡jLv K‡i †Kgb Ae¯’v?
IwU wb‡q G‡mv| †mB †g‡qwU my›`i wQj| Av‡mwb? KZÿY mgq
GwU wb‡q hvI| IB eBwU `vI| GLv‡b †K, Kv‡K, Kviv GLv‡b KZ, †Kgb, KZÿY
Iiv, IwU, GwU k㸇jv GB, †mB, IB k㸇jv cÖkœ‡evaK k㸇jv †Kv‡bv cÖkœ‡evaK k㸇jv h_vµ‡g
†Kv‡bv c`‡K we‡kwlZ h_vµ‡g †jvK, †g‡qwU, e¨w³i cwie‡Z© e‡m‡Q, `~i, Ae¯’v, mgq‡K we‡kwlZ
K‡iwb, †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i eBwU‡K we‡kwlZ cÖkœ¸‡jvi Dˇi †Kv‡bv bv K‡i‡Q| cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi
bv‡gi cwie‡Z© e‡m‡Q| K‡i‡Q| †Kv‡bv e¨w³i bvg Avm‡e| wn‡m‡e †Kv‡bv we‡klY
Avm‡e|
S. wbw`©óZvÁvcK we‡klY : †h we‡klY Øviv we‡kwlZ c`‡K wbw`©ó K‡i †`q Zv‡K wbw`©óZvÁvcK we‡klY e‡j| †hgb :
• GB †jvK
• †mB †g‡qwU
• QvweŸ‡k gvP©|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 243

cÖ`Ë kã e¨vmevK¨ cÖ`Ë kã e¨vmevK¨

AvZ¥Rxebx AvZ¥wjwLZ Rxebx cÖvYfq cÖvY hvIqvi Z‡i fq
wfÿvbœ wfÿv jä Abœ ag©avh© ag©wewnZ avh©
GYvwÿ GYi (g„‡Mi) Awÿi b¨vq Awÿ GKweskwZ GK AwaK weskwZ
†eŠfvZ †eŠ cwi‡ekb Kiv fvZ †ijMvwo †i‡ji cv‡Zi Ici Pjv Mvwo
ivóªbxwZ ivóª m¤^Üxq bxwZ AvqKi Av‡qi Ici Ki
wPwbKj wPwb wbg©v‡Yi Kj n¯Íwkí n¯Í Øviv PvwjZ wkí
PvjKzgov Pv‡j Rb¥v‡bv Kzgov ev®úhvb ev‡®ú PvwjZ hvb
†Mv®ú` †Mv (ÿz‡ii) cwiwgZ c` (¯’vb) Zzdvb‡gj Zzdvb Zzj¨ MwZkxj †gj
GKv`k GK AwaK `k Rxebwegv Rxeb bv‡ki Avk¼vq wegv
nvZNwo nv‡Z civi Nwo eUe„ÿ eU bvgK e„ÿ
nvZcvLv nv‡Z Pvjv‡bv cvLv Av‡°j`uvZ Av‡°jm~PK `uvZ
AvZ¥¯^vZš¿¨ AvZ¥ wel‡q †h ¯^vZš¿¨ Kvh©cwiKíbv Kvh© mva‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv
¯§„wZ‡mŠa ¯§„wZ iÿv‡_© †mŠa †NvlYvcÎ †NvlYv m¤^wjZ cÎ
MxwZbvU¨ MxwZ c~Y© †h bvU¨ gvwbe¨vM gvwb (UvKv) ivLvi e¨vM
NiRvgvB N‡i AvwkÖZ RvgvB †gvgevwZ †gvg wbwg©Z evwZ
 KbwdDkb : 1| A‡bK mgq AjyK Ø›Ø I ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgv‡mi g‡a¨ wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| G RvqMvq
mZK© nIqv DwPZ| †hgb : Ô`y‡a-fv‡ZÕ ej‡j Ô`y‡aÕ I Ôfv‡ZÕ `yBUv `ªe¨‡K mgvbfv‡e †evSvq, `y‡Uv wRwb‡mi Qwe
†Pv‡L fv‡m; A_©vr KviI mgvbZv‡j `ya I fvZ Av‡Q ev LvIqvi g‡Zv Ae¯’v Av‡Q, gv‡b Dfqc‡`i A_© cÖvavb¨
cv‡”Q| wKš‘ hw` ejv nq Ô`yafvZÕ ZLb †mwUi A_© nq †KD fvZ Lvq, wKš‘ †mB fvZ `ya wgwkÖZ ev `ya Øviv gvLv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| A_©vr GLv‡b fvZ LvIqvB gyL¨, Kx w`‡q Lv‡”Q †mUv gyL¨ bq, ZvB GwU ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm|
D`vniY¸‡jv jÿ Kwi :
AjyK Ø›Ø mgvm ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm
`y‡Uv wRwbm‡K †evSv‡”Q, `y‡Uv Qwe ev `y‡Uv `„k¨ cvIqv GKwU `„k¨, GKwU Qwe ev GKwU wRwbm‡K †evSv‡”Q|
hvq|
`y‡a-fv‡Z = `y‡a I fv‡Z `yafvZ = `ya gvLv‡bv fvZ
wN‡q-fv‡Z = wN‡q I fv‡Z wNfvZ = wN gvLv‡bv fvZ
Wv‡j-fv‡Z = Wv‡j I fv‡Z WvjfvZ = Wvj wgwkÖZ fvZ
R‡j-fv‡Z = R‡j I fv‡Z RjfvZ = Rj wgwkÖZ fvZ
we‡kl `ªóe¨ : wNfvRv = wN Øviv fvRv, Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm
 KbwdDkb : 2| msL¨v w`‡q Ø›Ø, Kg©aviq, Zrcyiæl, wظ I eûeªxwn mgvm n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡Pi QK †_‡K Lye mn‡R
welqwU ey‡S †bIqv hv‡e|
msL¨v w`‡q Ø›Ø msL¨v w`‡q Kg©aviq msL¨v w`‡q Zrcyiæl
c~e©c‡` I cic‡` hw` msL¨v msL¨vwU hw` c~iYevPK msL¨v nq Z‡e msL¨vwU hw` A¼evPK nq Ges Zvi c‡i
_v‡K Avi †mB msL¨vi gv‡S hw` †mwU Kg©aviq mgvm n‡e| †hgb : hw` ÔKgÕ Ges ÔDbÕ _v‡K ZLb †mwU
nvB‡db _v‡K Z‡e Zv Ø›Ø mgvm GKv`k = GK AwaK `k Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm n‡e| †hgb :
n‡e| †hgb : Øv`k = wØ AwaK `k GK-Kg = GK Øviv Kg
mvZ-cuvP = mvZ I cvuP ·qv`k = wÎ AwaK `k G‡Kvb = GK Øviv Db
bq-Qq = bq I Qq PZz`©k = PZzt AwaK `k cvuPKg = cvuP Øviv Kg
Dwbk-wek = Dwbk I wek cÂ`k = c AwaK `k `kKg = `k Øviv Kg
mvZ-m‡Z‡iv = mvZ I m‡Z‡iv †lvok = lU& AwaK `k
Kzwo-cuwPk = Kzwo I cuwPk mß`k = mß AwaK `k
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 244

msL¨v w`‡q wظ msL¨v w`‡q eûeªxwn

c~e©c‡` hw` msL¨v _v‡K Avi IB msL¨v Øviv hw` ZZUvB msL¨v hZB _vKzK bv †Kb hw` IB msL¨v Øviv GKRb
wRwbm †evSvq Z‡e †mwU wظ mgvm n‡e| A_©vr NUbv e¨w³, e¯‘ ev Dw™¢`‡K †evSvq Z‡e †mwU msL¨vevPK
mZ¨ n‡e| †hgb : eûeªxwn mgvm n‡e| A_©vr NUbv wg_¨v n‡e| †hgb :
†PŠiv¯Ív = Pvi iv¯Ívi mgvnvi `kgwY = `k gY cwigvY hv
wÎc`x = wZb c‡`i mgvnvi `kvbb = `k Avbb hvi
AóavZz = Aó avZzi mgvnvi †mZvi = †m Zvi †h h‡š¿i
beiZœ = bq i‡Zœi mgvnvi cÂvbb = c Avbb hvi
†ZcvšÍi = wZb cÖvšÍ‡ii mgvnvi `kfzR = `k fzR hvi
†PŠc`x = Pvi c‡`i mgnvi kZg~jx = kZ g~j hvi
PZzi½ = Pvi A‡½i mgvnvi wÎk~j = wZb k~j wewkó hv
 mZK©Zv : PZz‡`©vjv = PZzt (PviRb) evwnZ †`vjv| GwU Kg©aviq mgv‡mi D`vniY| KviY GLv‡b cic‡`i A_© cÖavb
n‡”Q| A_©vr cic` †`vjvB cÖavb|
❖ Dcgvg~jK Kg©aviq mgvm : †h mgv‡m c~e©c` I cic‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i †`vl-¸Y ev ˆewk‡ó¨i mv`„k¨ ev
Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K Dcgvg~jK Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| Dcgvg~jK Kg©aviq mgvm eyS‡Z n‡j wb‡Pi k㸇jvi mv‡_
cwiwPZ n‡Z n‡e :
❖ Dcgvb : hvi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K Dcgvb ev c‡ivÿ e‡j|
❖ Dc‡gq : hv‡K Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K Dc‡gq ev cÖZ¨ÿ e‡j|
❖ mvaviY ag© : c~e©c` I cic‡`i GKB ¸Y ev ag©‡K mvaviY ag© e‡j|
wb‡Pi D`vniY `ywU jÿ Kwi

DcwgZ Dc‡gq/ Dcgvb/ mv`„k¨evPK mvaviY

Kg©aviq cÖZ¨ÿ c‡ivÿ kã ag©/¸Y DcwgZ
mgv‡m
mvaviY
cyiælwmsn = cyiæl wms‡ni b¨vq kw³kvjx) ag©,
Avi
ågiK…ò = åg‡ii b¨vq K…ò (†Kk)
Dcgvb
mgv‡m
Dc‡gq
Dcgvb Dcgvb/ mv`„k¨evPK mvaviY Dc‡gq/ En¨
Kg©aviq c‡ivÿ kã ag©/¸Y cÖZ¨ÿ _v‡K
c‡ivÿ
✓ DcwgZ mgv‡mi e¨vL¨v : DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgv‡m cÖZ¨ÿ ev Dc‡g‡qi mv‡_ c‡ivÿ ev Dcgv‡bi Zzjbv nq| DcwgZ
mgv‡m mvaviY ag© ev ¸‡Yi D‡jøL _v‡K bv, mvaviY ag© ev ¸Y En¨ _v‡K| †hgb : ÔcyiælwmsnÕ mg¯Íc‡`i c~e©c`
ÔcyiælÕ I cic` ÔwmsnÕ-Gi Zzjbv Kiv n‡jI cyiæl I wms‡ni mvaviY ag© ev ¸‡Yi D‡jøL †bB, GLv‡b mvaviY ag©
Ôkw³kvjxÕ ev ÔejkvjxÕ hv-B †nvK bv †Kb Zv En¨ Av‡Q| myZivs ejv hvq †h, mvaviY ¸‡Yi D‡jøL bv †_‡K
Dc‡g‡qi mv‡_ Dcgv‡bi †h mgvm nq Zv‡K DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j|

✓ Dcgvb mgv‡mi e¨vL¨v : Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgv‡m c‡ivÿ ev Dcgv‡bi m‡½ mvaviY a‡g©i Zzjbv nq| Dcgvb mgv‡m
cÖZ¨ÿ ev Dc‡gq c‡`i D‡jøL _v‡K bv, cÖZ¨ÿ ev Dc‡gq En¨ _v‡K| †hgb : ÔågiK…òÕ mg¯Íc‡`i c~e©c` ÔågiÕ I
cic` ÔK…òÕ-Gi Zzjbv Kiv n‡jI cÖZ¨ÿ ev Dc‡gq c‡`i D‡jøL †bB| GLv‡b Dc‡gq c` Ô†KkÕ ev ÔAuvwLÕ hv-B
†nvK bv †Kb Zv En¨ Av‡Q| myZivs ejv hvq †h, Dc‡gq c‡`i Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Dcgv‡bi m‡½ mvaviY ¸‡Yi †h mgvm
nq Zv‡K Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 245

Dcgvg~jK Kg©aviq mgvm †Pbvi Dcvq

DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm
1. c~e©c` we‡kl¨ + cic` we‡kl¨ 1. c~e©c` we‡kl¨ + cic` we‡klY 1. c~e©c` we‡kl¨ + cic` we‡kl¨
2. c~e©c` ¯úk© + cic` ¯úk© 2. c~e©c` ¯úk© + cic` A¯úk© 2. c~e©c` A¯úk© + cic` ¯úk©
3. mvaviY (GKB) ¸‡Yi D‡jøL _v‡K 3. mvaviY (GKB) ¸‡Yi D‡jøL _v‡K 3. mvaviY ¸‡Yi D‡jøL _v‡K bv
bv
4. c~e©c` I cic‡`i m¤úK© wg_¨v 4. c~e©c` I cic‡`i m¤úK© mZ¨ nq 4. c~e©c` I cic‡`i Awfbœ Kíbv
nq _v‡K
5. Ôb¨vqÕ kãwU e¨vmev‡K¨i gv‡S ev 5. Ôb¨vqÕ kãwU e¨vmev‡K¨i gv‡S e‡m 5. ÔiƒcÕ kãwU e¨vmev‡K¨i gv‡S
†k‡l e‡m e‡m
❖ DwjøwLZ ˆewk‡ó¨i Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv jÿ Ki‡j Dcgvg~jK Kg©aviq mgvm Lye mn‡R cviv hv‡e|
DcwgZ Kg©aviq Dcgvb Kg©aviq iƒcK Kg©aviq
wmsncyiæl = cyiæl wms‡ni b¨vq Zzlviïå = Zzlv‡ii b¨vq ïå welv`wmÜz = welv` iƒc wmÜz
gyLP›`ª = gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq AiæYivOv = Aiæ‡Yi b¨vq ivOv gbgvwS = gb iƒc gvwS
PiYKjg = PiY Kg‡ji b¨vq eKavwg©K = e‡Ki b¨vq avwg©K cÖvYcvwL = cÖvY iƒc cvwL
evûjZv = evû jZvi b¨vq MRg~L© = M‡Ri b¨vq g~L© K_vg„Z = K_v iƒc Ag„Z
Kicjøe = Ki cjø‡ei b¨vq Kzmyg‡Kvgj = Kzmy‡gi b¨vq †Kvgj ü`qgw›`i = ü`q iƒc gw›`i
Aaicjøe = Aai cjø‡ei b¨vq KvRjKv‡jv = KvR‡ji b¨vq Kv‡jv Avb›`mvMi = Avb›` iƒc mvMi
bqbcÙ = bqb c‡Ùi b¨vq cÖ¯ÍiKwVb = c͇֯ii b¨vq KwVb RxebcÖ`xc = Rxeb iƒc cÖ`xc
biwmsn = bi wms‡ni b¨vq i³jvj = i‡³i b¨vq jvj †kvKmvMi = †kvK iƒc mvMi
nvuwogyL = gyL nvuwoi b¨vq wkwkiw¯œ» = wkwk‡ii b¨vq w¯œ» RxebZwi = Rxeb iƒc Zwi
weovj‡PvL = †PvL weov‡ji b¨vq †jŠnKwVb = †jŠ‡ni b¨vq KwVb we`¨vmvMi = we`¨v iƒc mvMi
exiwmsn = exi wms‡ni b¨vq Kz›`ïå = Kz‡›`i b¨vq ïå †gvnwb`ªv = †gvn iƒc wb`ªv
cv`cÙ = cv` c‡Ùi b¨vq dzwUdvUv = dzwUi b¨vq dvUv †µvavbj = †µva iƒc Abj
dzjKzgvix = Kzgvix dz‡ji b¨vq Nbk¨vg = N‡bi (†g‡Ni) b¨vq k¨vg Rxeb‡¯ªvZ = Rxeb iƒc †¯ªvZ
gyLcÙ = gyL c‡Ùi b¨vq nwiYPcj = nwi‡Yi b¨vq Pcj Ávbe„ÿ = Ávb iƒc e„ÿ
†mvbvgyL = gyL †mvbvi b¨vq weovjZc¯^x = weov‡ji b¨vq Zc¯^x †`nwcÄi = †`n iƒc wcÄi
Pvu`e`b = e`b Pvu‡`i b¨vq AwMœkg©v = AwMœi b¨vq kg©v we`¨vab = we`¨v iƒc ab
e¨vL¨v : DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgv‡mi e¨vL¨v : Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgv‡mi e¨vL¨v : iƒcK Kg©aviq mgv‡mi
cÖ‡Z¨KwU D`vniY we‡kølY Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU D`vniY we‡kølY Ki‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU D`vniY we‡kølY Ki‡j
†`Lv hvq †h, c~e©c` I cic` DfqB †`Lv hvq †h, c~e©c` we‡kl¨ I cic` †`Lv hvq †h, c~e©c` I cic`
we‡kl¨| c~e©c` I cici `„k¨gvb ev we‡klY| c~e©c` `„k¨gvb ev ¯úk© Kiv we‡kl¨| c~e©c` A`„k¨gvb ev ¯úk©
¯úk© Kiv hvq| c~e©c` I cic‡` hvq, wKš‘ cici A`„k¨gvb ev ¯úk© Kiv hvq bv, wKš‘ cici `„k¨gvb ev
†Kv‡bv ¸‡Yi D‡jøL †bB| me‡P‡q Kiv hvq bv| cic‡` ¸‡Yi D‡jøL ¯úk© Kiv hvq| c~e©c` I cic‡`
e‡ov K_v c~e©c` I cic‡`i Av‡Q| me‡P‡q e‡ov K_v c~e©c` I †Kv‡bv ¸‡Yi D‡jøL †bB| me‡P‡q
m¤úK©wU wg_¨v| KviY, cyiæl KL‡bv cic‡`i m¤úK©wU mZ¨| KviY, Zzlvi e‡ov K_v c~e©c` I cic‡`i
wmsn nq bv, gyL KL‡bv P›`ª nq bv| (eid) me©`v mv`vB nq, AiæY (m~h©) m¤úK©wU Kíbvq Av‡Q| KviY,
Gfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨KUv m¤úK© wg_¨v| me©`v ivOvB nq| Gfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨KUv ev¯Í‡e welv‡`i †Kv‡bv wmÜz (mvMi)
we‡kl `ªóe¨ : DcwgZ Kg©aviq m¤úK© mZ¨| †bB, g‡bi †Kv‡bv gvwS †bB|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 298

g~j kã mwÜwe‡”Q` g~j kã mwÜwe‡”Q` g~j kã mwÜwe‡”Q`

wk‡iv‡`k wkit + †`k A‡ave`b Aat + e`b m‡ivei mit + ei
AKz‡Zvfq AKzZt + fq m‡`¨vgy³ m`¨t + gy³ wk‡iviZœ wkit + iZœ
h‡kvwjáv hkt + wjáv cy‡ivwnZ cyit + wnZ e‡qve„× eqt + e„×
m‡`¨vg„Z m`¨t + g„Z me©‡Zvfv‡e me©Zt + fv‡e f~‡qv`kx© f~qt + `kx©
†Z‡Rvgqx †ZRt + gqx wZ‡ivfve wZit + fve Q‡›`ve× Q›`t + e×
A‡avMgb Aat + Mgb A‡avMvgx Aat + Mvgx A‡avgyL Aat + gyL
A‡avfvM Aat + fvM A‡av‡iL Aat + †iL A‡qvgq Aqt + gq
e¨wZµg : Z‡ZvwaK = ZZt + AwaK, h‡kvwfjvl = hkt + Awfjvl, e‡qvwaK = eqt + AwaK
 mZK©Zv : GLv‡b jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e †h k‡ãi gv‡S I-Kvi _vK‡j ¯^imwÜI nq| GLb cÖkœ n‡jv Zvn‡j Kxfv‡e eySe
†KvbUv ¯^imwÜ Avi †KvbUv wemM© mwÜ? DËi n‡jv I-Kv‡ii RvqMvq we‡”Q` K‡i †dje, ¯^imwÜ n‡j wØZxq Ask
ïiæ n‡e ÔD A_ev EÕ w`‡q Ges G¸‡jv cÖPwjZ kã n‡e Avi we‡”Q` Kivi c‡i wØZxq Ask hw` †Kv‡bv e¨ÄbeY©
w`‡q ïiæ nq Z‡e †mwU wemM©mwÜ Ges cÖ_g kãUv †Kv‡bv A_©‡evaK kã n‡e bv|
❖ GKUz cv_©K¨ K‡i cov hvK :
¯^imwÜ wemM©mwÜ
(I = A/Av + D/E) (I = t)
g~j kã mwÜwe‡”Q` g~j kã mwÜwe‡”Q`
gy‡Lvcva¨vq gyL + Dcva¨vq A‡avMwZ Aat + MwZ
we‡`¨vrmvnx we`¨v + Drmvnx Z‡cveb Zct + eb
g‡nvrme gnv + Drme e‡qve„× eqt + e„×
g‡nvaŸ© gnv + EaŸ© wk‡ivavh© wkit + avh©
G‡Kvb GK + Eb (Db) wk‡iv‡`k wkit + †`k
M‡½vcva¨vq M½v + Dcva¨vq AKz‡Zvfq AKzZt + fq
cÖ‡kœvËi cÖkœ + DËi h‡kvwjáv hkt + wjáv
c‡`vbœwZ c` + DbœwZ ·qv`k Îqt + `k
b‡evpv be + Epv m‡ivei mit + ei
▪ †UKwbK : 6| t = t
g~j kã mwÜwe‡”Q` g~j kã mwÜwe‡”Q` g~j kã mwÜwe‡”Q`
gbtKó gbt + Kó AšÍtmË¡v AšÍt + mË¡v `ytkvmb `yt + kvmb
wbtk¦vm wbt + k¦vm wbtm¤^j wbt + m¤^j †R¨vwZtcyÄ †R¨vwZt + cyÄ
gbtcxov gbt + cxov gbtc~Z gbt + c~Z gbtkvwšÍ gbt + kvwšÍ
hktcÖv_x© hkt + cÖv_x© gbtmva gbt + mva ¯^Ztù~Z© ¯^Zt + ù~Z©
wkitK¤úb wkit + K¤úb wkitcxov wkit + cxov gbtÿzYœ gbt + ÿzYœ
ewntcÖKvk ewnt + cÖKvk eqtmwÜ eqt + mwÜ wbt¯^ wbt + ¯^
eqtcÖvß eqt + cÖvß cÖvZtKvj cÖvZt + Kvj cybtcyb cybt + cyb
wbtm½ wbt + m½ Zctmvab Zct + mvab `ytm¤úK© `yt + m¤úK©
`ytmsev` `yt + msev` `ytmvnm `yt + mvnm bgtwkevq bgt + wkevq
wbtkZ© wbt + kZ© wbt‡kl wbt + †kl AšÍtKiY AšÍt + KiY
AZtci AZt + ci AatcZb Aat + cZb AšÍtcyi AšÍt + cyi
BZtc~‡e© BZt + c~‡e© MjvatKiY Mjvat + KiY `yt¯^cœ `yt + ¯^cœ
Aatµg Aat + µg Aat‡ÿc Aat + †ÿc ewntcÖKvk ewnt + cÖKvk
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 348

❖ cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kv‡ji wewkó cÖ‡qvM : ▪ Avcwb cÖwZw`b nvm‡Zb|

AZx‡Z msNwUZ wµqvi wbwðZ eY©bvq : ▪ Avwg cÖwZw`b †dvb KiZvg|
▪ cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy‡× GK jÿ gvivVv ˆmwbK ❖ wbZ¨e„Ë AZx‡Zi wewkó e¨envi :
gviv wM‡qwQj| ▪ Kvgbv cÖKv‡k :
AZxZ msNwUZ wµqvi ci¤úiv †evSv‡Z †kl ✓ AvR hw` gvwiqv AvmZ, †Kgb gRv n‡Zv|
wµqvc‡` cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kv‡ji cÖ‡qvM nq| †hgb : ✓ AvR hw` mywg AvmZ, †Kgb gRv n‡Zv|
▪ e„wó †kl nIqvi c~‡e©B Avgiv evwo †cŠuQvjvg| ▪ m¤¢vebv cÖKv‡k :
N. wbZ¨e„Ë AZxZ Kvj : AZx‡Z cÖvqB NUZ Giƒc A‡_© ✓ Zzwg hw` Avm‡Z Z‡e fv‡jvB n‡Zv|
wµqvi †h Kvj nq, Zv‡K wbZ¨e„Ë AZxZ Kvj e‡j| ✓ mygb hw` †hZ Z‡e fv‡jvB n‡Zv|
✓ †UKwbK : avZz + Z/†Zv/†Z/†Zb/Zvg = ▪ Am¤¢e Kíbvq :
wbZ¨e„Ë AZxZ ✓ GB evwo n‡Zv hw` ivRvi evwo|
▪ cÖwZw`b mKv‡j †m Mvb MvBZ| ✓ mvZvk hw` n‡Zv GKk mvZvk|
▪ mygb †ivR mKv‡j e¨vqvg KiZ|

❖ wbZ¨e„Ë eZ©gvb Kvj I wbZ¨e„Ë AZxZ Kv‡ji cv_©K¨

wbZ¨e„Ë eZ©gvb Kvj wbZ¨e„Ë AZxZ Kvj
1. †h Af¨vm eZ©gv‡b Av‡Q ev †h KvR mvaviYZ Kiv 1. †h Af¨vm eZ©gv‡b †bB ev †h KvR Kiv nq bv, wKš‘
nq| †hgb : AZx‡Z wbqwgZ Kiv n‡Zv| †hgb :
✓ Avwg wbqwgZ e¨vqvg Kwi| ✓ Avwg wbqwgZ e¨vqvg KiZvg|
✓ Avgiv †ivR mKv‡j b`x‡Z †Mvmj Kwi| ✓ Avgiv †ivR mKv‡j b`x‡Z †Mvmj KiZvg|
2. hw`, hLb, †hb cÖf…wZ k‡ãi cÖ‡qv‡M AZxZ I 2. hw` Øviv MwVZ ev‡K¨ Kvgbv, m¤¢vebv I Am¤¢e
fwel¨r Kvj Ávc‡bi Rb¨ wbZ¨e„Ë eZ©gvb Kv‡ji Kíbvq ev cÖZ¨vkv, †hwU KL‡bv ev¯Íe n‡e bv| †hgb :
e¨envi nq| †hgb : ✓ AvR hw` gvwiqv AvmZ, †Kgb gRv n‡Zv|
✓ wec` hLb Av‡m, ZLb Ggwb K‡iB Av‡m| ✓ Zzwg hw` Avm‡Z, Z‡e fv‡jvB n‡Zv|
✓ Zzwg hw` Avm Z‡e Avwg hve| ✓ GB evwo n‡Zv hw` ivRvi evwo
✓ hLb †gN n‡e ZLb e„wó co‡e|
✓ †UKwbK : wbZ¨e„Ë Kv‡ji D`vniY¸‡jv Bs‡iwR Ki‡j Conditional Sentence nq| A_©vr Bs‡iwR Conditional
Sentence wbZ¨e„Ë Kv‡ji D`vniY|
✓ civgk© : AZxZ Kvj cv_©K¨ K‡i co‡j †ewk g‡b _vK‡e|
mvaviY AZxZ NUgvb AZxZ cyivNwUZ AZxZ wbZ¨e„Ë AZxZ
avZz + j/†j/†jb/jvg avZz + avZz + avZz +
= mvaviY AZxZ wQj/wQ‡j/wQ‡jb/wQjvg = GwQj/GwQ‡j/GwQjvg/GwQ‡jb Z/†Zv/†Z/†Zb/Zvg =
NUgvb AZxZ = cyivNwUZ AZxZ wbZ¨e„Ë AZxZ
†g‡qwU K_v ejj| †g‡qwU K_v ejwQj| †g‡qwU K_v e‡jwQj| †g‡qwU K_v ejZ|
Avwg QwewU †`Ljvg| Avwg QwewU †`LwQjvg| Avwg QwewU †`‡LwQjvg| Avwg QwewU †`LZvg|
Zzwg KvRwU Ki‡j| Zzwg KvRwU KiwQ‡j| Zzwg KvRwU K‡iwQ‡j| Zzwg KvRwU Ki‡Z|
Avcwb my›`i K‡i Avcwb my›`i K‡i Avcwb my›`i K‡i †n‡mwQ‡jb| Avcwb my›`i K‡i
nvm‡jb| nvmwQ‡jb| nvm‡Zb
❖ fwel¨r Kvj : †h wµqvi KvRwU GL‡bv N‡Uwb A_©vr AbvMZKv‡j msNwUZ nIqvi A‡cÿvq Av‡Q Zv‡K fwel¨r Kvj
e‡j| †hgb :
▪ gv AvMvgxKvj Avm‡eb|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 361

mv‡cÿ me©bv‡gi/ mv‡cÿ me©bv‡gi/

µwgK †hvR‡Ki cÖ_g LÐevK¨ †hvR‡Ki †kl LÐevK¨ D`vniY
Ask Ask
25 †h ... Zv‡Z ... Zv‡`i †h `„wó, Zv‡Z mvgvb¨ we¯§‡qi
fve|
26 cÖ_‡g ... c‡i ... gvby‡li Rxe‡b cÖ_‡g `ytL Av‡m, c‡i
myL Av‡m|
✓ mnR K_v : G¸‡jv Øviv AwaKvsk evK¨ RwUj evK¨ n‡q hv‡e| GBPGmwm wKsev wewmGm A_ev Ab¨vb¨
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK wjwLZ cixÿvq evK¨ iƒcvšÍi G‡j cviv hv‡e| Z‡e fwZ© cixÿv, wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi,
cÖvBgvwi, e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ wb‡qvM cixÿvi GgwmwKD-Gi Rb¨ AviI Rvb‡Z n‡e|
➢ †UKwbK : 2| mv‡cÿ me©bvg ev mv‡cÿ †hvRK QvovI wb‡¤œi Dcv‡q RwUj evK¨ n‡Z cv‡i| GB RvqMvUv A‡bK
A‡bK Ges A‡bK †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, Aek¨B fv‡jv K‡i ey‡S co‡Z n‡e|
▪ kU©KvU : mij evK¨ + wµqvevPK AbymM© + mij evK¨ = RwUj evK¨
▪ gv wQj bv e‡j †KD Zvi Pzj †eu‡a †`qwb|
✓ GB D`vniYwU A‡bK eB‡q mij evK¨ ev †hŠwMK evK¨ wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Pjyb mij ev‡K¨i kZ©¸‡jv
g‡b Kwi| mij ev‡K¨ Aek¨B GKwU mgvwcKv wµqv _vK‡e| Avi †hŠwMK ev‡K¨ Aek¨B †hvRK Øviv hy³
_vK‡e A_ev `ywU mij ev‡K¨i gv‡S †hvR‡Ki cwie‡Z© ïay Kgv _vK‡e Ges evK¨¸‡jv GKUv Av‡iKUvi Ici
wbf©i Ki‡e bv, A_©vr ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡e|
✓ Gevi Ic‡ii evK¨wU‡K †f‡O wjwL|
▪ gv wQj bv| e‡j| †KD Zvi Pzj †eu‡a †`qwb|
▪ Ôgv wQj bv|Õ GwU GKwU mij evK¨ Ges GLv‡b mgvwcKv wµqv (wQj) Av‡Q|
▪ Ô†KD Zvi Pzj †eu‡a †`qwb|Õ GwUI GKwU mij evK¨ Ges GLv‡bI mgvwcKv wµqv (†`qwb) Av‡Q|
▪ Ôgv wQj bv e‡j †KD Zvi Pzj †eu‡a †`qwbÕ ev‡K¨ GKvwaK mgvwcKv wµqv Av‡Q Ges GKvwaK mij evK¨ cvIqv
†M‡Q| myZivs GwU mij evK¨ bq|
✓ Gevi †`wL GwU †hŠwMK evK¨ wK-bv| †hŠwMK ev‡K¨i g~j K_v n‡jv `ywU mij ev RwUj evK¨ †hvRK Øviv ms‡hvM
_vK‡e A_ev `ywU mij ev‡K¨i gv‡S †hvR‡Ki cwie‡Z© Kgv _vK‡e Ges evK¨¸‡jv ¯^vaxb I wbi‡cÿ n‡e,
A_©vr GKwU Av‡iKwUi Ici wbf©i Ki‡e bv|
▪ Ôgv wQj bv e‡j †KD Zvi Pzj †eu‡a †`qwbÕ ev‡K¨i AšÍM©Z Ôgv wQj bvÕ Ges Ô†KD Zvi Pzj †eu‡a †`qwbÕ ev‡K¨i
gv‡S †Kv‡bv ms‡hvRK ev we‡qvRK Ae¨q †bB Ges evK¨ `ywU ¯^vaxb bq, GKwU Ab¨wUi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Q,
GLv‡b †hvR‡Ki cwie‡Z© Ôe‡jÕ bvgK AbymM© Av‡Q, ZvB GwU †hŠwMK ev‡K¨i kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
✓ Gevi Z‡e RwUj ev‡K¨i k‡Z©i w`‡K hvB| RwUj ev‡K¨ GKwU evK¨ Av‡iKwU ev‡K¨i m‡½ mv‡cÿ Ae¯’vq
_vK‡e| GLv‡b Ôe‡jÕ AbymM© `ywU evK¨‡K GKwUi m‡½ Av‡iKwUi mv‡cÿ Ae¯’v m„wó K‡i‡Q| Ôe‡jÕ wµqv
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nqwb, wµqvevPK AbymM© wn‡m‡e e‡m GKwU ev‡K¨i m‡½ Av‡iKwU ev‡K¨i wbf©ikxjZv ev
mv‡cÿ Ae¯’v eywS‡q‡Q| hw` Ôe‡jÕ kãwU wµqv wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Zv Z‡e †mwU mij evK¨ n‡Zv|
✓ Ae¨kB Ae¨kB g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e : Ôe‡jÕ kã Øviv hw` KvR bv †evSvq Z‡e a‡i wb‡Z n‡e †mwU wµqv wn‡m‡e
ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ nqwb, wµqvevPK AbymM© wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Ges evK¨wU RwUj evK¨ n‡Z cv‡i| cÖm½Z
wµqvevPK AbymM©¸‡jv †`‡L wbB|
✓ [wµqvRvZ AbymM© : wµqv †_‡K wbwg©Z AbymM©‡K wµqvRvZ AbymM© e‡j| G RvZxq AbymM© n‡jv : e‡j, K‡i,
†_‡K, w`‡q, a‡i, n‡Z BZ¨vw`| †hgb : fv‡jv K‡i cov‡kvbv K‡iv| gb w`‡q KvR K‡iv|]
✓ K‡qKwU D`vniY jÿ Kwi, †h¸‡jv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvq G‡m‡Q|
▪ ÔZzwg Avm‡e e‡j †n ¯^vaxbZv
mvwKbv wewei Kcvj fvOj|Õ [33Zg wewmGm]
▪ gv wQj bv e‡j †KD Zvi Pzj †eu‡a †`qwb| [32Zg wewmGm]
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 396

KbwdDkb
➢ wµqv‡K ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j me©`v Kg© KviK nq bv| ÔKv‡KÕ w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j KZ…© KviK, Kg© KviK, m¤úª`vb
KviK, Acv`vb KviK n‡Z cv‡i| KviK wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e KvRwU †K Ki‡Q ev Kvi Øviv m¤úbœ
n‡e| wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv jÿ Kwi :
✓ evuwk ev‡R| GwU Kg©KZ…©ev‡P¨i D`vniY| Kx ev‡R Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi Av‡m evuwk| wKš‘ evuwk wb‡RB KZ©vi
g‡Zv AvPiY K‡i‡Q|
✓ Kwig‡K †h‡Z n‡e| Kv‡K †h‡Z n‡e? D. Kwig‡K| GLv‡b Kwig Kg©c` bq, GwU fveev‡P¨i KZ©v, A_©vr Kwig
wb‡RB KvRwU Ki‡e| ZvB Kwig KZ…© KviK| e¨vcvi¸‡jv wK¬qv‡ii Rb¨ wb‡Pi QKwU †`L‡Z n‡e :
ÔKv‡KÕ wb‡q KZ K¨vuPvj
KZ…© KviK Kg© KviK m¤úª`vb KviK Acv`vb KviK
mRj‡K †L‡Z n‡e| mRj‡K †L‡Z `vI| mRj‡K wfÿv `vI| mRj‡K fq cvB|
e¨vL¨v : Kv‡K †L‡Z e¨vL¨v : Kv‡K †L‡Z †`Iqv n‡e? e¨vL¨v : Kv‡K wfÿv `vI? e¨vL¨v : Kv‡K fq cvB?
n‡e? D. mRj‡K| D. mRj‡K| mvaviY wbqg D. mRj‡K| cÖwgZ D. mRj‡K| mvaviY
mvaviY wbqg Abyhvqx Abyhvqx mRj Kg© KviK| KviY, e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg Abyhvqx wbqg Abyhvqx Kg© KviK
Kg© KviK nIqvi GB ev‡K¨i wµqv n‡jv Ô`vIÕ| mRj Kg© KviK| KviY, nIqvi K_v| wKš‘ g‡b
K_v| wKš‘ GLv‡b aiæb, mR‡ji mvg‡b Lvevi GB ev‡K¨i wµqv n‡jv ivL‡Z n‡e †h, f‡qi
†Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e Av‡Q, wKš‘ mR‡ji LvIqv Ô`vIÕ Ges Kg© n‡jv mRj| Drm Acv`vb KviK nq|
KvRwU †K Ki‡Q| wb‡la| Ab¨ †KD G‡m ejj, wKš‘ mRj‡K ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i GLv‡b f‡qi Drm n‡jv
LvIqv KvRwU mRj mRj‡K †L‡Z `vI| †L‡Z †`Iqvi Kvi‡Y ev `vb mRj| myZivs mRj
wb‡RB Ki‡Q| myZivs †`Iqvi KvRwU Ab¨ †KD Ki‡e| Kivi Kvi‡Y cÖPwjZ Acv`vb KviK|
mRj GLv‡b †mB †jvKwUB KZ©v, hv ev‡K¨ e¨vKiY Abyhvqx mRj
Kg©ev‡P¨i KZ©v| En¨ Av‡Q| m¤úª`vb KviK|

m¤úª`vb KviK
hv‡K ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i wKQy †`Iqv nq Zv‡K m¤úÖ`vb KviK e‡j| †hgb : Mwi‡ei †g‡qwU‡K fvZ `vI| GB ev‡K¨ Mwi‡ei
†g‡qwU‡K m¤úÖ`vb KviK|
• AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ : AvaywbK e¨vKiYwe‡`iv m¤úÖ`vb KviK ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z Pvb bv| ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq, iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi, nicÖmv` kv¯¿x m¤úª`vb Kvi‡Ki wec‡ÿ wQ‡jb| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi e‡jb, Ôwewfbœ K‡g©i cv‡Îi Rb¨ GK GKwU
KviK m„wó Kwi‡j †k‡l †fvRb wµqvi cv·K Ôm‡¤¢vRbÕ KviK, Zvob wµqvi cv·K ÔmšÍvob KviKÕ ewj‡Z
nB‡e|Õ
• wKš‘ W. myKzgvi †mb, W. Gbvgyj nK, W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& m¤úª`vb Kvi‡Ki c‡ÿ wQ‡jb| Zvu‡`i g‡Z GwU Kg©
Kvi‡Ki AšÍfz©³ _vKv DwPZ bq|
❖ m¤úÖ`vb Kvi‡K mvaviYZ PZz_x© wefw³i e¨envi nq, Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ wefw³I n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb :
• †K-wefw³ : Zvu‡K Avgvi mvjvg Rvbv‡e|
• †i-wefw³ : †n †`eZv, †Zvgv‡i Kie bv c~Rv|
• G-wefw³ : Ninx‡b Ni `vI|
• q-wefw³ : †Zvgvq †Kb w`Bwb Avgvi, mKj k~b¨ K‡i|
• †Z-wefw³ : mwgwZ‡Z Pvu`v w`‡qwQ|
• i-wefw³ : Avjøvni Gev`Z K‡iv|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 400

†Ljv wb‡q KZ †Ljv

KiY KviK e¨vL¨v Kg©KviK e¨vL¨v
†Q‡jiv Zvm †L‡j| Zvm bvgK DcKiY w`‡qB Zvm †Q‡jiv `vev †L‡j| `vev †Ljvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ¸wUi
†L‡j| cÖ‡qvRb, `vev †Kv‡bv DcKiY
bq, †Ljvi bvg|
†g‡qiv Q°v †L‡j| Q°v bvgK hš¿ w`‡q Q°v †Lj‡Z †g‡qiv jyWz †L‡j| jyWz †Ljvi Rb¨ Q°v `iKvi, jyWz
nq| †Kv‡bv h‡š¿i bvg bq, GKwU
†Ljvi bvg|
†Q‡jiv jvwUg †L‡j| jvwUg †Ljvi Rb¨ jvwUg bvgK †Q‡jiv KvevwW †L‡j| KvevwW †Kv‡bv DcKiY bq, GKwU
DcKiY `iKvi c‡o| †Ljvi bvg|
†Q‡jiv gvi‡ej gvi‡ej †Ljvi Rb¨ gvi‡ej †Q‡jiv wµ‡KU wµ‡KU †Kv‡bv DcKiY ev h‡š¿i
†L‡j| bvgK DcKiY `iKvi c‡o| †L‡j| bvg bq, GKwU †Ljvi bvg|

Acv`vb KviK
hv †_‡K ev hv n‡Z wµqv m¤úvw`Z nq Zv‡K Acv`vb KviK e‡j| A_©vr hv †_‡K wµqvi wewPÎ fv‡ei cÖKvk N‡U Zv‡K
Acv`vb KviK e‡j| †hgb : iwng †mw`b XvKv †_‡K Kzwgjøv wM‡qwQj| G ev‡K¨ ÔhvIqvÕ wµqv m¤úvw`Z n‡qwQj XvKv
†_‡K| AvL n‡Z ¸o nq| GB ev‡K¨ ¸o nIqvi KvRwU m¤úbœ nq ÔAvLÕ n‡Z| myZivs ÔXvKvÕ I ÔAvLÕ Acv`vb KviK|
❖ mvaviYZ Pz¨Z, RvZ, AvMZ, fxZ, M„nxZ, weiZ, gy³, DËxY©, cvjv‡bv åó BZ¨vw` †evSv‡j Acv`vb KviK nq|
➢ wPÎwU †Lqvj Kwi :
wePz¨Z nIqv †evSv‡j

Rb¥ nIqv †evSv‡j

`~ixf~Z nIqv †evSv‡j

fq cvIqv †evSv‡j
†Kv‡bv M„nxZ nIqv †evSv‡j Acv`vb
wKQz KviK
†_‡K weiZ nIqv †evSv‡j

Avi¤¢ nIqv †evSv‡j

cvwj‡q hvIqv †evSv‡j

iÿv Kiv †evSv‡j

➢ wePz¨Z nIqv :
• MvQ †_‡K cvZv c‡o|
• †gN †_‡K e„wó c‡o|
➢ Rb¥ ev RvZ nIqv :
• Rwg †_‡K dmj cvB|
• †LRyi i‡m ¸o nq|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 402

➢ †UKwbK : 4| hw` wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv mgq †_‡K †Kv‡bv KvR ïiæ n‡e A_©vr fwel¨‡Z n‡e ev Pjgvb Av‡Q †evSvq A_©vr
wdDPvi BbwWwdwbU †U‡Ý nq A_ev †cÖ‡R›U cvi‡d± KbwUwbDqvm †U‡Ý nq Z‡e Acv`vb KviK| Avi hw` wbw`©ó
†Kv‡bv mg‡qi D‡jøL bv †_‡K ïay mg‡qi K_v D‡jøL _v‡K ev KvR †kl n‡q wM‡q‡Q †evSvq ev cvi‡d± †U‡Ý nq
Z‡e AwaKiY KviK n‡e| †hgb :
Acv`vb AwaKiY
ïµevi †_‡K Awdm eÜ| ïµevi Awdm eÜ|
†mvgevi †_‡K cixÿv ïiæ| †mvgevi ¯‹zj eÜ|
ivZ †_‡K e„wó co‡Q| mvivivZ e„wó n‡q‡Q|
mvZ w`b a‡i we`y¨r †bB| mvZ w`b we`y¨r wQj bv|
➢ †UKwbK : 5| Zzjbvi †ÿ‡Î †hwUi m‡½ wefw³ hy³ Av‡Q †mwU Acv`vb, Ab¨wU KZ©©„KviK n‡e| †hgb :
Acv`vb KZ…©KviK
my‡Li †P‡q ¯^w¯Í fv‡jv| my‡Li †P‡q ¯^w¯Í fv‡jv|
Kwi‡gi †P‡q iwng fv‡jv| Kwi‡gi †P‡q iwng fv‡jv|
cvcx cïi Aag| cvcx cïi Aag|
➢ †UKwbK : 6| Wi ev f‡qi Drm Acv`vb, wKš‘ fq ev Wi Kg©KviK| †hgb :
Acv`vb Kg©KviK
evN‡K fq cvB| evN‡K fq cvB|
cixÿvq fxZ n‡qv bv| cixÿvq fxZ n‡qv bv|

mgq wb‡q mgm¨v? Avi bv, Avi bv

mgqevPK KiY mgqevPK Acv`vb mgqevPK AwaKiY
KZ mg‡q ev KZ mg‡qi Øviv †Kv‡bv GKwU mg‡q KvRwU ïiæ n‡e ev
†Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ev †Kv‡bv
KvRwU m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q †evSv‡j †mB †Kv‡bv GKUv mgq †_‡K KvRwU PjgvbGKUv mg‡q KvRwU †kl n‡q‡Q
mgqUv KiY n‡e| Av‡Q †evSv‡j Acv`vb n‡e| †evSv‡j AwaKiY n‡e|
▪ wZb w`‡b Avgv‡K fz‡j †M‡j| ▪ †mvgevi cixÿv ïiæ n‡e| ▪ †mvgevi ¯‹zj eÜ|
▪ wÎk w`‡b GK gvm nq| ▪ ivZ †_‡K e„wó co‡Q| ▪ mvivivZ e„wó n‡q‡Q|
▪ ev‡iv gv‡m GK eQi nq| ▪ em‡šÍ Mig co‡e| ▪ em‡šÍ dzj †dv‡U|
†UKwbK : Øviv w`‡q cÖkœ K‡i DËi †UKwbK : Future Indefinite A_ev †UKwbK : Present Indefinite
cvIqv hv‡e| mvaviYZ ÔGÕ wefw³ Present Perfect Continuous A_ev Present Perfect Tense
hy³ _v‡K| Tense n‡e| n‡e|

Acv`vb Kvi‡Ki AcMgb

µwgK D`vniY e¨vL¨v KviK I wefw³
1 cixÿv G‡j Zvi †Pv‡L Rj S‡i| †Kv_v †_‡K S‡i? D. †PvL Acv`v‡b mßgx
2 wec‡` †gv‡i iÿv K‡iv| †Kv_v †_‡K iÿv K‡iv? D. wec` Acv`v‡b mßgx
3 mwilv n‡Z †Zj nq| †Kv_v †_‡K? D. mwilv Acv`v‡b cÂgx
4 wZ‡j ˆZj nq| †Kv_v †_‡K? D. wZj Acv`v‡b mßgx
5 ag© nB‡Z wePz¨Z nB‡qv bv| Kx n‡Z wePz¨Z nB‡qv bv? D. ag© Acv`v‡b cÂgx
6 R‡j ev®ú nq| †Kv_v †_‡K? D. Rj Acv`v‡b mßgx
7 †jv‡f cvc, cv‡c g„Zz¨| †Kv_v †_‡K cvc? D. †jvf †_‡K Acv`v‡b mßgx
Kx n‡Z g„Zz¨? D. cvc n‡Z|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 403

µwgK D`vniY e¨vL¨v KviK I wefw³

8 †g‡N e„wó nq| †Kv_v †_‡K e„wó nq? D. †gN Acv`v‡b mßgx
9 †Pv‡ii f‡q Nyg Av‡m bv| Kvi f‡q? D. †Pv‡ii Acv`v‡b lôx
10 my‡Li †P‡q kvwšÍ fv‡jv| `ywU wel‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Acv`v‡b cÂgx
11 Qv‡` cvwb c‡o| †Kv_v †_‡K cvwb c‡o? D. Qv` Acv`v‡b mßgx
12 `y‡a Qvbv nq| †Kv_v †_‡K Qvbv nq? D. `ya Acv`v‡b mßgx
13 Ewg© KLb XvKv Qv‡o? XvKv †_‡K Z¨vM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Acv`v‡b k~b¨
14 G †g‡N e„wó nq bv| e„wó †nvK bv-†nvK, cÖwµqvi e¨vcvi Av‡Q| Acv`v‡b mßgx
15 gxbvi †P‡q bxjv e‡ov| gxbvi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Acv`v‡b cÂgx
16 mvM‡i gy³v wg‡j| †Kv_v †_‡K wg‡j? D. mvMi Acv`v‡b mßgx
17 G MÖv‡g mv‡ci fq †`Lv w`qv‡Q| f‡qi DrmwU Kx? D. mvc Acv`v‡b lôx
18 cv‡c weiZ nI| †Kv_v †_‡K weiZ n‡e? D. cvc Acv`v‡b mßgx
19 cvcx cïiI Aag| cïi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Acv`v‡b lôx
20 cvc nB‡Z cyY¨ c„_K| cv‡ci m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Acv`v‡b cÂgx
21 †hLv‡b ev‡Ni fq, †mLv‡b mܨv nq| f‡qi DrmwU Kx? D. evN Acv`v‡b lôx

UvKv wb‡q hZ Sv‡gjv

KZ…© KviK Kg© KviK KiY KviK Acv`vb KviK AwaKiY KviK wbwgË KviK
UvKvB UvKv UvKv‡K fv‡jvevwm UvKvq wK bv UvKvq UvKv nq| UvKvq UvKv UvKvi Z‡i
Av‡b| †Zvgv‡K bq| nq| UvKv †_‡K UvKv Av‡Q| w`jvg wemR©b
UvKvq UvKv UvKvi †jvf fv‡jv UvKvq ev‡Ni `ya Av‡m| UvKvq UvKv Rxeb-gvb|
Av‡b| bq| wg‡j| e¨vL¨v : †Kv_v _v‡K| UvKvi Rb¨ †`k
e¨vL¨v : UvKv e¨vL¨v : Kv‡K e¨vL¨v : Kx Øviv †_‡K UvKv nq e¨vL¨v : †Kv_vq Qvwojvg|
Avbvi KvRwU †K fv‡jvevwm? D. nq? D. UvKv ev UvKv Av‡m? UvKv Av‡Q ev e¨vL¨v : Kvi Rb¨
Ki‡Q? D. UvKv‡K| Kx fv‡jv Øviv nq| GLv‡b D. UvKv †_‡K| _v‡K? D. UvKvq| wemR©b w`jvg ev
UvKvB/UvKvq bq? UvKvi †jvf| UvKv GKwU myZivs GLv‡b UvKv †`k Qvojvg? D.
Ki‡Q| myZivs myZivs DcKiY ev UvKvq/UvKv GKwU Drm, ev UvKvi Rb¨|
UvKvB/UvKvq UvKv‡K/UvKvi Dcvq| myZivs Acv`vb KviK| ¯’vb| myZivs UvKv myZivs UvKv
KZ…© KviK| †jvf Kg© KviK| UvKv ev UvKvq AwaKiY KviK| wbwgË KviK|
KiY KviK|

AwaKiY KviK
†h ÔmgqÕ ev Ô¯’vbÕ †K AvkÖq K‡i KZ©v Zvi Kg© m¤úv`b K‡i †mB mgq ev ¯’vb‡K AwaKiY KviK e‡j|
➢ AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kv‡bv welq, ¸Y ev cvi`wk©Zv †evSv‡jI AwaKiY nq| †hgb : iwe e¨vKi‡Y KvuPv, A‡¼ fv‡jv|
Avgv‡`i †Q‡jiv †mŠ›`‡h© AcÖwZØ›Øx|
➢ AwaKiY Kvi‡K mvaviYZ mßgx wefw³ e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
• `yqv‡i `uvov‡q cÖv_x©, wfÿv †`I Zv‡i|
• b`x‡Z †bŠKv euvav|
• em‡šÍ †KvwKj Wv‡K|
GLv‡b hw` cÖkœ Kiv hvq cÖv_©x †Kv_vq `uvwo‡q Zvn‡j DËi Av‡m Ô`yqv‡iÕ| Avi Ô`yqv‡iÕ GKwU ¯’vb| Avevi hw` ejv hvq
†KvwKj KLb Wv‡K Zvn‡j DËi cvIqv hvq Ôem‡šÍÕ| Avi ÔemšÍÕ mgq wb‡`©k K‡i|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 447

µwgK cÖ‡qvM/AccÖ‡qvM A_©, e¨vL¨v I e¨envi

me© + ¯^ + AšÍ = me©¯^všÍ| me©¯^všÍ k‡ãi A_© wb‡Ri hv wKQz wQj Zv nvwi‡q †kl
174 me¯^všÍ I me©kvšÍ
n‡q hvIqv| me©kvšÍ k‡ãi A_© mewKQz kvšÍ|
ÔmnmvÕ k‡ãi A_© nVvr, AK¯§vr, AZwK©Z| ZvB ÔwkM&wMiÕ A‡_© mnmv e¨envi
175 mnmv I wkM&wMi
Kiv hv‡e bv|
ÔmwVKÕ kãwU Øviv †evSvq wV‡Ki mv‡_| ZvB wVK kã Øviv A_© cwic~Y© cÖKvk
176 mwVK
†c‡j mwVK †jLvi `iKvi †bB|
mnvbyf~wZ/mnvbyf~wZi mnvbyf~wZ k‡ãi m‡½B mv‡_ kãwU hy³ Av‡Q| myZivs mnvbyf~wZi c‡i mv‡_ n‡e
177
mv‡_ bv|
m¤úªwZ ev mv¤úªwZK ej‡Z Kvj †evSvq| ZvB m¤úªwZ ev mv¤úªwZK k‡ãi m‡½
178 mv¤úªwZKKvj
Kvj †hvM Kivi `iKvi †bB|
m + dj = mdj| mdj k‡ãi we‡kl¨ n‡jv mvdj¨| mdj k‡ãi m‡½ bZzb
K‡i m‡½/mv‡_ †hvM Kivi `iKvi †bB|
mvd‡j¨i mveavb = Abeav‡bi mwnZ eZ©gvb| GwU mnv_©K eûeªxwn mgv‡mi D`vniY|
179
m‡½/mveavbZvi mv‡_ A_©vr mveavb k‡ãi m‡½ ÔmnÕ kãwU Av‡Q| ZvB bZzb K‡i mv‡_ †`Iqvi
`iKvi †bB| mveav‡b ev mveavbZv ejv hv‡e; wKš‘ mveavbZvi mv‡_ ejv hv‡e
bv|
AvaywbK evsjv Awfav‡b my¯^vMZ, ¯^vMZg I my¯^vMZg bv‡g †Kv‡bv kãB †bB|
kãwUi ï×iƒc n‡e Ô¯^vMZÕ| my + AvMZ = ¯^vMZ| wKš‘ ¯^vMZg kãwU‡K we‡kølY
Ki‡j nq my + AvMZg| †h‡nZz AvMZg †Kv‡bv A_©‡evaK kã bv, ZvB ¯^vMZg
¯^vMZ/my¯^vMZ/¯^vMZg/ n‡e bv| Avevi A‡b‡K e‡jb Ô¯^vMZgÕ kãwU ms¯‹…Z †_‡K G‡m‡Q, †m‡ÿ‡ÎI
180
my¯^vMZg fzj cvIqv hvq| KviY, ms¯‹…‡Z kãwU n‡jv Ô¯^vMZg&Õ| my›`i †_‡K †hgb
Ômy›`ig&Õ| Avi ¯^vMZ ev ¯^vMZg k‡ãi Av‡M bZzb K‡i my †`Iqvi `iKvi c‡o
bv| KviY, ¯^vMZ k‡ãi g‡a¨B my Av‡Q| ZvB bZzb K‡i my w`‡j A_© `vuovq my +
my + AvMZ|
`y‡UvB mwVK| mvÿi A_© ÔAÿi Ávb m¤úbœÕ| †hgb : kÖxjsKvi mvÿiZvi nvi
181 mvÿi/¯^vÿi evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvq †ewk|
¯^vÿi A_© `¯ÍLZ ev mB| †hgb : mv`v KvM‡R ¯^vÿi †`Iqv wVK bv|
evsjv mywa k‡ãi A_© †eva, †PZbv, ¯§„wZ| cÿvšÍ‡i ms¯‹…Z myax k‡ãi A_©
182 mywa I myax
gvb¨ei, wePÿY, weØvb|

mËv, mË¡, mË¡v, ¯^Z¡

mËv (we‡kl¨) mË¡/mË¡v (we‡kl¨) ¯^Z¡ (we‡kl¨)
1. ÔmËvÕ A_© we`¨gvbZv ev Aw¯ÍZ¡|
1.ÔmË¡vÕ A_© we`¨gvbZv ev Aw¯Í‡Z¡i 1. ¯^Z¡ = ¯^ + Z¡| Ô¯^Õ A_© wbR| ÔmÕ
c‡iI †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKv| e‡Y©i m‡½ e-djv hy³ n‡jB eyS‡Z n‡e
wb‡R‡K †evSv‡bv n‡”Q| myZivs Ô¯^Z¡Õ
k‡ãi A_© wb‡Ri AwaKvi ev gvwjKvbv|
2. e¨w³mËv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| mËv 2. KuvVv‡ji AvgmË¡| †g‡qwU 2. KvD‡K wKQz w`‡j ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i
wemR©b †`Iqv hv‡e bv| AšÍtmË¡v| w`‡qv| G f~wg‡Z Avgvi ¯^Z¡ (AwaKvi)
Av‡Q|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 535

evM&aviv A_© evK¨

2. begx `kv g~Q©v GKgvÎ †g‡q‡K we‡q w`‡q gv‡qi GLb begx `kv|
e¨vL¨v : `yM©v c~Rvi begx‡Z †`ex‡K wemR©b †`Iqvi Av‡qvRb P‡j, G †`‡L A‡bK f³ I c~Rvwi †`exi †kv‡K Kvbœv
K‡i, AvnvRvwi K‡i, †KDev g~Q©v hvq| ZvB g~Q©v A‡_© begx `kv evM&avivi DrcwË n‡q‡Q|
3. bq-`yqvwi Øv‡i Øv‡i wfÿv K‡i †h bq-`yqvwi‡K Lvwj nv‡Z †diZ w`‡qv bv|
e¨vL¨v : `yqvwi A_© cÖnix| bq `yqvwi A_© bq `yqv‡ii cÖnix A_©vr `yqv‡i `yqv‡i †h Ny‡i †eovq|
`yóz †jv‡Ki mgv‡e‡k
4. biK ¸jRvi wkÿK bv Avmvq QvÎQvÎxiv †kÖwYKÿ‡K biK ¸jRvi evwb‡q †d‡j‡Q|
Avmi miMig
e¨vL¨v : ¸jRvi k‡ãi A_© RvuKRgKc~Y©, RgRgvU| GKevi GK g`‡Lvi‡K GK ˆeòe eªvþY ej‡jb hviv g` Lvq
Zviv bi‡K hv‡e| ZLb g`‡Lvi GK GK K‡i Zvi cwiwPZ mKj g`‡Lvi, e¨wfPvix, Ryqvwi, Nym‡Lvi, †ek¨v BZ¨vw`
AcKg©Kvix‡`i bvg a‡i wR‡Ám Ki‡jb Zviv †Kv_vq hv‡e| ˆeòe eªvþY Reve w`‡jb, wbðq bi‡K hv‡e| GB DËi
ï‡b g`‡Lvi fxlY Lywk n‡q ejj biK †Zv †`wL Avb›` †gjv, †mLv‡b †bkv, Ryqv, †ek¨v me Av‡Q, biK †Zv ¸jRvi
n‡q hv‡e| GLvb †_‡KB miMig Kiv A‡_© biK ¸jRvi evM&avivi DrcwË n‡q‡Q|
5. bvi‡`i †XuwK weev‡`i welq AvdRvj mv‡ne bvi‡`i †XuwK n‡Z mveavb _v‡Kb|
e¨vL¨v : bvi` eªþv I mi¯^Zxi cyÎ| eªþv bvi`‡K we‡q Kivi civgk© w`‡j bvi` e‡jb bvixm‡½ a¨v‡b weNœ N‡U| eªþv
bvi‡`i cÖwZ iæó n‡q Awfkvc w`‡jb †h ¯^M© I g‡Z©¨i Kj‡ni KviY n‡e bvi`| Gici †_‡K bvi` nb †cŠivwYK
RM‡Zi mvsevw`K| Zvi KvR n‡jv gZ©¨ ev ¯^‡M© hv-B NUzK, Zv Dchy³ gvbyl ev †`e-†`exi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqv| GB
KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb gv‡S gv‡S civgk©K wn‡m‡e A_©vr DwKj n‡q KvR Ki‡Zb| wZwb g‡Z©¨ I ¯^‡M© K~Ueyw× w`‡q
cu¨vP jvMv‡Zb| wZwb ¯^‡M©-g‡Z¨© Ny‡i †eov‡Zb e‡j Zvi evnb wn‡m‡e †XuwK‡K Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY, †XuwK avb
fvbv Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv KvR K‡i bv, bvi`I msev` enb Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv KvR K‡i bv| GLvb †_‡KB †XuwK ¯^‡M©
†M‡jI avb fv‡b ev bvi‡`i †XuwK evM&avivi DrcwË n‡q‡Q|
6. wb‡Ri XvK
AvZ¥cÖKvk wb‡Ri XvK wb‡R †cUv‡bv ¯^fv‡ei †jvK Avgvi cQ›` bq|
wb‡R †cUv‡bv
e¨vL¨v : XvK n‡jv Pvgov w`‡q evbv‡bv gyL AvuUv †Xvj RvZxq e‡ov ev`¨hš¿| XvK evwR‡q wewfbœ †NvlYv †`Iqv n‡Zv,
wewfbœ Av‡`k-digvb cÖKvk Kiv n‡Zv| ZvB AvZ¥cÖKvk A‡_© wb‡Ri XvK ev wb‡Ri †Xvj wb‡R †cUv‡bv evM&avivi
DrcwË n‡q‡Q|
8. bvovey‡b g~L©, AÁ †Zvgvi g‡Zv bvovey‡b w`‡q G KvR n‡e bv|
e¨vL¨v : bvov n‡jv avb KvUvi ci avb Mv‡Qi g~j-mn †h Ask †L‡Z c‡o _v‡K| GB bvov R¡vjvwb Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv
Kv‡R jv‡M bv| GB bvov w`‡q bZzb K‡i MvQ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †bB| wKš‘ †KD hw` †mB bvov ey‡b Z‡e †mwU g~L©Zv ev
AÁZvi cwiPvqK|
9. †bvjv evov‡bv †jvf Kiv †bvjv evwo‡q jvf †bB G Rwg Zzwg cv‡e bv|
e¨vL¨v : †bvjv A_© wRnŸv ev Avnv‡ii †jvf| †bvjv evov‡bv gv‡b †jvf Kiv|
10. wb‡Ri bvK
wb‡Ri Awbó K‡iI †Zvgvi ¯^fve Avwg Rvwb, wb‡Ri bvK †K‡U c‡ii hvÎv f½ Ki‡Z Zzwg
†K‡U c‡ii hvÎv
A‡b¨i ÿwZ Kiv I¯Ív`|
f½ Kiv
e¨vL¨v : GK MÖv‡g `yB cÖwZ‡ekx wQj| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ fxlY eÜzZ¡ wQj| GKw`b Zv‡`i eÜzZ¡ †f‡O †Mj| cÖ_g eÜz fvej
cyix ågY Ki‡eb| Kqw`b cyix‡Z †_‡K G‡j gb kvšÍ n‡e| G K_v ï‡b wØZxq eÜz †eRvq †eRvi| wØZxq eÜz wPšÍv
Kij †hfv‡eB †nvK cÖ_g eÜzi hvÎv f½ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g eÜz hLb cyixi D‡Ï‡k hvÎv Ki‡e ZLb wØZxq eÜz cÖ_g
eÜzi mvg‡b G‡m wb‡Ri bvK †K‡U †d‡j| hvÎvc‡_ bvK KvUv †jvK `k©b Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q e‡j cÖ_g eÜz Zvi hvÎv f½
Kij| G NUbv †_‡K wb‡Ri Awbó K‡iI A‡b¨i ÿwZ Kiv A‡_© wb‡Ri bvK †K‡U c‡ii hvÎv f½ Kiv evM&avivi
DrcwË n‡q‡Q|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 576

µwgK A_© evM&aviv

26 QUdU Kiv AKUweKU, AvuKzcvuKz Kiv, Lvwe LvIqv|
27 VKv‡bv †Pv‡L ay‡jv †`Iqv, RK †`Iqv|
wKw®‹Ü¨vKvÐ, Kziæ‡ÿÎ, LÐ cÖjq, `ÿhÁ e¨vcvi, ayÜzgvi KvÐ, j¼vKvÐ, 濫-wb¢i
28 Zzgyj KvÐ
hy×|
AvgovMvwQ Kiv, L‡qi Lvu, Rj DuPz Rj wbPz, Uzwc civ‡bv, Xv‡Ki KvwV, †Zj gv_v,
29 †Zvlv‡gv` Kiv
avgvaiv, †cvu aiv|
30 `ye©j/†ivMv AvUv‡k †Q‡j, DbcuvRy‡i, L¨vsivKvwV, ZvjcvZvi †mcvB|
31 `yj©f e¯‘ Agvem¨vi Pvu`, AvKv‡ki Pvu`, Av‡jqvi Av‡jv, Wzgy‡ii dzj, ev‡Ni †PvL, ev‡Ni `ya|
32 bM` A_© KvuPv cqmv, bM` bvivqY|
33 bMb¨/mvgvb¨ DjyLvMov, G‡j‡e‡j, †KI‡KUv, PU‡Ki gvsm, we›`ywemM©|
34 wb‡ev©a/†evKv ANvPÐx, ANvivg, AMvKvšÍ, Anvivg, AvKvU g~L©, D‡`vgviv, †XuwK AeZvi, eyw×i †XuwK|
35 wbj©¾/†envqv KvbKvUv, `yKvbKvUv, Pkg‡Lvi, weov‡ji AvovB cv|
36 dvuwK †`Iqv Kjv †`Lv‡bv, MÐvq AvÐv †`Iqv, jeW¼v|
es‡k eû †jvK, Kjwgi Svo, ive‡Yi †Mvôx|
37
e‡ov cwievi
38 wec‡` w`‡knviv S‡ov KvK, †Pv‡L AÜKvi †`Lv, †Pv‡L mi‡l dzj †`Lv|
Avav †LuPov, KvMveMv, †Mvjgv‡j PÐxcvV, QwÎk Rv‡Zi KvÐ, RMv wLPzwo, ZzwK© bvPb,
39 wek„•Ljv
bq-Qq, j•KvKvÐ, n-h-e-i-j|
40 e„×/eq¯‹ †jvK wZb gv_v GK nIqv, wZb‡V‡O|
Kvcy‡o evey, Zzjmx e‡bi evN, wgQwii Qywi, eKavwg©K, eY©‡Pviv, weovjZc¯^x, †fRv
41 fÐ/KcUPvix
weovj|
42 fxlY kÎæZv AwnbKzj m¤úK©, Av`vq-KvuPKjvq, `v-Kzgov m¤^Ü, mv‡c-†bD‡j
43 fxlY wec` A_B Rj, AvZvšÍ‡i cov|
44 g›`fvM¨ AóKcvj, AvUKcv‡j, Bu`yiKcv‡j, KvuwR fÿY bv‡g †Mvqvjv, LÐKcvj|
45 gviv hvIqv A°v cvIqv, AbšÍkh¨v, c‡Uvj †Zvjv, cÂZ¡cÖvwß, fejxjv mv½ Kiv, wk‡O †duvKv |
46 jvRyK gyL †Pviv, †gwbgy‡Lv|
NyNy Piv‡bv, Qzwi gviv, Wvj fvOv evu`i, `dvidv Kiv, cvKv av‡b gB, ciKvj SiS‡i
47 me©bvk Kiv
Kiv, wfUvq NyNy Pivb|
48 mvaviY †jvK Av`vi e¨vcvix, Av`v‡ii nvuwo, DjyLvMov, Pz‡bvcyuwU|
49 ¯úófvlx †VvuU KvUv, gyL‡dvo|
my`k©b wKš‘ be KvwZ©K, b‡`i Pvu`, gvKvj dj, ivOv gy‡jv, j°v cvqiv, †jdvdv `yi¯Í|
50
Ac`v_©
51 my›`i wgjb Avg `y‡a †gkv, gwYKvÂb‡hvM, gvwbK‡Rvo, †mvbvq †mvnvMv, ivR‡hvUK|
52 mymg‡qi eÜz `y‡ai gvwQ, em‡šÍi †KvwKj, my‡Li cvqiv, j²xi eihvÎx|
GKv`‡k e„n¯úwZ, Kcvj †djv, Kwo Kcv‡j, †RvoKcvj, Pvu` Kcv‡j, cv_‡i cvuP
53 †mŠfvM¨
wKj, †cvqvev‡iv, jMb Pvu`, weov‡ji fv‡M¨ wkKv †Quov|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 593

µwgK evM&aviv A_©

nvZcvKv‡bv Af¨vm Øviv `ÿZv AR©b
nvZ-cv †Q‡o †`Iqv nZvk nIqv, wb‡ðó nIqv
nvZ cvZv mvnvh¨ PvIqv, wfÿv Kiv
nvZ evov‡bv †jvf Kiv
nvZfvix K…cY
nvZ jvMv‡bv Kv‡R cÖe„Ë nIqv
nv‡ZLwo wkÿvi m~Pbv
nv‡Zi cvuP †kl m¤^j, GKgvÎ Dcvq
nv‡Zi j²x cv‡q V¨vjv †njvq myhvM bó Kiv
nvwZ I †Nvov weivU wKQz
nvwZ †cvlv AZ¨šÍ e¨qmva¨ KvR
nvwZi †LvivK weivU LiP
nvwZi Mjvq NÈv eq¯‹ e‡ii evwjKv ea~
59 nvwZ/n¯Íx
nvwZi cvuP cv †`Lv AnsKvi †eva Kiv
n¯Íxg~L© AwZkq g~L©, AZ¨šÍ wb‡e©va
A‡Üi nvwZ †`Lv †Kv‡bv wKQz m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv bv wb‡q ïay
Askwe‡kl ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i m¤ú~Y© wel‡q gZ †`Iqv
nvo Kvwj nIqv AZ¨šÍ `ytLKó †fvM Kiv
nvowKc‡U/nvoK…cY AwZ K…cY ¯^fvewewkó
nvowMjv/nvowM‡j †ivMv I nvwÇmvi
nvowRiwR‡i K¼vjmvi
nvo Ryov‡bv kvwšÍ cvIqv, ¯^w¯Í jvf Kiv
nvo R¡vjv‡bv µgvMZ R¡vjvZb Kiv
nvocvKv cvKvwg‡Z wm×n¯Í
60 nvo
nvofvOv K‡Vvi I kÖgmva¨
nvogvsm Aw¯’ I gvsm
nvonÏ bvwobÿÎ, me Z_¨
nvonvfv‡Z m¤ú~Y© wbt¯^, j²xQvov, nZfvM¨
nv‡o `~e©v MRv‡bv AZ¨šÍ Ajm nIqv
nv‡o nv‡o †Pbv gg©vwšÍKfv‡e cwiPq Rvbv
nv‡o evZvm jvMv kvwšÍ cvIqv
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 594

wewmGm wjwLZ cixÿvi cÖ‡kœvËi

44Zg wewmGm (KvwiMwi I †ckvMZ K¨vWvi)
cÖkœ-1 : wb‡Pi evM&aviv¸‡jvi A_©mn evK¨ wjLyb :
AvUKcv‡j, KzjKv‡Vi Av¸b, GK gv‡N kxZ hvq bv, AvVv‡iv gv‡m eQi, ARMie„wË, bq-Qq
DËi :
evM&aviv A_© evK¨
AvUKcv‡j nZfvM¨ evevi c‡i gvI gviv †M‡jb| †Zvgvi g‡Zv AvUKcv‡j Avi †`wLwb|
KzjKv‡Vi Av¸b Zxeª R¡vjv eD P‡j hvIqvi c‡ii iwn‡gi g‡b KzjKv‡Vi Av¸b R¡j‡Q|
GK gv‡N kxZ hvq bv wec` evi evi gnvgvwi P‡j hvIqvq Am‡PZb n‡j Pj‡e bv, g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e GK gv‡N
Av‡m kxZ hvq bv|
AvVv‡iv gv‡m eQi `xN©m~wÎZv/Kzu‡o Zzwg hZw`b bv AvVv‡iv gv‡m eQi gvbwmKZv e`jvI ZZw`b ch©šÍ
¯^fve fv‡jv wKQz n‡e bv|
ARMie„wË Avj‡mwg ARMie„wË ev` w`‡q cov‡jLvq g‡bv‡hvM w`‡j PvKwi cvIqv hv‡e|
bq-Qq Ace¨q miKvwi A_© bq-Qq Kivi Kvi‡Y Kwig mv‡ne mvgwqK eiLv¯Í n‡q‡Qb|

44Zg wewmGm (mvaviY K¨vWvi)

cÖkœ-2 : wb‡Pi evM&aviv¸‡jvi A_©mn evK¨ wjLyb :
†KD‡KUv, N‡ii kÎæ wefxlY, MÇwjKv cÖevn, †Mv-g~L©, R‡j Kzwgi WvOvq evN, mvÿx †Mvcvj
DËi :
evM&aviv A_© evK¨
†KD‡KUv mvgvb¨ KvD‡K bv †R‡b †KD‡KUv fvev DwPZ bq|
N‡ii kÎæ wefxlY Af¨šÍixY kÎæ gxi Rvdi wQj N‡ii kÎæ wefxlY|
MÇwjKv cÖevn AÜ AbyKiY MÇwjKv cÖev‡n Mv fvwm‡q gvbnxb †KvwPs‡q fwZ© bv n‡q wb‡R wb‡R
c‡ov, †`L‡e A‡bK fv‡jv Ki‡e|
†Mv-g~L© wb‡iU g~L© †Mv-g~L©‡`i m‡½ Z‡K© Rwo‡q wb‡Ri gvbm¤§vb bó Kivi †Kv‡bv gv‡b nq
bv|
R‡j Kzwgi WvOvq evN Dfq msKU gv co‡Z ej‡Qb Avi evev ej‡Qb evRv‡i †h‡Z, G‡KB e‡j R‡j Kzwgi
WvOvq evN|
mvÿx †Mvcvj wbw®Œq `k©K gvby‡li wec‡` KL‡bv GwM‡q †h‡Z †`Ljvg bv †Zvgvq, †Zvgvi g‡Zv
mvÿx †Mvcvj w`‡q Avi hv-B †nvK gvby‡li DcKvi n‡e bv|
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 634

`yB ci
▪ `yB w`‡K Ac hvi = Øxc ▪ ci‡K AvkÖq K‡i evu‡P †h = ciRxex
▪ `yB b`xi ga¨eZx© ¯’vb = †`vqve ▪ ci‡K cÖwZcvwjZ K‡i †h = cif…r (KvK)
▪ `yB i_xi hy× = ˆØi_ ▪ c‡ii Øviv cvwjZ nq †h = cif…Z (†KvwKj)
▪ `yB evi R‡b¥ †h = wØR ▪ c‡ii kÖx (fv‡jv) †`L‡Z cv‡i bv †h = cikÖxKvZi
▪ `yB evi dj a‡i †h Mv‡Q = †`vdjv KbwdDkb : cif…r A_© KvK, g‡b ivLyb KvK †evKv,
▪ `yB nvZ mgvb P‡j hvi = me¨mvPx A‡b¨i ev”Pv cvjb K‡i, ZvB cif…r evbv‡b LÐ-r
▪ `yB‡qi g‡a¨ GKwU = Ab¨Zi em‡e| cÿvšÍ‡i †KvwKj PvjvK, ZvB cif…Z evbv‡b
▪ eûi g‡a¨ GKwU = Ab¨Zg Av¯Í-Z e‡m|
aŸwb cybtcyb
▪ AwZ D”P aŸwb = gnvbv` ▪ cybtcyb R¡j‡Q hv = RvR¡j¨gvb
▪ Ae¨³ gayi aŸwb = KjZvb ▪ cybtcyb `xwß cv‡”Q hv = †``xc¨gvb
▪ AjsKv‡ii aŸwb = wkÄb ▪ cybtcyb `yj‡Q hv = †`v`yj¨gvb
▪ A‡k¦i aŸwb = †n«lv ▪ cybtcyb †iv`b Ki‡Q †h = †iviæ`¨gvb
▪ Avb›`RbK aŸwb = bw›`‡Nvl cyiæl
▪ KK©k aŸwb = †µ¼vi ▪ cyiæ‡li DÏvg b„Z¨ = ZvÐe
▪ M¤¢xi aŸwb = wb‡N©vl, g›`ª ▪ cyiæ‡li KY©f~lY = exi‡eŠwj
▪ b~cy‡ii aŸwb = wbK¡Y
▪ cyiæ‡li KwUeÜ = mivmb
▪ †Zv‡ci aŸwb = ¸o–g
▪ †h cyiæl we‡q K‡i‡Q = K…Z`vi
▪ aby‡Ki aŸwb = UsKvi
▪ †h cyiæl we‡q K‡iwb = AK…Z`vi
▪ cvwLi aŸwb (KjZvb) = K~Rb, KvKwj
▪ †h cyiæ‡li †Pnviv my›`i = my`k©b
▪ exYvi aŸwb = SsKvi
▪ †h cyiæ‡li eû cZœx Av‡Q = eûcZœxK
▪ ex‡ii aŸwb = ûsKvi
▪ †h cyiæl ¯¿xi ekxf~Z = ˆ¯¿Y
▪ åg‡ii aŸwb = ¸Äb
▪ cÖ_g ¯¿x RxweZ _vKvi c‡iI †h cyiæl wØZxqevi weevn
▪ †g‡Ni aŸwb = Rxg~Zg›`ª
K‡i‡Q = Awa‡eËv
▪ ïK‡bv cvZvi aŸwb = gg©i
▪ wms‡ni aŸwb = bv` dmj
▪ †mZv‡ii aŸwb = wKw¼wY ▪ ˆPÎ gv‡m Drcbœ dmj = ˆPZvwj
cÙ ▪ †cŠl gv‡m Drcbœ dmj = †cŠlvwj
▪ c‡Ùi bvj/WvUv = g„Yvj ▪ †ngšÍKv‡j Drcbœ dmj = ˆngwšÍK
▪ c‡Ùi Svo = g„Yvwjbx WvK
▪ bxj e‡Y©i cÙ = Bw›`ei ▪ KzKz‡ii WvK = ey°b
▪ jvj e‡Y©i cÙ = †KvKb` ▪ †KvwK‡ji WvK = Kzû
▪ †k¦Z e‡Y©i cÙ = cyÐixK ▪ cvwLi WvK = K~Rb
ch©šÍ ▪ c¨vuPvi WvK = N~rKvi
▪ Avw` †_‡K AšÍ ch©šÍ = Av`¨šÍ, Av‡`¨vcvšÍ ▪ gq~‡ii WvK = †KKv
▪ KwU‡`k †_‡K c`Zj ch©šÍ = AatKvq ▪ †gvi‡Mi WvK = kKzwbev`
▪ Rvby ch©šÍ jw¤^Z = AvRvbyjw¤^Z ▪ e¨v‡Oi WvK = gKgwK
▪ cv †_‡K gv_v ch©šÍ = Avcv`g¯ÍK ▪ ev‡Ni WvK = MR©b
▪ bvwf †_‡K jw¤^Z = jjwšÍKv ▪ ivRnvu‡mi WvK = †µ¼vi
▪ mgy`ª †_‡K wngvjq ch©šÍ = Avmmgy`ªwngvPj ▪ n¯Íxi WvK = e„swnZ, e„snY
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 637

wewfbœ wb‡qvM cixÿvi cÖ‡kœvËi

10. Ôhv mn‡R AwZµg Kiv hvq bv|Õ G evK¨vs‡ki mswÿß
wewmGm cixÿvi cÖ‡kœvËi iƒc Kx? [20Zg wewmGm; Bmjvgx e¨vsK, wdì Awdmvi,
1. Ôg„wËKv w`‡q ˆZwi|Õ K_vwU ms‡KvPb Ki‡j n‡e- AviwWGm, 2013; ivRkvnx K…wl e¨vsK, Awdmvi, 2012]
[44Zg wewmGm; Gw·g e¨vsK, Awdmvi (K¨vk), 2011] K AbwZµg¨ L Aj•N¨
K Zb¥q L gb¥q M `yiwZµg¨ N `yM©g D. M
M g„b¥q N wPb¥q D. M `ªóe¨ : Kó K‡i AwZµg Ki‡Z nq Ggb = `yj©•N¨/
2. †KvbwU ÔwRMxlvÕ-Gi m¤úªmvwiZ cÖKvk? [44Zg wewmGm; `yiwZµg
ivwe, O-BDwbU, 2014-15; hye Dbœqb Awa`ßi, †µwWU, 2019] 11. Ôhv wPi¯’vqx bq- [16Zg wewmGm (wkÿv)]
K RvwbeviB”Qv L Rq Kwievi B”Qv K A¯’vqx L ÿwYK
M nbb Kwievi B”Qv N hy× Kwievi B”Qv D. L M ÿY¯’vqx N bk^i D. N
3. ÔwRRxwelvÕ kãwUi A_© Kx? [43Zg wewmGm; 40Zg 12. †h f~wg‡Z dmj Rb¥vq bv- [15Zg wewmGm; c~evjx e¨vsK,
wewmGm; Rvwe, M-BDwbU, 2019-20] Rywbqi Awdmvi (K¨vk), 2021]
K Rxebbv‡ki B”Qv L †eu‡P _vKvi B”Qv K cwZZ L Abye©i
M Rxeb‡K Rvbvi B”Qv N Rxeb-RxweKvi c_ D. L M Eli N eܨv D. M
4. Ôwhwb b¨vqkv¯¿ Rv‡bbÕ-Gi GKK_vq cÖKvwkZ iƒc 13. Ôhv c~‡e© wQj GLb †bB|Õ GKK_vq wK n‡e? [13Zg
wewmGm; Bmjvgx e¨vsK Awdmvi, AviwWGm 2013; Bwe, M-BDwbU,
n‡jv- [42Zg wewmGm; Xvwe, K-BDwbU, 2019-20] 2004-05]
K b¨vqevMxk L ˆbqvwqK K Ac~e© L A`„óc~e©
M b¨vqcvj N b¨vqF× D. L M Af‚Zc~e© N f~Zc~e© D. N
5. Ô†cÖvwlZfZ…©KvÕ kãwUi A_© Kx? [40Zg wewmGm; ivwe, B- 14. Ôÿgvi †hvM¨Õ-Gi evK¨ ms‡KvPb- [12Zg wewmGm]
BDwbU, 2017-18] K ÿgvn© L ÿgvcÖv_x©
K fr©mbvcÖvß ZiæYx M ÿgv N ÿgvcÖ` D. K
L †h bvixi ¯^vgx we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i
M f‚wg‡Z †cÖvw_Z Ziæg~j we‡RGm cixÿvi cÖ‡kœvËi
N †h weevwnZv bvix wcÎvj‡q Ae¯’vb K‡i D. L
1. ÔK_vq eY©bv Kiv hvq bv hv|Õ GB ev‡K¨i mswÿß iƒc
6. Ô†h A‡b¨i †jLv Pzwi K‡iÕ Zv‡K GKK_vq ejv nq-
Kx? [8g we‡RGm (mnKvix RR); Xvwe Awafz³ 7 K‡jR, we-
[40Zg wewmGm]
BDwbU, 2022-23]
K †eZme„wË L cZ½e„wË
K eY©bvZxZ L Awbe©Pbxq
M R‡jŠKve„wË N Kzw¤¢jKe„wË D. N M AeY©bxq N wbe©Pbxq D. L
7. Ôbó nIqvi ¯^fve hvi|Õ GKK_vq n‡e- [25Zg wewmGm] 2. ÔAkxwZciÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? [5g we‡RGm (mnKvix RR)]
K wb`vN L bk^i K kxZ mn¨ Ki‡Z Aÿg
M bógvb N webk^i D. L L Avwk eQ‡ii †ewk eq‡mi e¨w³
8. ÔAwÿi mgx‡cÕ-Gi ms‡ÿcY n‡jv- [24Zg wewmGm; M kx‡Z KvZi bq Ggb e¨w³
cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK, Awdmvi, 2021; evsjv‡`k nvDR wewìs N cÖvPxb a¨vb aviYvq wek¦vmx e¨w³ D. L
dvBb¨vÝ K‡c©v‡ikb, wmwbqi Awdmvi, 2011] 3. ÔK~‡ji mgx‡cÕ-Gi ms‡ÿc Kx? [4_© we‡RGm (mnKvix
K mgÿ L c‡ivÿ RR)]
M cÖZ¨ÿ N wbi‡cÿ D. K K AbyK‚j L cÖwZK~j
9. ÔK‡g© hvnvi K¬vwšÍ bvB|Õ GB evK¨vs‡ki mswÿß iƒc M mgK‚j N DcK‚j D. N
Kx? [21Zg wewmGm] 4. Ôw`b I iv‡Zi mwÜÿY|Õ GKK_vq Kx n‡e? [mnKvix
K K¬vwšÍnxb L AK¬všÍ RR, cÖv_wgK cixÿv, 2007]
M AK¬všÍ Kgx© N AwekÖvg D. M K Acivý L mܨv
M mvqvý N †Mva~wj D. N
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 672

c„w_ex ce©Z ivRv

gwn gwnai gwnB›`, gwnc, gwncvj, gwnbv_
†gw`bx †gw`bxai -
emyav emyavai -
f~ f~ai f~c, f~cwZ
k„½ (wkLv ev P~ov) k„½ai -
➢ †UKwbK : 22| k‡ãi †k‡l ÔaiÕ hy³ n‡j mgy`ª, †gN, Pvu`, mvc I cvwLi mgv_©K kã n‡Z cv‡i :
mgy`ª †gN Pvu` mvc cvwL
evwiai Rjai, A¤^yai, bxiai, †Zvqai, cqai kkai welai, dYvai cÿai
➢ †UKwbK : 23| cvwbi mgv_©K k‡ãi m‡½ †k‡l ÔaiÕ, ÔKiÕ, Ô`Õ, ÔMf©Õ, ÔgyKÕ ÔevnÕ, ÔnK, ÔnbÕ, ÔZ¯‹iÕ hy³ n‡j
†g‡Ni k‡ãi mgv_©K kã n‡e Avevi cvwb k‡ãi mgv_©K k‡ãi m‡½ ÔwbwaÕ, (wbwa k‡ãi A_© Avavi ev ¯’vb) ÔwaÕ,
ÔivwkÕ, ÔB›`ªÕ, Ôbv_Õ I ÔCkÕ †hvM K‡i mgy‡`ªi mgv_©K kã n‡e| †hgb :
cvwb k‡ãi mgv_©K kã †gN k‡ãi mgv_©K kã mgy`ª k‡ãi mgv_©K kã
A¤^y A¤^y`, A¤^yai, A¤^yevn, A¤^yevnx, A¤^ywa, A¤^ywbwa, A¤^ybv_, A¤^yivwk
A¤¢ A‡¤¢v` A‡¤¢vwa, A‡¤¢vwbwa
D`K D`wa D`wa
Rj Rj`, Rjai, RjKi¼, RjgyK Rjwa, Rjwbwa
bxi bxi`, bxiai bxiwa, bxiwbwa
†Zvq †Zvq`, †Zvqai †Zvqwa, †Zvqwbwa, †Zvqivwk
cqt c‡qv`, c‡qvai, c‡qvgyK c‡qvwa, c‡qvwbwa
evwi evwi`, evwiMf©, evwigyK, evwievn, evwiwa, evix›`ª, evwibv_, evixk
evwievnK, evwievnb, evwiZ¯‹i
e¨wZµg : evwiai mgy`ª k‡ãi cÖwZkã| ÔevwiwbwaÕ k‡ãi A_© †gN| Ôcqw¯^bxÕ b`xi mgv_©K kã|

wewfbœ wb‡qvM cixÿvi cÖ‡kœvËi

wewmGm cixÿvi cÖ‡kœvËi 6. ÔcÖKl©Õ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã- [36Zg wewmGm]
1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ÔAwMœÕ-Gi mgv_©K kã bq? [44Zg wewmGm] K DrKl©Zv L AcKl©
K ewý L Avexi M DrKl© N AcKl©Zv D. M
M evqymLv N ˆek¦vbi D. L 7. †KvbwU ÔAwMœÕ-Gi mgv_©K kã bq? [33Zg wewmGm]
2. ÔZv¤^ywjKÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã bq †KvbwU? [39Zg wewmGm] K cveK L ˆek¦vbi
K ZvgwmK L eviæB M me©ïwP N cÖR¡wjZ D. N
M cvb-e¨emvqx N cY©Kvi D. K 8. Ôe„ÿÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã †KvbwU? [32Zg wewmGm]
3. ÔAv¸bÕ-Gi mgv_©K kã †KvbwU? [39Zg wewmGm] K Kjvcx L bxiwa
K fvwZ L Abj M weUcx N Aewb D. M
M Asï N †R¨vwZ D. L 9. ÔAw`wZÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã bq †KvbwU? [32Zg wewmGm]
4. Ô†`nÕ k‡ãi mgv_©K bq †KvbwU? [39Zg wewmGm] K c„_¡x L bxi
K MvÎ L Mv M wÿwZ N Aewb D. L
M Zby N †bÎ D. N 10. ÔwkLÐxÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? [32Zg wewmGm]
5. Ôm~h©Õ k‡ãi mgv_©K kã †KvbwU? [38Zg wewmGm] K KeyZi L †KvwKj
K AY©e L AK© M Li‡Mvk N gq~i D. N
M cÖm~b N cjøe D. L
evsjvwe` (e¨vKiY) 704

Aa¨vq : DbPwjøk

kãv_© A_©Z‡Ë¡ Av‡jvwPZ nq| cÖavbZ wZbwU Dcv‡q k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZ©b nq| h_v : A‡_©i cÖmviY, A‡_©i ms‡KvPb,
A‡_©i iƒcvšÍi ev ms‡kølY| e¯‘Z cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvi Rb¨ AvZ¥¯’ Kiv mgv_©K kã, wecixZv_©K kã, cÖwZkã,
evM&aviv †_‡K A‡bK k‡ãi A_© Rvbv n‡q hvq| GLv‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kãv_© †`Iqv n‡jv :
A ▪ AbxK : ˆmb¨, hy× ▪ Awi›`g : kÎæ‡K `gb K‡i †h
▪ AKg©Y¨ : †h †Kv‡bv KvR K‡i bv ▪ AbyeZ©b : AbymiY ▪ AiæY : m~h©
▪ AK¯§vr : mnmv, nVvr ▪ A‡š^lY : mÜvb ▪ AjL : Ajÿ, `„wói A‡MvP‡i
▪ AKvjKz®§vÐ : Ac`v_© ▪ Acivnè : we‡Kj ▪ Aj‡ÿ¨ : †Mvc‡b, †KD †`‡L bv
▪ AKz¯’j : NUbv¯’j ▪ Acjvc : wg_¨v Ggb
▪ Aÿg : Amg_©, AcUz ▪ Acms¯‹…wZ : †bwZevPK ms¯‹…wZ ▪ AjxK : wg_¨v
▪ AÿzYœ : hv GLbI ÿzYœ nqwb ev ▪ Acv½ : `„wó‡KvY, †Pv‡Li cÖvšÍfvM ▪ Akb : Avnvi
fv‡Owb ▪ Ac~e© : A™¢yZ, AvRe, Avðh© ▪ Awkó : Amf¨, Af`ª
▪ AMZ¨v : eva¨ n‡q ▪ A‡cvMÐ : bvevjK ▪ Ak¥ : cv_i
▪ AwMœ : Av¸b ▪ AcÖwZf : AcÖ¯‘Z ▪ Ak^ : †Nvov
▪ AwMœwcÐ : Av¸‡bi †Mvjv ▪ AeKvk : Aemi ▪ Akixix : †`nnxb ev wbivKvi
▪ A‡MvPi : A‡`Lv ▪ Ae¸Éb : †NvgUv †`Iqv ▪ Aócv` : gvKomv
▪ AMÖYx : cÖeZ©K, cÖavb, †kÖô ▪ AeÁv : Agh©v`v, we`ªæc ▪ Aói¤¢v : dvuwK ev k~b¨
▪ AN©¨ : c~Rvi DcKiY ▪ AebZ : wbPz ▪ Amvo : Ávbk~b¨, Ávbnxb
▪ AwQ : AwffveK ▪ Ae‡i-me‡i : mg‡q-Amg‡q ▪ Awm : A¯¿ ev Zv‡jvqvi ev K…cvY
▪ AÁ : AwkwÿZ, AÁvb, g~L© ▪ Aejxjvµ‡g : Abvqv‡m, mn‡R ▪ Aw¯ÍZ¡ev` : mËvi we`¨gvb ¯^xKvi
▪ AZjZv : MfxiZv ▪ Aek¨¤¢vex : wbðq NU‡e Ggb wKQz Ki|
▪ AZ›`ª : Z›`ªvnxb ev Nygnxb ▪ AevPx : `w¶Y w`K Av
▪ AZ¨waK : AcwiwgZ ▪ Ae©vPxb : g~L© ev Kwbô ev AcK¡ ▪ AvIjvNi : emvi Ni
▪ AwZµvšÍ : †d‡j Avmv, AZxZ, ▪ AwekÖvšÍ : AK¬všÍ, AbeiZ, ▪ AvsivLv : j¤^v I wX‡j-Xvjv †cvkvK
MZ wekªvg bv †bIqv ▪ AvuZvuZ : ci¯úi eÜzZ¡
▪ AwZkq : AZ¨šÍ ▪ AwewgkÖ : weï× ▪ AvwKÂb : †Póv ev Kvgbv, AvMÖn
▪ AwZmvi : D`ivgq ▪ AwewnZ : AbywPZ ▪ AvKxY© : cwic~Y©, e¨vß, Qov‡bv
▪ AÎ : GLv‡b ▪ Aweivg : AbeiZ ▪ AvKzÂb : m‡¼vPb
▪ A`„k¨ : `„wói A‡MvPi ▪ Awfivg : my›`i ▪ AvKzj : e¨vKzj
▪ AagY© : FYx ev FYMÖnxZv ▪ Awfwb‡ek : g‡bv‡hvM ▪ Avos : nvU-evRvi ev ‡gjv
▪ Aaybv : eZ©gvb ▪ Aå : GK ai‡bi LwbR avZz ev ▪ Avwo : Av‡µvk
▪ AbUb : `vwi`ª¨, ˆ`b¨ †gN, AvKvk ▪ Av`Z : Avmj, cÖK…Z
▪ AbšÍ : AšÍnxb, Amxg ▪ Aå‡f`x : AvKvk‡f`Kvix ev ▪ Av`vIwZ : kÎæZv, we‡Øl
▪ AbjKYv : Av¸‡bi ùzwj½ AvKvkPz¤^x ▪ Avavi : ¯’vb
▪ Abvwej : ¯^”Q, cwi®‹vi ▪ AgiveZx : ¯^M© ev ¯^Mx©q D`¨vb ▪ Avuavi : AÜKvi
▪ Awb‡KZ : M„nnxb ev QbœQov ▪ A‡gvN : Ae¨_©, mv_©K, Aek¨¤¢vex ▪ Avbcovn& : hv‡`i †Kvb
▪ Awbe©Pbxq : hv eY©bv Kiv hvq ▪ AjKvb›`v : ¯^Mx©q b`x| cov‡kvbv †bB
bv, eY©bvZxZ ▪ AivwZ ev ˆeix : kÎæ
▪ AwbóKi : ÿwZKi