Hindawi

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Volume 2021, Article ID 6544649, 16 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6544649

Research Article
Internet of Things-Based Smart Electricity Monitoring and
Control System Using Usage Data

Mohammad Kamrul Hasan ,1 Musse Mohamud Ahmed,2 Bishwajeet Pandey ,3

Hardik Gohel,4 Shayla Islam ,5 and Izzul Fitrie Khalid2
1
Network and Communication Lab, Center for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gyancity Research Ltd., India
4
Department of Computer Science, University of Houston-Victoria, 3007 N. Ben Wilson, St. Victoria, TX 77901, USA
5
Institute of Computer Science and Digital Innovation, UCSI University, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Correspondence should be addressed to Mohammad Kamrul Hasan; [email protected]

and Shayla Islam; [email protected]

Received 5 June 2021; Accepted 14 September 2021; Published 27 October 2021

Academic Editor: Deepak Gupta

Copyright © 2021 Mohammad Kamrul Hasan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work
is properly cited.

In everyday life, electricity is necessary, and proper use is critical. To strengthen home electricity control, the existing systems have
been examined over the years. However, the existing PMAS method’s error ratio is higher and does not allow for a remote
monitoring system. Therefore, this study proposes a smart monitoring and control system (SMACS) for household appliances.
The application’s significance is to monitor household appliances’ electricity usage using hardware and the Internet of Things
(IoT) methods. The prototype of the proposed system is designed and developed considering Arduino UNO, a liquid crystal
display (LCD), an ACS712 current sensor module, relays, and AC sources. The components are selected from the software
library, and the simulation results are found the same as the prototype. WiFi module ESP8266 is not included in the design
because it is not provided in the system. The data is recorded in cloud storage using Thing-speak. A mobile application
(Virtuino) also accesses the data to visualize it through the graphical and numerical display. This study provides users with an
easy system to monitor and control household appliances’ power consumption using mobile applications. Results show that
the proposed system provides 0.6% current errors for the hairdryer appliance, whereas the existing Power Monitoring and
Switching (PMAS) system provides 7.8% current errors.

1. Introduction household appliances are used in homes [2]. A vast majority

of household appliances consume a large amount of power
In Malaysia, electricity has the highest demand as it is and energy. Consumers mostly tend to leave their lights,
expected to increase gradually in years to come, in line with fans, freezer, air conditioner, and other appliances turned
the expansion of urbanization, rapid industrialization, and on when they are not in use, resulting in energy wastage, a
the growing population of the country. Statistically, residen- tendency of human behaviour [3].
tial sectors consume up to 48% of the energy globally [1]. This negligence concerning the consumers’ behaviour
Around 40% of Malaysia’s buildings’ energy is divided into can lead to excessive power consumption and wastage of
commercial buildings and residential buildings [1]. In this the electrical energy needed, and it can shorten the life span
modern era, people utilize household appliances with new of household appliances such as hair dryer, dry iron, induc-
technologies. In Malaysia, on average, 20 to 30 electrical tion and rice cooker, water heater, microwave oven, air
2 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

conditioner, and television. It has been identified that old small energy consumers and users, such as houses and apart-
appliances contribute to higher energy consumption than ments. The research suggested that the residential energy
newer ones. consumers [5] waste 41% of the power supplied to their
This paper presents an integration of both hardware and homes. Various research and trials have been shown that
software. The software is used to monitor power usage and on average, savings of 7.8% to 16.7% home energy can be
the consumption of household appliances and control sys- achieved by using a home energy monitoring system [6, 7].
tems through overcurrent relay and notification of any mis- Several case studies have been shown that energy consump-
matches. The developed system consists of Arduino UNO, a tion can be reduced by modifying the lifestyle with proper
WiFi module (ESP8266), a relay, a low current sensor break- habits/behaviours [8–10].
out (ACS712), and a liquid crystal display (LCD). Arduino A node microcontroller unit (NodeMCU) with a WiFi-
UNO is a microcontroller used to program customized cod- based gateway has been used to connect different sensors
ing for executing output at any instant time. It is also a very and update their data to the Adafruit IO cloud server [11].
capable microcontroller that receives and sends information A power monitoring system can help users or consumers
over the Internet with various modules and shield platforms. monitor their usage of electricity efficiently. Improvement
However, in this case, the ESP8266 WiFi module is used as of electricity efficiency usage can be made by reduction due
the platform. The ESP8266 WiFi module is famous for its to changing habits [12]. In this modern era, monitoring sys-
IoT applications. The relay function performs the cut-off tems must sort the data, record data in the system, exploit
current and the isolation of input and output operations them to get the intrinsic information shown in legit and
and performs switching functions. The outputs are shown innovative ways, and access the Internet to efficiently visual-
in 2 ways: LCD and IoT implementation based on the web ize it [13]. A power monitoring system can be considered a
server or mobile application (APPS). LCD is used to display user-friendly and unified solution for reliable electricity
the voltage, current, and power consumption where the web management [14]. This system can help users to change
or mobile application is used to visualize the data and trigger their use by providing real-time feedback [15].
alarm, when necessary, In the web and mobile application The control system is a system that can control other
systems, the energy usage statistics of power consumption things depending on what needs to be controlled. Local
parameters are determined. It displays the detailed monitor- and remote control are included in the control application.
ing of electrical quantities such as voltage, current, power, Local control is an action that the control unit will take on
and energy. its own, and remote control is a mechanism that remotely
IoT attaches the internet connectivity and remote con- controls the IoT-based system [15]. Electrical equipment
trol of mobile devices, integrated with a range of sensors, operational status monitoring will reduce the cost of build-
to the smart home appliances. Sensors can be embedded in ing power consumption and increase buildings’ electrical
the refrigerator, air conditioner, and lighting, and other energy to a reasonable and efficient ratio [16]. As all can
environmental sensors can be connected to home-related be managed, control systems can help consumers handle
gadgets. The overcurrent or circuit overloading can be their energy more effectively and efficiently. The control sys-
detected earlier based on advanced IoT applications where tem controls the current in this study, which will be cut off if
consumers’ alarm triggers. an overcurrent is found. This control system can raise
The significance of SMACS is that it creates an opportu- awareness of the consumption of household appliances
nity for consumers to control their power consumption among users.
practices and help them manage their power and energy Technology is one of the main reasons for a country to
usage. It also creates an opportunity for the consumers to become a well-developed country. Innovations and technol-
practice energy saving and to keep track of their household ogy can likely change people’s lives and make the world
appliance’s performances and current behaviour to prevent more sustainable and inclusive. Internet of Things, known
overcurrent. Therefore, the main challenge will be designing as IoT, is a new and ever-growing network that is becoming
an efficient technique that can monitor power consumption a hot topic in people’s conversations in the era of modern
in residential buildings. technology. IoT is a wide-open and complete network of
smart and intelligent objects that has the full capability and
2. Literature Review capacity to autoorganize; share information, data, and
resources; and act and react to any circumstances or atmo-
A brief overview of the related techniques and literature on sphere of the changing environment [17–22]. IoT is growing
the study’s scope is discussed in this section. Four (4) and needs to be sustained so that it will be the expanded,
components are discussed, such as a monitoring system, a innovative concept in the IT world. IoT advancement
control system, IoT implementation, and other related controls the real Thing that will transform the Internet into
techniques. a fully integrated Future Internet [23]. Future information
Nowadays, people’s dependency on electricity is communication technology is to be used with embedded sen-
extreme, as power consumption has increased for the past sors. The target applications are smart metering, Internet-
few years [4]. It is imperative to consider monitoring and connected sensor devices for household appliances, emphasiz-
measuring the electric system or appliances that operate ing the benefits of remote real-time monitoring for household
every day for residential and commercial buildings. As the energy consumption appliances [13, 24–30]. The IoT appli-
focus of this article, the residential sectors are made up of cations have already brought attention to and shown the
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 3

performance of monitoring modern household appliances’

Cloud server
energy usage toward a sustainable and improved quality of
urban lifestyle. IoT is beneficial and recommended in smart
home applications [31–33]. It has improvised our quality of
life and also can reduce the unnecessary costs of daily life.
This wellness system has been implemented for many great

Local gateway server

things and monitoring and controlling the electricity at
home. The information is uploaded to the website by a server
using the cloud server’s local home gateway. However, secu-
rity and privacy challenges have been raised due to the reli-
ability and dependability issues of the Internet. This is
because of some connections between the cyber environment 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
and physical environment to fulfill the consumers’ demands. Delay (ms)
It is presumed that these problems will indeed be solved in
the future [34], as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Final information uploading delay for cloud and local
Even though IoT is an intelligent technology that makes home gateway approach [34].
people’s lives more comfortable, IoT-connected systems
might lack a comprehensive platform if applications of indi-
vidual items are not transformed. These separate individual Smart Power Monitoring and Analysis is aimed at devel-
applications are combined into a single infrastructure, where oping a solution to keep track of every electrical appliance
a platform can be used in the future for data mining and and monitor the energy used consumed by an Android
extraction of knowledge [32]. As far as IoT is concerned, device. As mentioned, this study’s main problem statement
the future of IoT will be the best and advanced in the sensing is that most of the power meters installed in any residential
services; communications; and in monitoring, controlling, buildings showed the total consumption of the electricity
and producing information from vast amounts of data [8]. used. It does not mention which appliances contributed to
Gartner, a technology consulting company, is concerned in the usage of most electricity. The goal is at least to lower
predicting the future of technology trends, especially the the electricity bills and energy consumption by 30% to
Internet of Things for smart homes, smart industries, agri- 40%. This can be achieved by a proper monitoring system
culture, healthcare, and autonomous vehicle applications that allows item-wise energy consumption monitoring and
[35–40]. can regulate lifestyle with usage habits [9]. The architecture
The energy that is mainly being used and consumed in used only current sensors to measure all the parameters
the residential areas is primarily on water heating, lighting, needed and a microcontroller as the system. The data col-
air conditioner, refrigerator, and more. Precisely, in Malay- lected and monitored were stored in a central cloud server
sia, it can be predicted that only a small amount of energy instantly for some analysis. The IoCare IoT module has been
is consumed during office hours between 0800 hours and used on the WiFi board with a microcontroller [44]. Authors
1700 hours. However, peak demand reaches mainly at night, have presented a system with mobile apps to collect energy
where all the people gather around having dinner, watching consumption data. This study’s performance was satisfied
television, and more. Yet, their power rating can be catego- as the electricity consumption is successfully shown in their
rized as household appliances, where Table 1 shows the smartphone apps in meters and numeric form; however, a
average household item power rating [39–42]. real-time analytical value of the energy or the power con-
Moreover, household appliances can also be divided into sumed has not existed in the system. This application can
three (3) parts: inductive, capacitive, and resistive. Resistive help a single user forecast energy use and billing with reliable
load-based heating appliances have the highest energy con- accuracy comprehensively, manage the unnecessary waste of
sumption as compared to inductive and capacitive house- energy consumption and optimize electricity use from a
hold appliances. Air conditioners and washing machines mass-user perspective [44].
use inductive and capacitive loads that can be considered As mentioned in this paper, the primary source of the
reactive loads. They have lower consumption than the development and advancement of technology in this world
resistive-based loads, but the resistive load’s power factor is is electric energy. There is a demand for it from both domes-
one. The load needs more current to satisfy the real power tic and industrial sectors. As stated in the annual energy
requirement if the power factor is low, and most consumers report, the demand for electricity in homes is expected to
are not aware of it as the electricity bills are basically in increase by 24% [30]. As in recent years, wireless sensor net-
energy (kWh) [43]. works (WSNs) have experienced rapid growth. WSNs are
incredibly flexible and provide an exciting opportunity to
2.1. Related Works and the Research Challenges. In this sec- advance the future of home automation. An IoT-based intel-
tion, related IoT-based electricity monitoring systems are ligent energy management system using WSN is a project
discussed and explained. The development of these projects implemented as IoT for a home appliance monitoring sys-
has led the world to a better future in saving electricity, prac- tem and real-time power management system. This system
ticing energy saving, and making electricity usage very effec- integrates WSN and Web Service communications to com-
tive and efficient. prehend the management of a power and information
4 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Table 1: Average household item power rating [39–42]. human life cycle. The proposed system designs an autono-
mous system capable of controlling electricity flow, reducing
No Item Rating (Watt) consumption, and collecting and transmitting maximum
1 Television—Samsung 150.00 and dynamic loads. The system consists of five parts: track-
2 Television—Sony 125.00 ing, calculating, monitoring, regulating, and electrical safety
3 Air conditioner—Panasonic 600.00 of the power system.
4 Air conditioner—Panasonic 2 500.00 Power system monitoring is a robust, reliable, and highly
accurate energy management system, while metering is the
5 Air conditioner—Daikin 800.00
important system in which data and information are
6 WiFi modem 10.00 acquired and presented in the database in real time. The
7 Cable TV setup box 25.00 measurements indicate the voltage, current, frequency,
8 Internet modem 10.00 active power, reactive power, and apparent power. Monitor-
9 Refrigerator 150.00 ing and control is the management of information, and the
10 Water heater 1,000.00 application of a control system involves the maintenance
11 Microwave 600.00 of information.
Electrical protection is also included in this system to
12 Dispenser 600.00
protect the equipment and the personnel and avoid exten-
13 Dishwasher 1,200.00 sive damage caused by faults as it can monitor a large-scale
14 LED light bulbs—7 7.00 system that is a substation. The proposed system for this
15 LED light bulbs—9 9.00 project is as follows:
16 Incandescent light bulbs—60 60.00
17 Incandescent light bulbs—80 80.00 (1) Voltage sensing by using a voltage transformer
18 Washing machine 500.00
(2) Measure current via current sensors
19 Vacuum cleaner 200.00
20 Electric iron 400.00 (3) Zero crossing technique used for sensing frequency
21 Rice cooker 400.00 (4) Voltage and current signal are used for power factor
22 Toaster 600.00 estimation
23 Laptop 50.00
(5) The load will be tripped when the current event
24 Printer 20.00
exceeds the set value
25 Scanner 10.00
26 Desktop computer—Apple 100.00 (6) A generator will be switched on and the load will be
27 Mobile phone charger—Samsung 3.00 shifted when there is a shutdown
28 Mobile phone charger—iPhone 3.00 There are two parts of this study that are crucial for ref-
29 Water pump 400.00 erences: the voltage divider circuit and the current divider
30 Electric saver 15.00 circuit. The voltage divider circuit is used to scale down
31 Lawn mower 1,000.00 the waveform, and an offset is added when there is no harm-
32 Food blender 300.00 ful component. Single-phase voltage is monitored and calcu-
lated by stepping down to 12 V of 240 V [14]. On the other
33 Hair dryer 400.00
hand, the current is measured using the current transformer
34 Coffee maker 600.00 sensor where the current transformer sensor with burden
resistors and biasing voltage dividers (R1 and R2) is used
provider using the IoT platform. The proposed system for to achieve the wave of the current divider [14]. Therefore,
this project is to use the current sensor and voltage sensors the system design uses the Arduino microcontroller, where
for calculation purposes. Figures 2 and 3 refer to the func- a single-phase voltage and current are measured. The corre-
tional description of the system developed. Data is trans- sponding frequency (50 Hz), power factor, apparent power
ferred wirelessly with ZigBee (ZigBee Ethernet shield (KVA), reactive power (KVAR), and real power (KW) are
receivers via serial port). The data collected from the Ether- found by calculating the value shown in the LCD [14].
net shield is sent using the WiFi router to the LAN. The sys- This proposal is close to SMACS as the system for both
tem is controlled and monitored remotely [45]. similar. The main difference between this work [16] and
The aim of this research is consistent with SMACS, but SMACS is that the existing system focused on a bigger scale
this method uses ZigBee and Ethernet. of the electrical system, a substation, whereas SMACS is nar-
Ethernet is able to connect to an Ethernet network as rowed down to the minor part in household electrical appli-
either a client or a server [37]. The proposed project uses ances. The significance of a microcontroller-based power
WiFi module ESP8266, which is a transreceiver module monitoring and switching device for appliances over a Zig-
compared to the ZigBee module. Bee Network is the development of a system that can help
Electrical engineers have to conserve energy in this world users be more aware of their appliances’ consumption.
as everyone demands electrical energy at any point in the Another focus of PMAS is storing data and monitoring
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 5

ETHERNET SHIELD
ZIGBEE RECEIVER ATMEGA 2560

LAN

Figure 2: Receiver section of smart power management system [32].

LCD display

Zigbee transmitter
Reset circuit

ATMEGA 328p Relay 1 Load 1

Current sensor

Driver
Voltage sensor Relay n Load n

Triac
Oscillator circuit circuit

Power supply 230 V AC

Figure 3: Transmitter section of smart power management system [45].

consumption based on the android app. The microcontroller Table 2: Average current reading on a multimeter without PMAS
will read the current and transverse parameters on the android and on one with a PMAS adapter [46].
app: voltage, current, and power. Zigbee is used to transmit
data but in a small range of frequencies. The gateway sends Current reading from Current reading with
Appliances
and receives data to the web server and mobile application multimeter (A) PMAS adapter
[46]. The design is partly divided into adapters, central hubs, Air
12.5 12.9
databases, and android applications. The adapter consists of conditioner
the current sensor ACS712, the same current module used in Hair dryer 5.1 5.5
the proposed system. The data is shown in Table 2, where Induction
the data collected are based on four appliances. 3.7 3.8
cooker
Table 2 shows the reading from the multimeter com- Microwave 5.05 5.1
pared to the reading with the PMAS converter. It was not
far from accurate, but there were some errors in the system.
Developing Arduino-based IoT measurement system for The authors have designed a home control and monitor-
energy on-demand monitoring is a system that offers cost ing system where this system was developed as an embedded
optimization for energy use in Nigeria. The solution micro web server and a remote application by using a smart-
expected in the residential area of Nigeria is supposed to phone. This project is aimed at reducing costs and saving
monitor the use of energy that can be stored in a database energy. Other than that, the authors wanted to control the
to access historical data to create awareness [47]. The pri- device and the home environments were also being moni-
mary component used in this paper is the ACS712 current tored to maintain the amount of desired energy consump-
sensor which measures both the alternating current and tion. Arduino UNO with the ESP 8266 WiFi module and
the direct current. The components used include Arduino the clamp current transformer with relay have been used
UNO, an LCD, a ACS712 current sensor, a4 × 4matrix cal- for the appliances. A different AT command should also be
culator, and a GSM module. This system can be monitored presented by GSM-based communications as well as home
on the LCD screen and also on the Cloud Application Con- control. The disadvantage of the system is that consumers
sumer web server. are not given any user interface to display, and users have
It was designed using the HTML/PHP script. The GSM to remember the AT command to control the connected
module can also monitor the data, where the data will be device. The architecture is shown in Figure 4 [48].
texted to the numbers installed. The system was limited to The implementation of the system is divided into two
a small communication range. parts that are implemented and combined. It consists of
6 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

WIFI
module
RL 1 Light
ESP8266
RL 2 Fan

Arduino RL 3 TV
CT
uno
RL 4 Fridge

Power supply

Figure 4: The block diagram of IoT-based control [48].

Start

Start
Int hardware

LOG ON Connect to NW

UI

Cmd RX

Button
N Pressed Decode cmd

Switch on load
Y

Send command
Feedback

Application Embedded

Figure 5: The flowchart of the IoT-based control.

mobile phones, an android application for the app part, and not directly from the cable. The impacts of this research in
an Arduino board with a WiFi module in the home gateway comparison with the proceeding technology in the context
for the second embedded part. Figure 5 shows the suggested of sustainability are summarized below:
flow diagram for both systems, respectively.
This study’s advantages are that it can reduce human (i) Bigger data storage that increases the communica-
efforts, save power, and low cost. This project’s application tion speed by using the WiFi module ESP8266
is a control and monitoring system using different home instead of using ZigBee communication technology
appliances based on IoT, and this system can be improved
(ii) Targeting IoT sustainable technology that evolves
further for industrial purposes. It can also be used in offices
with future upgrading
by using the mobile application [46]. The authors found that
a current transformer is not efficient because the reading was (iii) Low cost and less complicated technology
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 7

EAMOC

Monitoring Control

Switching
Voltage Overcurrent relay
control

i > Limit of the appliances,

Currents Enable
relay operates

ii >
< Limit of the appliances,
Power Disable
relay
relaydisoperate
operate

Energy

Cost

Figure 6: Flow diagram of a low-cost Smart HAMCoS based on IoT.

(iv) Real-time usage and fulfilling customer requirements

IoT application to the electrical systems opens the Start
opportunities for short, medium, and long-term adaptation
processes, which takes its course as smart technology can
Power ON
be driven from household appliances to the large-scale
industry. As seen from the results achieved from this
research work, IoT proves real practical application capabil-
ities, leading to sustainable and mature technology.
Sensor read
data and
2.2. Research Gaps. Based on the literature review, the algorithm
electricity usage monitoring system is aimed at creating
awareness for users to be more concerned with energy con-
sumption in the home in general and every appliance specif-
ically. The research was conducted for the monitoring
SMACS system
system in which monitoring rules on IoT can be more effi-
cient and manageable. Based on the papers reviewed, there
are conflicting results among the authors. The WiFi commu- Transmit and receive data
nication unit used in the monitoring system is the Zigbee through Wi‑Fi module
transmitter as it is designed to transmit a small amount of
data over a short distance from the network. It is considered
to be slow as the maximum speed is 250 kbps. However, Zig- Cloud storage
bee has an inoperability problem where it can interfere with (Thingspeak)
one and another. The main research question is what design
considerations and techniques need to be focused on con- Data visualization on
trolling the power consumption in residential buildings. Thingspeak
More studies are needed to find a better solution that can
handle bulk data in the long-distance network and efficiently End
monitor the energy of house appliances. The existing works
using sensors in the system are yet to function efficiently as Figure 7: The flowchart of SMACS system.
the sensor in direct contact. As a result, the percentage of
error increases in monitoring the current units for the
household appliances. A more in-depth study is required
to find a better solution to get accurate results.
8 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Start

Read current

Calculate : current, voltage,

power consumption

LCD display
Thingspeak IoT Virtuino

End

Figure 8: Monitoring system of SMACS flowchart.

Start

Appliances enable

Read current

Yes i > Current No

limit

Send notification

Relay operates

End

Figure 9: Control system of SMACS.

3. Materials and Methods 3.1. Monitoring System. Since the user appliances and the
power consumption have increased in residential and com-
The developed SMACS in this paper discussed the monitor- mercial sectors, it is imperative to monitor and measure
ing system, control system, implementation of IoT, appli- the electric system and appliances. As the focus of this study,
ances, and basic electrical theory. Figure 6 presents the the residential sectors are made up of small energy con-
proposed flow diagram, consisting of five specific parts that sumers and users, such as houses and apartments [34]. A
are explained in the following discussion. power monitoring system can help users or consumers to
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 9

Figure 10: System design of SMACS.

monitor their usage of electricity efficiently. Improvement of

electricity efficiency usage can be achieved by reduction due
to changing habits [8]. 4
In this modern era, monitoring systems must sort the 5
data and record and exploit them to get the intrinsic infor- 3
mation shown in legit and innovative ways and access the
Internet to visualize it anywhere [4]. The monitoring system
can be considered a user-friendly and unified solution for 2
reliable electricity management [5]. This system can help
1
users to change their usage by providing real-time feed-
back [6]. 6

3.2. Control System. Electric equipment’s operational status

control can reduce buildings’ power consumption cost and
Figure 11: Testbed scenario of SMACS.
improve the buildings’ electrical energy to an effective and
reliable ratio. The power control system can help the user
manage their electricity more effectively and efficiently as
everything can be controlled. This system can give com-
mands directly from the remote control device [5].

3.3. Implementation of IoT. Thing-speak has been used for

the development of IoT which is compatible with the ESP
8266 WiFi module. It can also show, analyze, and calculate
the required data and store them publicly or privately in
the cloud. Thing-speak is used as a medium to analyze and
store data from the sensor-based IoT. It can be analyzed
remotely via either a laptop or cell phone as long as WiFi
is attached. To integrate Thing-speak with Arduino and
the ESP8266 WiFi module, some prerequisites need to be Figure 12: Complete SMACS prototype.
done. The most crucial process is the command. Before the
10 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

command is done, the Thing-speak account needs to be cre-

ated. Only authorized persons can access the IoT application
through Arduino and the ESP8266 WiFi module using the
account created.

4. Design Consideration
The first step of this research work is system design. A flow-
chart is constructed to visualize the project flow, and the
process is clearer and more understandable. Figure 7 pre-
sents the general system flow of SMACS which shows that,
when the system is powered up, the sensors will read the
data and all the processes will be executed. The data will Figure 13: Numerical display from Thing-speak.
be transmitted and received through the WiFi module and
then stored on the cloud storage. The data will be visualized
Table 3: Component shown in numbering.
in both web servers and mobile applications. As far as
SMACS is concerned, it is a system that monitors the cur- Number Component
rent, voltage, and power consumption usage of the appli-
1 Arduino UNO
ances that can be monitored on LCD and also based on
the Internet of Things by using Thing-speak. The WiFi 2 5 V relay
module ESP8266 is used as a medium to transmit and 3 ACS712 current sensor
receive data using WiFi. SMACS for household appliances 4 LCD 20 × 4 I2C
is divided into 2 parts: one major part for the monitoring 5 ESP8266 WiFi module
system and one minor part for the control system. This sys- 6 Power adapter
tem is supplied using 12 Vdc or 240 Vac with an AC to DC
converter. The ACS712 current sensor module is used to
measure the current, and the value of the current is used
Table 4: Voltage level.
to calculate the power consumption. Relay is used in the
control system part where it acts as protection, and it cuts Voltage level Supply voltage
off and delays the current when overcurrent occurs.
Low voltage
Figures 8 and 9 show the flowchart of the monitoring system
and control system, respectively. As shown in Figure 10, the Single phase 240 V
design of SMACS consists of Arduino UNO, a liquid crystal Three phases 415 V
display (LCD), an ACS712 current sensor module, relays,
and AC sources. The components can be selected from the
current is greater than the limit, then it sends the notifica-
library of the software so that the simulation result will be
tions to the relay operation.
the same as the prototype.
4.2. Hardware Configuration. The circuitry diagram is
4.1. System Configuration (Thing-Speak). Thing-speak is an shown for the proposed SMACS in Figure 10. After design-
Internet of Things open-source application. It stores data ing and simulating the system using Proteus and Arduino
and retrieves it via HTTP protocol over the Internet or Local IDE, the next step is to build and fabricate the prototype
Area Network (LAN) [44]. Thing-speak is compatible with using the correct configurations. The first fabrication is
the ESP 8266 WiFi module, and it is also used to show, ana- developed to test and make sure the system is functioning.
lyze, and calculate the data and store it publicly or privately Figures 11 and 12 show the experimental testbed of SMACS.
in the cloud. In this project, Thing-speak is used to analyze All the connections are based on the design created on Pro-
and store data from the sensor based on IoT. It was analyzed teus. Two supply sockets are used as the power source for
through both laptops and mobile phones anywhere and in the appliances, and LCD and Thing-speak are used to dis-
any place as long as WiFi is connected. To integrate play and store data, respectively. As shown in Figure 11,
Thing-speak with Arduino and the ESP8266 WiFi module, the hardware testbed scenario of SMACS is stated in num-
some prerequisites need to be done. The most crucial pro- bering; the details are shown in Figure 13, and the data is
cess is the command. Before the command is done, the presented in Table 3. This testbed was conducted at the uni-
Thing-speak account was created. versity laboratory with load variations.
Figure 8 presents the SMACS monitoring system, where
it first reads the current status then calculates the current, 4.3. System Parameters. The main system parameters used
voltage, and total power consumption. These estimations for the performance evaluation and calculation are discussed
can be monitored in the LCD and also in the apps using here. The residential voltage rating with the configuration is
the Thing-speak IoT module. Figure 9 shows the flowchart presented in Table 4, where the voltage levels from the low
of the proposed SMACS control system, enabling the appli- side to the high side for a single phase and for three phases
ances to read the current and check its limit. If the expected are shown.
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 11

Table 5: Comparison between ESP8266 and Zigbee transmitter.

ESP8266 WiFi module Zigbee module Comparison

Wireless local area network (WLAN) area networks Restricted to wireless personal area networks (WPAN),
Network range
with an average range between 30 and 100 meters reaching 10-30 meters in usual applications
2.4 GHz, 5 GHz 900-928 MHz, 2.4 GHz Operating frequencies
Up to 54 mbps 250 kbps low data rate Data rate

Table 6: Current comparison and percentage error of proposed SMACS.

Current reading from Percentage error

Appliances Actual current (A)
Thing-speak (A) of current (%)
Hair dryer 2.461 2.476 0.60
Dry iron 4.175 4.190 0.41
Induction cooker 3.905 3.890 0.38
Water heater 6.78 6.80 0.29

As shown in Table 4, a low voltage side is selected for the current work. Smart monitoring and control system
this system where a single-phase housing of the scope of (SMACS) for household appliances have chosen the
SMACS is a 240 Vac from the power supply. The crucial part ESP8266 WiFi module as a WiFi connection medium.
of the household appliances is not on the voltage side but on ESP8266 has shown a great work of transmitting and receiv-
the current side. Current is an electrical charge that carries ing data in this study compared to the Zigbee transmitter.
flow. A simple way of defining this is that current is a charge The comparison between the Zigbee transmitter and the
over time. Current can be categorized into 2 parts: direct WiFi module is shown in Table 5.
current (DC) and alternating current (AC). DC flows only Table 6 shows that the ESP8266 WiFi module can facil-
in one direction, whereas AC periodically changes in direc- itate higher data rates at 54 Mbps, and the operating fre-
tion. The root mean square (RMS) current is used in the cal- quencies are 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Whereas, the Zigbee
culation since AC is constantly changing its value. The RMS operates in 900-928 Mhz and also 2.4 GHz, and the data rate
current is calculated as follows: is 250 kbps. Therefore, it can be summarized that ESP8266 is
better than Zigbee in terms of range, data rate, and operating
I max frequencies. It is also very efficient and accurate in current
I r:m:s: = p ffiffiffi , ð1Þ
2 sensing, as the current sensor is the most crucial in this
module.
where I r:m:s: is the root mean square of the current in A, I max
is the maximum value of current in A. 5.1. Accessing ESP8266 WiFi Module with Thing-Speak in
Other than that, the other important parameter in Web Server. SMACS was tested with the Thing-speak using
SMACS is power consumption. Power is an electrical energy the WiFi module to transmit and receive the data from the
flow for the unit time. It can also be defined as the multipli- sensors and Arduino UNO. The first step was to sign up
cation of voltage, current, and power factors. The formula for the Thing-speak account to have ownership of the sys-
for power is shown in equation (2) and equation (3): tem. Then, the channel is created to know the amount of
data to be monitored. As in this system, four data were visu-
P = VI cos θ, ð2Þ alized and listed as follows: field 1—current 1; field
2—power consumption 1; field 3—current 2; field 4—power
V consumption 2; and field 5—nominal voltage. It is shown in
Z= cos θ, ð3Þ Figures 14 and 15 that the channel status is either in the
I
form of a chart and numerical display. Figure 14 displays
where P = power in W, I = current in A, cos θ = power factor the chart from Thing-speak.
, Z is the impedance of the system.
Voltage and power factors are assumed in SMACS, 5.2. Mobile Application. Virtuino mobile application was
where it is fixed to 240 Vac and 90%, respectively. It is the made to monitor the usage wirelessly and remotely. The
nominal value for residential areas, where all the values are mobile application that was used in this is Virtuino. It is
based on active power. an application that can be used as a monitoring system for
SMACS. Virtuino can be linked with the Thing-speak web
5. Result and Discussions server. It reads the real-time data from Thing-speak and
visualizes it on the mobile application; however, Virtuino
Most researchers have been using the Zigbee transmitter as a cannot visualize historical data itself. The data can be read
medium to transmit and receive data and cloud storage in on the mobile application as long as the mobile or WiFi
12 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Fletd 1 chart 4.5

4
SMACS 50546
10
3.5
Current 1

5 3

Percentage (%)
0 2.5
−5 2
18, Apr 19, Apr 20, Apr
Date ThingSpeat.com 1.5

1
Figure 14: Chart display from Thing-speak.
0.5

0
Fletd 1 numberic display 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Operation speed (Kbps)

Actual current
Current from Thingspeak
4.220
Figure 16: Current percentage error of SMACS.

a flow account ago Table 7: Household appliances used for testing.

Appliances Power rating

Figure 15: Complete visualization of SMACS in Virtuino.
Bulb 100 W
Hair dryer 900 W
network connection is fast. Historical data can only be Dry iron 1000 W
accessed on the Thing-speak web server. Figure 16 showed Rice cooker 1000 W
the completed visualization of Virtuino on mobile phones.
Water heater 1500 W
On the other hand, Virtuino can trigger an alarm whenever
an overcurrent occurs. The alarm will produce a sound to
trigger awareness to the users about the overcurrent. The As presented in Figure 21, the higher the value of the
value set in this system was 12 A, where it triggered the current, the more accurate the result will be using SMACS.
alarm before the limit of the current value reaches 13 A. This The percentage of error for the bulb is 2.5%, where the cur-
is done to create awareness and avoid any damage or danger rent is the smallest among the appliances chosen.
to either the appliances or the users themselves. When the According to the paper on microcontroller-based power
value surpasses 13 A, the relay will operate, where the switch monitoring and switching device (PMAS) for appliances
will be disabled for a few seconds. over a ZigBee network [46], the system called PMAS as
shown in Figures 22 and 23 show the percentage error of
5.3. Data Comparison with Different Household Appliances. each system. It can be seen that the performance of the pro-
A comparison between different types of household appli- posed SMACS is preferably accurate and has very low error
ances were accomplished to identify the accuracy of the pro- compared to the existing PMAS. The detailed comparison is
posed system. A few appliances were selected with varying presented in Table 8, where it can be seen that the existing
values of current. Table 7 shows the appliances that have PMAS has chosen a few appliances quite similar to the pro-
been chosen for system testing. posed system. The data can be analyzed to show that PMAS
The higher the current value, the more accurate the is considered successful, but according to Table 7, the per-
result of SMACS is presented in Figures 16–23. The percent- centage error of currents is relatively large compared to
age of error for the bulb is 2.5%, where the current is the SMACS. Table 6 shows the average value of current and its
smallest among the appliances chosen. In comparison to percentage error of SMACS.
the highest value of current among the appliances chosen,
which is the water heater, the percentage error is only 5.4. Discussion and Limitation of This Work. The results
0.15%. The value is approaching zero, which is considered obtained are based on a constructed circuit that is simulated
to be accurate. This proposed system is considered to be effi- using real-life power system data and hardware prototype
cient and successful. The data gathered from the monitoring trials at the power socket. Monitoring power consumption
system were tested for 5 minutes for every 30 seconds. The problems are pervasive in household electric appliances.
percentage error is calculated. Therefore, a sustainable design and implementation of smart
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 13

4.2 5.5

4.19 5

4.18 4.5

4.17 4
Current (A)

4.16 3.5

Current (A)
4.15 3

4.14 2.5

4.13 2
4.12 1.5
4.11 1
4.1 0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Operation speed (Kbps) Operation speed (Kbps)

Actual current Actual current

Current from Thingspeak Current from Thingspeak

Figure 17: Current test comparison for rice cooker appliance. Figure 19: Current test comparison for 100 W lighting appliance.

Percentage error of current SMACS (%)

Percentage (%)
0.41 0.6
0.41 0.38
0.405 0.29

0.4
Hair Dry iron Rice Water
Current (A)

0.395 dryer cooker heater

Household appliances
0.39
Figure 20: Current test comparison for hairdryer appliance.
0.385

0.38
4
0.375
3.5
0.37
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
3
Operation speed (Kbps)
Percentage (%)

2.5
Actual current
Current from Thingspeak
2
Figure 18: Current test comparison for water heater appliance.
1.5

electricity management of every consumption have been top 1

prioritized to reduce usage and cost for a sustainable society
[9, 11]. The proposed smart home electricity monitoring 0.5
system is sustainable that utilizes the most advanced Internet
0
technologies to impact electric consumption monitoring 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
performance. Monitoring the consumption of electrical
Operation speed
appliances, including advanced digital appliances, can
directly regulate the usage of the air conditioner, water Data. bulb Data. rice cooker
heaters, heaters, dry iron, washing machine, music systems, Data. water heater Data. hair dryer
Data. dry iron
and lighting systems. Therefore, the proposed system can
positively improve lifestyles and habits for a sustainable Figure 21: Percentage error comparison with different appliances.
urban lifestyle with the accessible functionalities that can
connect the house to an extraordinary remote monitoring
center or to a mobile device through a mobile app; it is envi-
ronmentally friendly. Using the proposed system can create
14 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Percentage error of current PMAS (%) 6. Conclusions

7.8 This paper has proposed and developed an IoT-based smart
monitoring and control system for household appliances.
Percentage (%)

The methodology and processes are designed and created

to provide a useful and crucial solution in a monitoring
3.2
2.7 and control system. The proposed system performed better
in measuring and monitoring the current, voltage, and
0.9
power consumption. This is because the proposed SMACS
considered the system process design with the hardware
Air conditioner Hair dryer Induction cooker Microwave
selection of the ESP8266 WiFi module, ACS712 current sen-
Household appliances sors, and 5 V relays. The entire communication has been
done through the WiFi module to display the data on web
Figure 22: Percentage error of PMAS.
servers, Thing-speak, and mobile applications like Virtuino.
The data are also monitored in real time and historically,
Percentage error of current SMACS (%) where the data were stored in the cloud database. The mon-
0.6 itoring system makes the system more accessible for cus-
tomers to view consumption rates clearly in real time. The
Percentage (%)

0.41 0.38 control system of SMACS can fulfill the requirement of

0.29 safety, can monitor appliances in the household individually
or collectively, and can create awareness on electricity con-
sumption. The voltage and current will be monitored in a
wider scale in the smart house environment in future work.
Hair dryer Dry iron Rice cooker Water heater
Household appliances
Data Availability
Figure 23: Percentage error of SMACS.
All data has been supplied with the manuscript.

Table 8: Current comparison and percentage error of PMAS [44]. Conflicts of Interest
Current Current reading Percentage The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Appliances reading from with PMAS error of
multimeter (A) adapter (A) current (%)
Air conditioner 12.5 12.9 3.2 Acknowledgments
Hair dryer 5.1 5.5 7.8
This paper was funded by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Induction (UKM) under grant nos. FRGS/1/2020/ICT03/UKM/02/6
3.7 3.8 2.7
cooker and GGPM 2020-028.
Microwave 5.05 5.1 0.9

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