(Case Study) - Parañaque City-Group2-Planning 3

De La Salle University-Dasmariñas
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT
Dasmariñas, Cavite
T-ARCH422
PLANNING 3: URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
A CASE STUDY OF “PARAÑAQUE CITY”
SUBMITTED BY:
DOCTOR, MARIZZA ELLICE
DURAC, MIKAELA MAE
FRANCISCO, DESIREE HEART
GONZAGA, MARIAH MITZI
QUIJANO, ALECKSIS MAJE
SECTION:
ARC42
DATE SUBMITTED:
MAY 20, 2024
SUBMITTED TO:
AR. DON G. DE VERA, UAP

Dasmariñas, Cavite
I. SITE LOCATION INFORMATION: PARAÑAQUE CITY
Parañaque City: Overview and Geographic Location
Parañaque City, located in Metro Manila, Philippines, is a highly urbanized city known for its
vibrant neighborhoods and diverse attractions. Situated to the southwest part of Metro
Manila, Parañaque is bordered by Pasay to the north, Manila Bay to the west, Las Piñas and
Muntinlupa to the south, and Taguig to the east. The city is predominantly residential,
featuring large subdivisions such as the affluent BF Homes, which spans areas in Las Piñas
and part of Muntinlupa (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015).
Population and Climate
According to the 2015 census, Parañaque City has a population of 665,822 people, making
it a densely populated urban area within Metro Manila (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015).
The city experiences a tropical climate with two distinct seasons: wet from July to September
and dry from October to June. Parañaque receives an average annual rainfall of 1,822
millimeters and has an average daily maximum temperature of 34.4 °C (Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, n.d.).
Landmarks and Developments
Parañaque City is home to several notable landmarks and developments. One of its most
prominent features is the PAGCOR Entertainment City, a sprawling gaming and
entertainment complex developed by the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation.
Spanning an area of 8 km2 (3.1 sq mi) in the Bay City area, the Entertainment City houses
four large integrated resorts, including Solaire Resort & Casino, City of Dreams Manila,
Okada Manila, and the soon-to-be-completed Westside City Resorts World (PAGCOR, n.d.).
Additionally, Parañaque boasts the Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange (PITX), a

modern public transport terminal, and the Aseana City business district development, which
Dasmariñas, Cavite
includes Ayala Malls Manila Bay (Department of Transportation, n.d.). These developments
contribute to Parañaque's status as a dynamic and rapidly growing urban center within Metro
Manila.
II. DESIGN OBJECTIVE / DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Based on Parañaque City's needs:
● Sustainable Development: Parañaque City faces issues such as traffic

congestion and flooding. To address these challenges, strategic urban
planning, improved public transportation, and alternative routes are essential.
It also faces challenges such as waste management. Initiatives for waste
management, tree planting, and pollution control contribute to the city’s
commitment to environmental sustainability. Sustainable design principles that
prioritize eco-friendliness and resource efficiency can be beneficial.
● Community-Oriented Design: Consider designs that promote interaction,

and social spaces, and cater to the needs of diverse residents.
● Resilient Design: Parañaque City is prone to earthquakes and typhoons.

Incorporate features that ensure structural integrity and minimize damage
during natural disasters.
● Public Safety and Security: Parañaque has implemented measures to

enhance public safety and security. Collaborative efforts with law enforcement
agencies and community engagement programs contribute to a safe and
secure environment for residents.
III. METHODOLOGY
I. Data Collection and Analysis:
● Demographics: Compile information about the population's size, age

distribution, income levels, and makeup of households. The
requirements and preferences of various population segments are
identified with the use of this information.
● Traffic Patterns: Examine the flow of traffic, areas of congestion,
peak travel times, and forms of transportation. Plan public
transportation and infrastructure upgrades with the help of traffic data.
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● Environmental Data: Examine environmental elements such as

natural habitats, green areas, water bodies, and air quality. Think
about mitigation and resilience methods to climate change.
● Existing Infrastructure: Examine the state and functionality of public
buildings, utilities, roads, and bridges. Determine which regions need
to be developed, expanded, or maintained.
II. Community Engagement:
● Arrange focus groups and workshops with locals, company owners,

and leaders of the community. Talk about their goals, worries, and
vision for the city. Promote teamwork and engaged involvement.
● Use surveys to collect quantitative information about the preferences,
travel habits, and level of satisfaction with current amenities of the
residents. Make decisions about planning based on this input.
● Involve Local Organizations, Schools, Religious Institutions, and
NGOs as Stakeholders. Their observations help improve the planning
procedure.
III. Multi-disciplinary Collaboration:
● Architects and Urban Designers: Collaborate with architects to

create aesthetically pleasing and functional urban spaces. Consider
principles of walkability, mixed land use, and green design.
● Engineers: Employ civil engineers in the planning and execution of
infrastructure projects. Verify that utilities, drainage systems,
roadways, and bridges all adhere to safety and efficiency regulations.
● Urban Planners: Urban planners play a central role in land use
zoning, density regulations, and spatial organization. They balance
economic development with environmental conservation.
● Environmental Scientists: Involve specialists in biodiversity
preservation, sustainable resource management, and environmental
impact assessments. Their knowledge informs environmentally
conscious planning.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
IV. CASE STUDIES
Case Study 1: Intramuros Redevelopment Project
Key Features:
● Adaptive Reuse: This project transformed historic buildings within Intramuros,

breathing new life into them as museums, restaurants, and hotels. This
approach preserved cultural heritage while creating economic opportunities.
● Tourism Boost: The revitalized Intramuros attracts tourists, generating
revenue for local businesses and promoting cultural appreciation.
● Community Integration: The project strives to create a space that caters to
tourists and residents, fostering a sense of community ownership.
Application to the Project:
● Consideration is given to incorporating existing structures or historical

elements in Parañaque City into the project. This may involve adaptive reuse
of old buildings, seamlessly integrating them into the new development.
● In the case of catering to tourism, efforts are made to ensure that the project
complements the existing attractions in Parañaque City, thereby creating a
cohesive experience for visitors.
● Exploration of ways to integrate the project into the surrounding community is
underway. This includes ensuring that it serves the needs of residents and
promotes local businesses effectively.
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Strengths of the Project:
1. Historical Significance: Intramuros is a historical and cultural landmark in Manila, with

rich colonial architecture and significant historical sites. Redevelopment aims to
preserve and showcase this heritage.
2. Tourism Boost: The project has the potential to significantly increase tourism,
attracting both local and international visitors, which can boost the local economy.
3. Economic Opportunities: Redevelopment can create jobs and stimulate business
opportunities in the area, from hospitality and retail to cultural and educational
services.
4. Cultural Preservation: Enhancing and restoring historical sites can preserve cultural
heritage for future generations and instill a sense of pride among locals.
5. Urban Renewal: The project can improve Intramuros's overall infrastructure and
aesthetic appeal, making it a more attractive and functional space for residents and
visitors alike.
6. Educational Value: The redevelopment can serve as an educational resource,
providing opportunities for learning about Philippine history and culture.
Weaknesses of the Project:
1. Funding and Budget Constraints: Large-scale redevelopment projects require

significant funding, which can be a challenge if financial resources are limited or not
properly managed.
2. Balancing Modernization and Preservation: Ensuring that modernization efforts
maintain the historical integrity and authenticity of Intramuros is a complex challenge.
3. Displacement Concerns: Redevelopment projects can sometimes lead to the
displacement of local communities or businesses, which can cause social and
economic issues.
4. Environmental Impact: Construction and redevelopment activities may have adverse
environmental impacts, such as increased pollution and disruption of local
ecosystems.
5. Regulatory and Bureaucratic Hurdles: Navigating the regulatory and bureaucratic
processes involved in redevelopment can be time-consuming and may delay
progress.
6. Public Resistance: There may be resistance from local residents or stakeholders who
are opposed to certain aspects of the redevelopment project, requiring careful
stakeholder engagement and management.
Overall, while the Intramuros Redevelopment Project holds significant potential for cultural,
economic, and social benefits, it must carefully navigate challenges related to funding,
preservation, and community impact to be successful.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
Case Study 2: Nature Reserve Park, Alabang
Key Features:
● Sustainable Design: This park showcases eco-friendly elements like

rainwater harvesting systems and green spaces, promoting environmental
conservation.
● Urban Oasis: The park provides a haven for nature within the city, offering
residents a space for recreation and relaxation while improving air quality.
● Education and Awareness: The park can be a platform for environmental
education, promoting sustainable practices within the community.
Application to the Project:
● Incorporating sustainable design principles is a key consideration for the

project, irrespective of its primary function. Strategies such as rainwater
harvesting, installation of solar panels, and use of energy-efficient materials
are being explored to enhance the eco-friendliness of the development.
● Efforts are being made to integrate green spaces into the project, even in the
case of a high-rise building. Possibilities include rooftop gardens, vertical
gardens, and pocket parks, aiming to foster a more breathable and pleasant
environment within the development.
● Catering to the public, the project emphasizes incorporating educational
elements about sustainability and environmental responsibility. This initiative
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aims to raise awareness and promote eco-conscious behaviors among

visitors or users.
Strengths of the Project:
1. Natural Beauty: The park boasts rich biodiversity, including various plant species,
wildlife, and well-maintained green spaces, providing a scenic and tranquil
environment.
2. Recreational Activities: Offers a range of recreational activities such as jogging,
biking trails, picnic areas, and bird-watching spots, catering to different interests and
promoting an active lifestyle.
3. Educational Opportunities: Provides educational programs and guided tours that
inform visitors about local flora and fauna, conservation efforts, and environmental
awareness.
4. Community Engagement: Acts as a community hub where people can gather for
events, workshops, and outdoor activities, fostering a sense of community and
belonging.
5. Accessibility: Conveniently located within Alabang, making it easily accessible to
residents and visitors from nearby areas.
Weaknesses of the Project:
1. Maintenance Costs: High costs associated with the upkeep and maintenance of the
park's facilities, trails, and natural habitats.
2. Limited Funding: Potential reliance on government or private funding, which can be
inconsistent and affect the park's operations and development projects.
3. Environmental Impact: Increased foot traffic and recreational activities can lead to soil
erosion, littering, and disturbance to wildlife habitats if not properly managed.
4. Weather Dependency: Outdoor activities are highly dependent on weather
conditions, which can affect visitor numbers and the feasibility of certain programs.
5. Security Concerns: The need to ensure the safety and security of visitors, which
requires adequate staffing and resources for monitoring and patrolling the park.
This analysis highlights the key strengths and weaknesses of Nature Reserve Park in
Alabang, offering insights into its current state and areas for potential improvement.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
V. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (RRL)
I. GOVERNMENT REPORTS ON PARAÑAQUE CITY'S DEVELOPMENT PLANS

AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
BEATING THE PLASTIC CRISIS THROUGH A PRIVATE-PUBLIC SECTOR

PARTNERSHIP
The plastic crisis presents a significant challenge to urban areas worldwide,

exacerbated by rapid urbanization and climate change impacts. In response, cities
are increasingly turning to collaborative efforts between the private and public sectors
to address this pressing issue. One notable example is Parañaque City's participation
in the Ambitious City Promises (ACP) project, led by ICLEI - Local Governments for
Sustainability (ICLEI). As outlined in the ACP case study, Parañaque's involvement in
the project underscores its commitment to tackling the plastic crisis and advancing
sustainable development initiatives (ICLEI, 2021).
Parañaque City's engagement in the ACP project has led to the development and
implementation of ambitious climate action plans aimed at reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and enhancing climate resilience. Through collaboration with ICLEI and
other stakeholders, the city has formulated a comprehensive Climate Action Plan
(CAP), encompassing various initiatives such as energy efficiency measures, waste
management programs, and green infrastructure projects. These efforts demonstrate
Parañaque's proactive approach to mitigating climate risks and improving the overall
quality of life for its residents (ICLEI, 2021).
Furthermore, Parañaque's participation in the ACP project has facilitated valuable

partnerships and knowledge exchange opportunities with other cities facing similar
challenges. By sharing best practices, lessons learned, and innovative solutions,
Parañaque has strengthened its resilience and contributed to global efforts in
combating climate change. Through its leadership in sustainable urban development,
Parañaque City has emerged as a model for other cities, inspiring collective action
towards a more sustainable and resilient future (ICLEI, 2021).
PARAÑAQUE CITY'S AMBITIOUS LOCAL CLIMATE ACTION PLAN
Parañaque City in the Philippines has embarked on an ambitious journey towards

developing a Local Climate Action Plan (LCAP) to address climate change
challenges and foster sustainable development. Through its partnership with ICLEI
Southeast Asia, Parañaque City aims to strengthen its resilience to climate change
impacts and enhance its capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
Partnership with ICLEI Southeast Asia

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The collaboration between Parañaque City and ICLEI Southeast Asia underscores
the importance of multi-stakeholder partnerships in advancing local climate action.
ICLEI Southeast Asia provides technical expertise and support to Parañaque City in
developing its LCAP, leveraging its experience and resources to facilitate
capacity-building initiatives and knowledge exchange platforms.
Development of the Local Climate Action Plan
Parañaque City's LCAP is designed to address the unique climate change

vulnerabilities and opportunities within the city. By conducting comprehensive
assessments of climate risks and vulnerabilities, Parañaque City aims to identify
priority areas for intervention and develop targeted strategies and measures to
enhance resilience and sustainability.
Parañaque City's commitment to developing an LCAP reflects its proactive approach

to addressing climate change challenges and promoting sustainable development.
Through its partnership with ICLEI Southeast Asia, Parañaque City has positioned
itself as a leader in local climate action, setting an example for other cities in the
region to follow (ICLEI Southeast Asia Secretariat, 2018).
PROPOSED 286.86 HECTARE PARAÑAQUE RECLAMATION PROJECT
Parañaque Reclamation Project: Environmental and Social Assessment
The Parañaque Reclamation Project, spanning 286.86 hectares, is a significant

development initiative aimed at reclaiming land along the coast of Parañaque City in
the Philippines. The project's Environmental and Social Assessment, conducted by
the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), provides a comprehensive analysis
of the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the reclamation
activities (Environmental Management Bureau, 2020).
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
The EIA for the Parañaque Reclamation Project evaluates the potential
environmental consequences of the proposed development, including impacts on
marine ecosystems, water quality, and coastal geomorphology. The assessment
identifies mitigation measures and monitoring protocols to minimize adverse effects
on the environment and ensure compliance with environmental regulations and
standards. Additionally, the EIA considers potential socio-economic impacts, such as
changes in land use patterns, displacement of communities, and implications for
livelihoods and cultural heritage (Environmental Management Bureau, 2020).
The Environmental and Social Assessment for the Parañaque Reclamation Project
serves as a valuable tool for informed decision-making and stakeholder engagement.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
By identifying potential environmental and social risks and providing

recommendations for mitigation and management, the assessment aims to promote
sustainable development practices and ensure the long-term viability of the
reclamation project. Moving forward, effective implementation of the recommended
measures, coupled with ongoing monitoring and evaluation, will be essential for
minimizing adverse impacts and maximizing the project's positive contributions to
Parañaque City and its residents (Environmental Management Bureau, 2020).
II. URBAN PLANNING BEST PRACTICES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

STRATEGIES, AND CLIMATE ADAPTATION MEASURES IN COASTAL CITIES
URBAN PLANNING BEST PRACTICES
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a widely recognized best practice in

coastal urban planning. ICZM emphasizes the holistic management of coastal areas,
considering the interactions between land, water, and coastal ecosystems (Fleming
et al., 2006). This approach involves coordinated planning across multiple sectors to
sustainably manage coastal resources and reduce conflicts between competing land
uses. By integrating environmental, social, and economic considerations, ICZM aims
to promote the long-term sustainability of coastal cities while enhancing resilience to
climate change impacts (Douvere & Collins, 2013).
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is another important urban planning best

practice in coastal cities. TOD promotes compact, mixed-use development patterns
that prioritize accessibility to public transit (Cervero & Kockelman, 1997). By locating
residential, commercial, and recreational facilities near transit hubs, TOD reduces
reliance on private vehicles, minimizes urban sprawl, and enhances connectivity
between urban centers and coastal areas. This approach not only improves mobility
and accessibility but also reduces greenhouse gas emissions and enhances the
overall livability of coastal cities (Newman & Kenworthy, 1999).
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
Renewable Energy Deployment

Dasmariñas, Cavite
The deployment of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and tidal energy is
a key sustainable development strategy in coastal cities. Renewable energy
technologies offer a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change impacts (IPCC, 2011). By
incentivizing renewable energy investments and integrating renewable energy
systems into urban infrastructure, coastal cities can enhance energy security, reduce
reliance on imported energy sources, and promote economic development while
minimizing environmental impacts (Rosenbloom et al., 2010).
Blue Economy Development
The development of the blue economy is another important sustainable development

strategy in coastal cities. The blue economy encompasses a wide range of economic
activities related to marine and coastal resources, including fisheries, aquaculture,
tourism, and marine biotechnology (World Bank, 2017). By promoting sustainable
practices and responsible management of coastal and marine resources, coastal
cities can harness the economic potential of the blue economy while ensuring the
long-term health and resilience of coastal ecosystems (UNEP, 2017).
CLIMATE ADAPTATION MEASURES
Natural Coastal Protection Measures
Natural coastal protection measures such as beach nourishment, dune restoration,

and mangrove reforestation are essential for enhancing the resilience of coastal
cities to climate change impacts (Arkema et al., 2013). These measures help to
reduce coastal erosion, mitigate storm surge impacts, and enhance biodiversity and
ecosystem resilience (Barbier et al., 2011). By restoring natural coastal habitats and
ecosystems, coastal cities can create natural buffers against extreme weather events
while providing multiple co-benefits such as improved water quality, enhanced
recreational opportunities, and increased carbon sequestration (Bendor et al., 2012).
Green Infrastructure Implementation
The implementation of green infrastructure is another important climate adaptation

measure in coastal cities. Green infrastructure such as green roofs, rain gardens,
and permeable pavements helps to manage stormwater runoff, reduce flood risk, and
enhance urban biodiversity (Nowak et al., 2013). By retrofitting existing infrastructure
and incorporating green infrastructure into new development projects, coastal cities
can improve resilience to climate change impacts while promoting sustainable urban
development and enhancing the quality of life for residents (Coutts et al., 2012).
Dasmariñas, Cavite
VI. SITE ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
● Area: Parañaque City covers approximately 47.69 square kilometers.

● Location: Situated in the National Capital Region (NCR) along the coast of
Manila Bay.
● Topography: Generally flat with some elevated areas in the east.
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● Climate: Tropical with a rainy season (June-November) and a dry season

(December-May).
● Demographics: A highly urbanized city with a population of over 660,000

(2020).
● Land Use: A mix of residential, commercial, and industrial areas.
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Assigned Land Use Land Area (sqm) Percentage Hectares (has)
Mixed Use 908,269.84 0.32 90.83
Open Space 213,646.64 0.07 21.36
Commercial 406,155.44 0.14 40.62
Trans/Utility 156,794.51 0.05 15.68
Government Share 551,686.11 0.19 55.17
RROWs 632,119.51 0.22 63.21
TOTAL 2,868,672.05 1.00 268.87
● Transportation: Accessible via major roads like NAIA Expressway (SLEX)

and major thoroughfares like Ninoy Aquino Avenue (NAIA Avenue).
SWOT ANALYSIS
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STRENGTH
1. Strategic Location: Parañaque is located near the central business districts of Makati and
Bonifacio Global City, and is close to the Ninoy Aquino International Airport, making it a
prime area for business and travel.
2. Economic Growth: The city has experienced significant economic growth due to the
presence of commercial establishments, shopping malls, and entertainment hubs like City
of Dreams and Solaire Resort & Casino.
3. Infrastructure Development: The city benefits from continuous infrastructure projects such
as the Skyway, NAIA Expressway, and the LRT-1 Cavite Extension, improving connectivity
and accessibility.
4. Cultural and Historical Heritage: Parañaque is known for its rich cultural heritage, with
festivals like the Sunduan and traditional churches adding to its local charm.
5. Residential Appeal: The city offers a mix of residential options from high-end villages like
BF Homes to more affordable housing, catering to diverse demographics.
WEAKNESS
1. Traffic Congestion: Due to its strategic location and rapid development, traffic congestion is
a major issue, especially during peak hours.
2. Flooding: Parts of Parañaque are prone to flooding during heavy rains, which can disrupt
daily life and business operations.
3. Environmental Concerns: Rapid urbanization has led to environmental degradation,
including loss of green spaces and pollution.
4. Limited Public Transport: Despite infrastructure improvements, public transportation within
the city can still be insufficient and overcrowded.
5. Overcrowding: Population density in certain areas leads to overcrowded schools, hospitals,
and public services.
OPPORTUNITY
1. Tourism Potential: With its proximity to the airport and various entertainment hubs, there is
significant potential to develop and promote tourism further.
2. Business Investment: Continued infrastructure improvements and economic growth create
opportunities for new businesses and investments.
3. Sustainable Development: There is an opportunity to incorporate sustainable and green
practices in new developments to address environmental concerns.
4. Cultural Promotion: Enhancing and promoting cultural heritage and festivals can boost local
pride and attract tourists.
5. Tech and Innovation: Parañaque can become a hub for tech startups and innovation,
leveraging its strategic location and growing economy.
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THREATS
1. Natural Disasters: The city is vulnerable to natural disasters like typhoons and flooding,
which can cause significant damage and economic loss.
2. Economic Downturns: Global or national economic downturns can impact local businesses
and employment rates.
3. Competition with Neighboring Cities: Nearby cities like Makati, Taguig, and Pasay are also
rapidly developing, creating competition for businesses and investments.
4. Crime and Safety: As with many urban areas, crime remains a concern and can impact the
city's reputation and quality of life.
5. Infrastructure Strain: Continuous population growth and urbanization can strain existing
infrastructure, requiring ongoing investment and development.
This analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats facing Parañaque City, which can be useful for planning and development strategies.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Parañaque City faces challenges, but this case study proposes solutions that can transform
it into a sustainable and resilient metropolis. Here's a closer look at the recommendations
and how they can be implemented:
1. Flood Risk Mitigation:
● Elevation: Elevate critical infrastructure like electrical stations, hospitals, and data
centers above projected flood levels. This ensures essential services remain
operational during floods.
● Green Spaces for Retention: Create green spaces like parks, bioswales (shallow,
landscaped channels that filter stormwater), and rain gardens. These areas absorb
rainwater, reducing strain on drainage systems and preventing flooding.
● Improved Drainage Systems: Upgrade drainage systems to increase capacity and
improve water flow. This includes wider canals, regular cleaning of debris, and
improved pumping stations.
2. Traffic Management:
● BRT Systems: Develop Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems with dedicated lanes and
high-frequency buses. This provides a faster, more reliable public transportation
option, encouraging people to leave their cars behind.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
● Improved Bus Routes: Analyze traffic patterns and optimize bus routes to improve
efficiency and reduce travel time. This includes increasing bus frequency on
high-demand routes and creating a network of interconnected routes.
● Dedicated Bike Lanes: Create a network of safe and well-maintained bike lanes,
promoting cycling as a healthy and sustainable mode of transportation. This reduces
car traffic and air pollution.
3. Waste Management:
● Waste Segregation: Implement a multi-bin system for residents to separate organic

waste, recyclable materials, and residual waste. This allows for efficient recycling and
composting.
● Recycling Initiatives: Establish recycling centers and partner with waste
management companies to ensure proper recycling of collected materials. This
reduces reliance on landfills and promotes a circular economy.
● Composting Programs: Promote composting at the household and community
level. Organic waste can be composted and used as fertilizer, reducing reliance on
chemical fertilizers and diverting waste from landfills.
4. Green Infrastructure Integration:
● Rooftop Gardens: Encourage the development of rooftop gardens on buildings, that

absorb rainwater, provide insulation, and improve air quality. This can be incentivized
through tax breaks or building code regulations.
● Vertical Gardens: Utilize vertical gardening systems on walls to add greenery to
buildings with limited space. This provides similar benefits to rooftop gardens and
enhances the aesthetics of the urban landscape.
● Urban Parks: Create more parks and green spaces throughout the city. Parks offer
recreational opportunities, improve air quality, and provide natural habitats for urban
wildlife.
5. Renewable Energy Sources:
● Solar Panels: Install solar panels on rooftops of buildings, public spaces, and bus
stops to generate clean electricity. This reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers
greenhouse gas emissions.
● Wind Turbines: Explore the feasibility of installing small-scale wind turbines in
suitable locations within the city or offshore to generate additional renewable energy.
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Each recommendation requires further planning, feasibility studies, and potentially, pilot
projects before large-scale implementation. However, by adopting a combination of these
strategies, Parañaque City can move towards a more sustainable and livable future.
VII. PROPONENT’S MOTIVATION
The motivation behind this case study for Parañaque City is multifaceted, driven by a desire
to create a positive impact for both the city's residents and the environment. Here's a deeper
look at the core objectives:
1. Building a Livable and Sustainable City:
● Improved Quality of Life: We envision a Parañaque City where residents enjoy a

healthy and comfortable environment. This includes clean air, access to green
spaces, and efficient public transportation. Sustainable practices ensure these
benefits are enjoyed not just by the current generation but also by future inhabitants.
● Environmental Responsibility: Climate change and environmental degradation
pose significant threats. By promoting sustainable practices like renewable energy,
waste reduction, and green infrastructure, we aim to minimize Parañaque City's
ecological footprint and contribute to a healthier planet.
2. Addressing Environmental Challenges and Promoting Social Equity:
● Climate Resilience: Parañaque City faces challenges like flooding and rising sea
levels. Our recommendations for flood mitigation and green infrastructure aim to build
a more resilient city that can withstand the impacts of climate change.
● Social Equity and Inclusion: Sustainable development should benefit all residents.
We want to ensure that the proposed solutions are accessible and inclusive, catering
to the needs of diverse communities within Parañaque City. This might involve
creating public transportation options that are affordable and accessible for people
with disabilities, or ensuring that green spaces are equitably distributed throughout
the city.
Ultimately, the motivation behind this case study is to transform Parañaque City into a
thriving hub where environmental responsibility goes hand-in-hand with social equity and a
high quality of life for all residents. By prioritizing sustainability and resilience, we can ensure
a brighter future for Parañaque City and its generations to come.
VIII. SOCIO-CULTURAL ACCEPTANCE
The socio-cultural characteristics of Parañaque City are richly diverse. Its unique
sense of community is complemented by cultural diversity and historical preservations.
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Tradition, faith, cultural diversity, and a push for advancement are all that forms
Parañaque City's sociocultural identity.
Paranaque City’s Socio-Cultural Characteristics:

1) Historical and Religious Aspects
a) Historical landmarks
i) Baclaran Church: NATIONAL SHRINE of OUR MOTHER of
PERPETUAL HELP
Home to the National Shrine of Our Mother of

Perpetual Help, a major pilgrimage site attracting
devotees and creating a unique cultural and religious
atmosphere. The area also features the bustling
Baclaran Market, known for its diverse and affordable
goods.
ii) Tambo: An older barangay also with a rich history, evident in

the presence of heritage houses and landmarks like the Las
Piñas-Parañaque Bamboo Organ Church. This area also offers
a glimpse into Parañaque's past.
Challenges faced to urban planning may have to do with informal settlements due to the
economic opportunities generated by the church.The large crowds cause traffic congestion
and strain on infrastructure. Additionally, the area surrounding the church has grown
organically.Which could lead to issues like overcrowding, lack of proper sanitation, and
limited green spaces.
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2) Cultural Diversity and Celebrations in the area

a) Sunduan Festival
The festival, first staged in 2014, is derived from the centuries-old
custom called “sunduan” during which a gentleman fetches his lady
love at home to bring her to the church or town plaza. The romantic
tradition dates back to the Spanish colonial period when the very first
sunduan was recorded in 1876 in Barrio La Huerta in Parañaque, a
practice that later spread to nearby barrios.
Challenges faced to urban planning:

Parañaque City's cultural vibrancy presents both opportunities and challenges for
urban planning. By acknowledging these challenges and implementing thoughtful solutions,
such as developing a sustainable, long-term plan for managing cultural celebrations abd
balancing Tradition and Modernization, the city can ensure its cultural celebrations continue
to thrive while maintaining a safe, inclusive, and sustainable environment for all.
3) Socioeconomic Landscape
a) Preserving green spaces
i) Areas that shows Economic growth and development
(1) Alabang
With its Thriving Business Hub, Upscale Residential
Developments, High-End Shopping and Entertainment and
Developed Infrastructure.
ii) Area/s that exemplify social disparity
(1) San Dionisio
(2) Baclaran Area

Parañaque is vulnerable to climate change impacts such as sea-level rise and
extreme weather events. Urban planning should incorporate climate-resilient infrastructure,
flood control measures, and green spaces to enhance the city’s adaptive capacity.
4) Family Values and Community Spirit

a) Social Disparity in Paranaque City
i) Barangays with High Poverty Rates:
(1) San Dionisio: This barangay is known to have a
significant population living below the poverty line.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
Limited access to quality education and employment

opportunities contribute to this situation.
(2) Hester Ville: Another barangay facing poverty
concerns, often lacking proper sanitation and
infrastructure. Residents might struggle with affordable
housing and access to basic services.
ii) Informal Settlements:
(1) Areas near waterways: Along the Parañaque River
and other waterways, there are clusters of informal
settlements, also known as "squatter areas." These
communities often lack proper sanitation, infrastructure,
and secure housing.
(2) Baclaran Area: Despite the economic activity around
the Baclaran Church, there are pockets of informal
settlements facing challenges with overcrowding and
limited access to basic necessities.
b) Upscale and Commercial Hubs
i) Alabang: Known for its luxurious high-rise condominiums,
gated communities, and upscale shopping malls. This
barangay attracts affluent residents and offers a modern,
cosmopolitan lifestyle.
ii) BF Homes: A large and established residential area featuring
a mix of single-family homes, townhouses, and condominiums.
It boasts a vibrant commercial scene with restaurants, shops,
and entertainment options.
c) Emerging and Diverse Neighborhoods:
i) Sun Valley: A rapidly developing barangay with a mix of
residential and commercial establishments. It attracts young
professionals and families seeking a dynamic and affordable
living space.
ii) San Antonio: A diverse neighborhood with a mix of residential
areas, commercial establishments, and industrial zones. It
offers a more local and community-oriented atmosphere.
Engaging residents in the planning process ensures that their voices are heard.
Parañaque needs inclusive planning mechanisms that involve citizens, community
organizations, and stakeholders to create a more equitable and sustainable city.
5) Modernization and Changing Lifestyles

a) Smart city initiatives
i) Paranaque’s “Entertainment City”
Dasmariñas, Cavite
One of these is the City of Dreams Manila, Solaire

Resort and Casino, Okada Manila and newly built
High-End Establishments in the area. Entertainment
City has elevated Parañaque’s profile as a premier
destination for leisure, gaming, and entertainment in
the Philippines. Its iconic resorts and casinos continue
to shape the city’s trajectory, making it a vibrant part of
Metro Manila’s mosaic. It has transformed Parañaque
into a dynamic economic hub, creating a ripple effect
that extends beyond gaming and entertainment. Its
impact on employment, revenue, and urban
development underscores its significance in the city’s
ongoing progress.
ii) The Paranaque Integrated Terminal Exchange (PITX) will be

one of the Department of Transportation’s three intermodal
terminals. The flagship project will serve as the transfer point
for provincial and in-city transportation, covering busy
thoroughfares in the EDSA, Baclaran, and Taft areas. It is a
major infrastructure development under the government's
Build, Build, Build (BBB) Program, which aims to yield
sustainable economic growth, create jobs, increase income,
strengthen the investment climate, and uplift the lives of every
Filipino.

As a large city with business centers, residential hubs, and industrial pockets,
Parañaque’s energy consumption has surged. This growth, driven by urbanization and
industrialization, has resulted in increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Sustainable
energy practices, efficient transportation systems, and green infrastructure are crucial to
Dasmariñas, Cavite
mitigate these impacts
IX. SUSTAINABILITY PROPOSAL
1. Green Building Standards
Implement mandatory green building standards for all new construction projects,
focusing on energy efficiency, water conservation, and sustainable materials.
Okada Manila | Parañaque, 1701 Kalakhang Maynila City of Dreams | Roxas Blvd, Parañaque, 1701 Metro Manila
Okada Manila | Parañaque, 1701 Kalakhang Maynila City of Dreams | Roxas Blvd, Parañaque, 1701 Metro Manila
These are one of the existing large and iconic establishments in Parañaque City.
Large establishments in a city significantly impact the environment due to their high
energy and water consumption, which can strain local resources and contribute to
pollution. They generate substantial waste, both solid and liquid, that can overwhelm
waste management systems and harm ecosystems. Additionally, these
establishments often contribute to urban sprawl and increased traffic, leading to
higher carbon emissions and a greater urban heat island effect.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Moreover, in order to reduce the impacts of the large establishments to climate

change, one of the modernized solutions are recommended for buildings that will be
built. One of them was the LEED Certification, LEED certification aligns with the
broader goals of environmental conservation, human health, and economic efficiency
in the built environment.The purpose of LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design) certification is to promote sustainable building practices by
recognizing and rewarding projects that prioritize environmental responsibility,
occupant health, cost savings, marketability, and regulatory compliance. By
encouraging energy efficiency, water conservation, waste reduction, and healthy
indoor environments, LEED certification aims to mitigate the environmental impact of
construction and operation, enhance occupant well-being, reduce long-term
operational costs, boost market competitiveness, and support regulatory compliance
and incentives for green building practices.
LEED Certified Buildings in Parañaque City:
Southfield Center | LEED certified Eastfield Center | LEED Gold Certified
As a solution to climate change during the modern era, making sustainable buildings
that complies and in competence with green building standards is a must to be
normalized in every project not only limited to large establishments but also in small
areas such as residential, schools, parks, etc.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
Green building standards for urban planning are guidelines and practices designed to
create environmentally responsible and resource-efficient structures throughout a
building's life cycle. These standards focus on optimizing energy efficiency, reducing
water consumption, utilizing sustainable materials, and improving indoor
environmental quality. Key components include the use of renewable energy
sources, efficient waste management systems, and the incorporation of green
spaces such as rooftop gardens and natural ventilation. By adhering to these
standards, urban planners aim to minimize the environmental impact of buildings,
promote the health and well-being of occupants, and ensure the sustainability of
urban environments.
2. Green Spaces
Increase the number of parks, green roofs, and urban forests to improve air quality,
reduce the urban heat island effect, and provide recreational spaces for residents.
The Map shown below is the current Top view of Parañaque City dated 2024 exported from google earth
Dasmariñas, Cavite
This is currently the Map of Parañaque City. It’s noticeable that the area almost has
no green spaces which means it does not have any concrete urban planning.
Green spaces in urban planning are crucial for cities, especially in the future, as they
enhance air quality by absorbing pollutants and producing oxygen, thus mitigating the
effects of urban heat islands and climate change. They provide crucial habitats for
biodiversity, supporting ecosystems and enhancing urban resilience to environmental
stressors. Moreover, green spaces promote physical and mental well-being among
residents, offering recreational opportunities, reducing stress, and fostering a sense
of community connection.
According to the City Government of Parañaque, as of 2024 there are approximately

25,073 informal settlers in the area which adds more negative impact to the
environment making it more polluted, populated, and unhygienic.
Introducing landscape and green areas into densely populated and polluted cities is
essential, especially for the well-being of future generations. These green spaces act
as vital lungs for urban areas, purifying the air, absorbing carbon dioxide, and
providing refuge for biodiversity amidst concrete jungles. As sustainable cities
prioritize eco-friendly practices, such as green infrastructure and renewable energy,
they not only mitigate environmental degradation but also create healthier and more
livable environments for inhabitants. Future generations stand to benefit from
improved air quality, reduced heat stress, and enhanced mental and physical health
resulting from access to green spaces. Moreover, by fostering a culture of
sustainability, these cities instill values of environmental stewardship and resilience in
their citizens, paving the way for a more sustainable and prosperous future for both
the area and its residents.
3. Road Enhancement
Dasmariñas, Cavite
Expand and improve the public transportation system to reduce reliance on private
vehicles, including the introduction of electric buses and the development of
extensive bike lanes and pedestrian pathways.
Front of Paranaque City Hall Front of City Dreams Building
Some existing roading systems do not have bike/motorcycle lanes and bus lanes
especially in residential areas which makes it prone to accidents for
motorcycle/bikes. But some areas which are usually a common route of vehicles from
other cities have motorcycle/bike lanes.
Road enhancement in cities and residential areas is important for improving safety,
reducing the risk of accidents through better infrastructure and clear signage. It also
facilitates smoother traffic flow, reducing congestion and travel times, which boosts
productivity and reduces stress for commuters. Additionally, well-maintained roads
contribute to the overall quality of life by supporting efficient public transportation,
enhancing accessibility, and promoting economic development.
4. Climate Resilience Planning
Create comprehensive climate resilience plans that address the city's vulnerabilities
to climate change, focusing on flood management, heatwave preparedness, and
disaster response strategies.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
The Map shown below is the Geological Map of Parañaque City
The Map shown below is the Liquefaction Susceptibility Map of Parañaque City
The map above shows which areas are commonly flooded by the heavy rain and also
classifies the type and durability of the land. Parañaque City is prone to flooding,
especially the areas near the shore.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
Solutions for flooded areas in urban planning include the implementation of advanced
drainage systems, green infrastructure like rain gardens and permeable pavements,
and the restoration of natural waterways to manage stormwater effectively. These
measures help reduce surface runoff and enhance water absorption, mitigating flood
risks. Climate resilience planning is crucial in urban planning as it prepares cities to
withstand and adapt to climate-related challenges such as flooding, extreme weather
events, and rising sea levels. By integrating climate resilience, cities can protect their
infrastructure, ensure the safety and well-being of their residents, and sustain
economic stability in the face of climate change, ultimately fostering a robust and
adaptable urban environment for future generations.
5. Affordable and Sustainable Housing
Develop affordable housing projects that prioritize sustainability, incorporating

energy-efficient designs, green spaces, and community gardens.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
Since one of the main problems of Parañaque City is overpopulation and pollution,
one of the main contributors of it are the informal settlers, giving them an opportunity
to have a good, stable, affordable and sustainable house will help reduce the
pollution and organize residents. According to the City Government of Parañaque, as
of 2024 There are approximately 25,073 informal settlers in the area which adds
more negative impact to the environment making it more polluted, populated, and
unhygienic.
Affordable and sustainable housing addresses the challenges of overpopulation and

pollution in cities by providing cost-effective living spaces that incorporate green
building practices. These housing solutions are designed to maximize energy
efficiency, reduce water consumption, and utilize sustainable materials, thereby
minimizing their environmental footprint. By strategically placing these developments
near public transportation and essential services, they reduce the need for long
commutes, decreasing traffic congestion and vehicle emissions. Additionally,
sustainable housing often includes green spaces and community areas, improving air
quality and fostering a sense of community. Overall, this approach not only alleviates
housing shortages but also promotes a healthier, more sustainable urban
environment.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
X. ECOLOGICAL NEUTRALITY PROPOSAL
● Habitat Restoration
Habitat Restoration revitalizes natural ecosystems that provide essential

environmental services, improving the overall quality of life. Restored habitats
enhance air and water quality by filtering pollutants and absorbing carbon dioxide,
mitigating the effects of urban pollution and climate change. They also create green
spaces that offer recreational areas for residents, reduce urban heat island effects,
and support biodiversity by providing habitats for various plant and animal species.
Moreover, these natural areas can improve mental and physical health for city
dwellers, offering spaces for relaxation and recreation. By integrating habitat
restoration into urban planning, cities can become more resilient, sustainable, and
livable for their growing populations.
Habitat restoration in a city has many steps to revitalize natural ecosystems and integrate
green spaces into urban environments:
1. Assessment and Planning

Dasmariñas, Cavite
Conduct thorough assessments to identify degraded areas and determine restoration

priorities. Develop a comprehensive plan that outlines goals, methods, and timelines
for restoration projects.
2. Community Involvement
Engage local communities, businesses, and stakeholders in the planning and

implementation process to ensure support and sustainable outcomes.
3. Site Preparation
Clear invasive species, debris, and pollutants from the restoration site to create a
suitable environment for native plants and wildlife.
4. Native Planting
Reintroduce native plants and trees to restore the local flora, which supports native
wildlife and promotes biodiversity.
5. Erosion Control and Soil Improvement
Implement measures such as planting cover crops, using mulch, and installing
barriers to prevent soil erosion and enhance soil health.
6. Water Management
Restore natural water flows and improve water quality by creating wetlands, rain
gardens, and bioswales that manage stormwater and reduce flooding.
7. Wildlife Support
Create habitats such as birdhouses, bat boxes, and ponds to support local wildlife
populations.
8. Monitoring and Maintenance

Dasmariñas, Cavite
Regularly monitor the restored areas to assess progress, address any issues, and
perform ongoing maintenance to ensure the habitat remains healthy and resilient.
9. Education and Awareness
Promote awareness and education about the importance of habitat restoration

through community programs, schools, and public outreach initiatives.
10. Policy and Funding
Secure funding and develop policies that support long-term habitat restoration efforts
and encourage sustainable urban development practices.
● Reduced Environmental Impact
Reducing environmental impact in a city involves implementing a range of strategies aimed

at promoting sustainability, conserving resources, and minimizing pollution. Here are some
effective approaches:
Dasmariñas, Cavite
1. Promote Public Transportation
Enhance public transportation networks to reduce the reliance on private vehicles,

thereby lowering traffic congestion and emissions. Encourage the use of electric and
hybrid buses and trains.
2. Improve Energy Efficiency
Upgrade infrastructure and buildings to be more energy-efficient by installing

insulation, energy-efficient windows, and LED lighting. Encourage the use of smart
grids and renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.
3. Waste Management and Recycling
Develop comprehensive waste management systems that include extensive

recycling programs, composting, and waste-to-energy initiatives. Encourage
residents to reduce, reuse, and recycle.
4. Green Building Standards
Implement and enforce green building standards for new constructions and
renovations, focusing on sustainable materials, energy efficiency, and water
conservation.
5. Expand Green Spaces
Increase the number of parks, community gardens, and urban forests. These green
spaces improve air quality, provide recreational areas, and support biodiversity.
6. Water Conservation
Promote water-saving practices and technologies, such as low-flow fixtures,

rainwater harvesting, and greywater recycling, to reduce water consumption and
protect local water resources.
7. Encourage Sustainable Transportation
Develop bike lanes, pedestrian pathways, and car-sharing programs to promote

alternative, low-impact modes of transportation.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
8. Pollution Control
Implement stricter regulations on industrial emissions and promote the use of cleaner
technologies and practices to reduce air and water pollution.
9. Urban Agriculture
Support urban farming initiatives that provide locally-grown food, reduce food miles,
and enhance food security.
10. Community Education and Engagement
Educate residents about sustainable practices and encourage community

involvement in environmental initiatives through workshops, campaigns, and local
events.
XI. TRAFFIC CONDITIONS
Parañaque City, like many urban centers, struggles with heavy traffic congestion during
peak hours. This gridlock wastes time and fuel, increases air pollution, and reduces the
overall quality of life for residents. Traffic jams in Parañaque City are often
exacerbated by a high number of private vehicles on the road, exceeding the capacity
of existing infrastructure. This situation calls for a multi-pronged approach that can
reduce car dependency and encourage more sustainable transportation options.
Several factors contribute to this problem:
● High Population Density: Parañaque City has a population exceeding 660,000

within a relatively small area. This high density leads to a large number of vehicles on
the road, exceeding infrastructure capacity (Parañaque City Government, n.d.).
● Limited Public Transportation Options: The current public transportation system in

Parañaque City relies heavily on traditional buses, which can be overcrowded and
inefficient. The lack of alternatives like BRT systems or extensive train networks
further strains the existing infrastructure (JICA, 2016).
● Car-Centric Culture: A car-centric culture persists in many Philippine cities,

including Parañaque. This is partly due to a lack of reliable and convenient public
transportation options, creating a cycle where car use remains the dominant mode of
travel (JICA, 2016).
Dasmariñas, Cavite
Impacts of Traffic Congestion:
● Economic Costs: Traffic congestion leads to wasted time and lost productivity for
commuters and businesses alike. A 2016 study by the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) estimated that traffic congestion costs the Philippines
around ₱2.4 billion daily (JICA, 2016).
● Environmental Impact: Vehicle emissions due to traffic congestion contribute
significantly to air pollution in Parañaque City. This can lead to respiratory problems
and other health issues for residents.
● Decreased Quality of Life: Traffic congestion can be a major source of stress and
frustration for residents. It can also limit mobility and access to opportunities within
the city.
PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
This case study proposes a multi-pronged approach with the following solutions:
A) Expand Public Transportation Options (BRT, Improved Bus Routes, Bike

Lanes):
● BRT Systems: Studies by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) have
shown that Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems in developing cities like Guangzhou,
China, have significantly reduced travel times and improved traffic flow (JICA, 2016).
Implementing a BRT system with dedicated lanes for high-frequency buses can
provide a reliable and faster alternative to car travel in Parañaque City.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
● Improved Bus Routes: A 2019 study by the Philippine Institute for Development
Studies (PIDS) found that inefficient bus routes contribute to longer commutes.
Analyzing traffic patterns and optimizing bus routes in Parañaque City can
significantly improve efficiency and reduce travel time, encouraging more people to
use public transportation (Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2019).
● Dedicated Bike Lanes: A 2020 report by the Institute for Transportation and
Development Policy (ITDP) found that cities with extensive cycling infrastructure see
a decrease in car traffic and improved air quality. Creating a network of safe and
well-maintained bike lanes in Parañaque City can encourage residents to choose
cycling for short trips, reducing car dependence and traffic congestion (Institute for
Transportation and Development Policy, 2020).
Dasmariñas, Cavite
B) The Policy Wants to Achieve:
● Reduced Car Dependency: By expanding public transportation options and making

cycling safer and more convenient, fewer residents will rely on private vehicles. This
reduces traffic volume and creates a more efficient transportation system.
● Improved Air Quality: With fewer cars on the road, air pollution from vehicle
emissions will decrease. This leads to a healthier environment for all residents of
Parañaque City.
● Shorter Commutes: Efficient public transportation and improved traffic flow will lead
to shorter travel times for everyone, improving productivity and quality of life.
The success of these strategies depends on a comprehensive approach that

considers Parañaque City's specific needs and involves community engagement. By
offering residents a variety of convenient and efficient transportation options,
Parañaque City can move towards a more sustainable and traffic-free future.
XII. PROPOSED LOCAL POLICIES (for improvement of the current state)
1) PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
Dasmariñas, Cavite
Proposed Local Policy 1: A) The policy can do:
● Implement a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system with dedicated

Expand and Improve Public
lanes for high-frequency buses.
Transportation ● Optimize existing bus routes based on traffic patterns and
ridership data.
● Partner with private operators to improve bus service quality
and maintenance.
● Integrate jeepney modernization programs with route
rationalization and fare regulations.
● Explore options for light rail or tram systems depending on
feasibility studies.
B) The policy wants to achieve:
● Reduced car dependency and traffic congestion.

● Improved public transportation efficiency and reliability, leading
to shorter commutes.
● Increased ridership, leading to lower operational costs per
passenger.
● Reduced air and noise pollution from vehicles.
Justification:
● BRT systems have proven successful in reducing traffic

congestion in developing cities like Guangzhou, China
([reference: JICA, 2016 - as cited previously]).
● Optimized bus routes and improved service quality can
significantly increase ridership, as seen in studies by the World
Bank ([reference: World Bank, 2018 - as cited in Incentives
section]).
● Integrating jeepney modernization with route planning can
create a more efficient public transportation network.
● Light rail or tram systems, where feasible, can further increase
capacity and reduce reliance on buses.
Doable/Cost-effective/Adaptable:
● BRT systems require significant upfront investment but can be

cost-effective in the long run due to increased ridership and
reduced traffic congestion.
● Optimizing bus routes and partnering with operators requires
less upfront investment but is highly achievable.
● Jeepney modernization programs are already underway
nationally, and Parañaque City can adapt them to its local
context.
● Light rail/tram feasibility depends on Parañaque's specific
needs and density, but successful examples exist in other
Philippine cities like Cebu.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
● This policy is adaptable by other cities with similar traffic

challenges and can be scaled based on resources.
2) FLOOD RISK
Proposed Local Policy 2: A) The policy can do:

● Invest in a network of rain gauges and water level sensors in
strategic locations throughout Parañaque City and surrounding
Leverage Data and
areas.
Technology for Flood Risk ● Partner with weather forecasting agencies to access real-time
Prediction and Early Warning weather data and integrate it with local sensor data.
Systems in Parañaque City ● Develop a flood risk prediction model using AI and machine
learning to forecast potential flood events based on real-time
data and historical patterns.
● Implement a multi-channel early warning system using SMS
alerts, mobile applications, sirens, and community
loudspeakers to disseminate timely flood warnings.
● Utilize geographic information systems (GIS) to create flood
inundation maps that show potential flood zones and
evacuation routes.
● Improved flood risk prediction capabilities through real-time

data collection and advanced modeling.
● Timely and accurate flood warnings disseminated through
various channels to reach residents effectively.
● Increased public awareness about potential flood zones and
evacuation routes through flood inundation maps.
● Enhanced preparedness and faster response times for
emergency services during flood events.
● Data-driven decision-making for resource allocation and
evacuation planning based on predicted flood severity.
Justification:
● A network of sensors provides valuable real-time data on

rainfall and water levels, crucial for flood risk prediction.
● Partnering with weather agencies allows access to broader
weather patterns and improves prediction accuracy.
● AI-powered flood risk models can analyze vast amounts of
data and predict potential flood events with greater precision.
● A multi-channel early warning system ensures residents
receive timely warnings regardless of their access to
technology.
● Flood inundation maps provide clear visual information about
potential flood zones and evacuation routes, guiding residents
to safety.
Dasmariñas, Cavite
● Rain gauges and water level sensors require upfront

investment but can be cost-effective in the long run due to
improved preparedness and reduced flood damage.
● Partnerships with weather agencies leverage existing
expertise and data resources.
● AI-powered models require initial development costs but can
be continuously improved and become more cost-effective
over time.
● A multi-channel early warning system can utilize existing
communication infrastructure with additional investment in
mobile applications and community loudspeakers.
● GIS technology can be used to create flood inundation maps
based on existing data and requires ongoing maintenance.
Adaptability:
● This policy is highly adaptable by other flood-prone cities,

regardless of size or budget.
● The specific technologies used (sensor networks vs. AI
models vs. GIS) can be tailored to the local context, available
resources, and existing communication infrastructure.
● By leveraging data and technology for flood risk prediction and
early warnings, Parañaque City can become a model for
proactive flood preparedness and saving lives during flood
events.
Ultimately, a data-driven approach to flood risk management can

significantly improve Parañaque City's preparedness for flood events.
This policy framework, combined with community education and
infrastructure improvements, can create a more resilient city for the
future.
3) SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISPARITIES
Proposed Local Policy 3:

A) The policy can do:
Address Socio-economic
● Conduct a comprehensive study to assess the current public
Disparities in Access to transportation needs of different socio-economic groups within
Public Transportation in Parañaque City.
Parañaque City ● Implement fare subsidy programs for low-income residents
who rely on public transportation for essential travel (work,
education, healthcare).
● Explore options for a zonal fare system based on distance
traveled, potentially with lower fares for shorter trips in
underserved areas.
● Partner with private transportation companies to offer
discounted passes or integrated ticketing systems for
Dasmariñas, Cavite
residents using various public transportation modes.

● Integrate social service agencies and community centers into
the public transportation network to improve accessibility for
residents with special needs or limited mobility.
● Increased affordability of public transportation for low-income

residents, ensuring equitable access for all.
● Encourage a modal shift towards public transportation by
reducing financial barriers for residents who rely on it most.
● Promote social inclusion and economic mobility by ensuring
reliable transportation options for essential services.
● Create a more integrated and efficient public transportation
system that caters to diverse needs.
● Enhance accessibility for residents with special needs or
limited mobility through partnerships with social service
agencies.
Justification:
● Socio-economic disparities can limit access to reliable and

affordable public transportation, hindering mobility and
opportunity.
● Fare subsidy programs can directly address the financial
burden of public transportation for low-income residents.
● A zonal fare system can balance affordability in underserved
areas with cost recovery in high-demand areas.
● Partnerships with private transportation companies can create
a more seamless and convenient public transportation
network.
● Integrating social service agencies can ensure vulnerable
residents have accessible transportation options for essential
services.
● Needs assessment studies require resources but are crucial

for designing effective policies.
● Fare subsidy programs require budgetary allocation but can be
targeted to maximize impact.
● A zonal fare system requires careful planning and public
consultation but can achieve both affordability and cost
recovery.
● Partnerships with private companies require negotiation but
offer cost-effective ways to expand the public transport
network.
● Collaboration with social service agencies leverages existing
expertise and resources.
Adaptability:
● This policy is adaptable by other cities with diverse

socio-economic populations.
● The specific strategies (fare subsidies vs. zonal fares vs.
partnerships) can be tailored to the local context, budget
constraints, and existing public transportation infrastructure.
● By addressing socio-economic disparities in access to public
Dasmariñas, Cavite
transportation, Parañaque City can become a model for a

more equitable and inclusive urban environment.
Overall, a targeted approach that considers socio-economic factors is

crucial for ensuring that Parañaque City's public transportation system
serves all residents effectively. By implementing these strategies,
Parañaque City can create a more inclusive and accessible
transportation network that promotes social equity and economic
opportunity for all.
By implementing these local policies, Parañaque City can address traffic congestion,
improve air quality, and create a more sustainable and livable urban environment. These
policies are not only achievable and cost-effective within the Parañaque City context but also
serve as valuable models for other cities facing similar challenges. Adapting these
approaches to specific local needs can pave the way for a more sustainable and traffic-free
future for Philippine cities.
XIII. REFERENCES
Dasmariñas, Cavite
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Barbier, E. B., et al. (2011). The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services.
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from https://pitx.com.ph/
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Fleming, A., Vanclay, J. K., & Daniell, K. A. (2006). Planning for integrated coastal zone
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ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability. (2021). Parañaque Case Story: Ambitious City
Promises (ACP) Project. Retrieved from
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Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP). (2020). Does infrastructure
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De La Salle University-Dasmariñas

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

PLANNING 3: URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

A CASE STUDY OF “PARAÑAQUE CITY”

DOCTOR, MARIZZA ELLICE

DURAC, MIKAELA MAE

FRANCISCO, DESIREE HEART

GONZAGA, MARIAH MITZI

QUIJANO, ALECKSIS MAJE

MAY 20, 2024

AR. DON G. DE VERA, UAP

I. SITE LOCATION INFORMATION: PARAÑAQUE CITY

Parañaque City: Overview and Geographic Location

Population and Climate

Landmarks and Developments

Additionally, Parañaque boasts the Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange (PITX), a

II. DESIGN OBJECTIVE / DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Based on Parañaque City's needs:

● Sustainable Development: Parañaque City faces issues such as traffic

● Community-Oriented Design: Consider designs that promote interaction,

● Resilient Design: Parañaque City is prone to earthquakes and typhoons.

● Public Safety and Security: Parañaque has implemented measures to

I. Data Collection and Analysis:

● Demographics: Compile information about the population's size, age

● Environmental Data: Examine environmental elements such as

II. Community Engagement:

● Arrange focus groups and workshops with locals, company owners,

III. Multi-disciplinary Collaboration:

● Architects and Urban Designers: Collaborate with architects to

IV. CASE STUDIES

Case Study 1: Intramuros Redevelopment Project

● Adaptive Reuse: This project transformed historic buildings within Intramuros,

Application to the Project:

● Consideration is given to incorporating existing structures or historical

Strengths of the Project:

1. Historical Significance: Intramuros is a historical and cultural landmark in Manila, with

Weaknesses of the Project:

1. Funding and Budget Constraints: Large-scale redevelopment projects require

Case Study 2: Nature Reserve Park, Alabang

● Sustainable Design: This park showcases eco-friendly elements like

Application to the Project:

● Incorporating sustainable design principles is a key consideration for the

aims to raise awareness and promote eco-conscious behaviors among

Strengths of the Project:

Weaknesses of the Project:

V. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (RRL)

I. GOVERNMENT REPORTS ON PARAÑAQUE CITY'S DEVELOPMENT PLANS

BEATING THE PLASTIC CRISIS THROUGH A PRIVATE-PUBLIC SECTOR

The plastic crisis presents a significant challenge to urban areas worldwide,

Furthermore, Parañaque's participation in the ACP project has facilitated valuable

PARAÑAQUE CITY'S AMBITIOUS LOCAL CLIMATE ACTION PLAN

Parañaque City in the Philippines has embarked on an ambitious journey towards

Partnership with ICLEI Southeast Asia

Development of the Local Climate Action Plan

Parañaque City's LCAP is designed to address the unique climate change

Parañaque City's commitment to developing an LCAP reflects its proactive approach

PROPOSED 286.86 HECTARE PARAÑAQUE RECLAMATION PROJECT

Parañaque Reclamation Project: Environmental and Social Assessment

The Parañaque Reclamation Project, spanning 286.86 hectares, is a significant