Computer Generation

and Application
1 History of Computer

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 Chinese Abacus

◉ One of the 1st machine humans

had ever created to be used for
counting and calculating.

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 Pascaline

◉ Built by mathematician and

scientist, Blaise Pascal in 1642.
◉ A mechanical calculator that
calculates through repeated
addition or subtraction.

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 Charles Babbage

◉ Known as the “father of the

computer”.
◉ Theorized that operations can be
done automatically.

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 Difference Engine (1821)

◉ Charles Babbage’s 1st design with

fixed instruction set, fully
automatic through the use of
steam power and prints its results
into a table.
◉ On completing it in 1832, he
conceived the idea of a better
machine that could perform not
just one mathematical task but any
kind of calculation. 6
 Analytical Engine (1833)

◉ Charles Babbage’s 2nd design is

able to execute operations in non-
numeric orders through the
addition of conditional control,
store memory, and reach
instructions from punch cards
making it a programmable
mechanical computer.

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 Difference Engine vs.
Analytical Engine

◉ The Difference Engine was a large calculator designed to

compute polynomial functions, while the Analytical Engine was
a more advanced general-purpose computer that used punched
cards for input and output, and was capable of performing a
wide range of calculations.

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 Alan Turing

◉ In 1936, he proposed the concept

of a universal machine, later to be
dubbed the “Turing Machine”.
◉ Capable of computing anything
that is computable.

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 Five Generation of
2 Computers

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 1st Generation (1940-1956)

◉ The technology behind the 1st

generation was a fragile glass device,
which as called vacuum tubes.
◉ These computers were very heavy and
are large in size.
◉ It was used for calculation, storage, and
control purposes.
◉ Requires a full room due to its
bulkiness and consumes a lot of
electricity. 11
 1st Generation (1940-1956)

Main characteristics of 1st Generation Computers:

Main electronic component Vacuum tubes

Programming language Machine language

Main memory Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums

Input/output devices Paper tape and punched cards

Speed and size Slow and large in size

1st Generation machines IBM 650, IBM 701, ENIAC, UNIVAC1, etc.

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 2nd Generation (1956-1963)

◉ Used transistors rather than vacuum tubes.

◉ A transistor is a device composed of
semiconductor material that amplifies a
sign or opens and closes a circuit.
◉ Transistors were invented in Bell Labs.
◉ It reduced the dimensions and price in
comparison to vacuum tubes.

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 2nd Generation (1956-1963)

Main characteristics of 2nd Generation Computers:

Main electronic component Transistor

Programming language Machine language and assemble language

Main memory Magnetic core and magnetic tape or disk

Input/output devices Magnetic tape and punched cards

Smaller in size, low power consumption, and
Power and size generated less heat (in comparison with 1st
generation computers).
PDP-8, IBM1400 series, IBM 7090 and
2nd Generation machines
7094, UNIVAC 1107, CDC 3600 etc.
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 3rd Generation (1954-1971)

◉ Technology anticipated a shift from huge

transistors to integrated circuits (IC).
◉ A single IC has many transistors, registers,
and capacitors built on 1 thin slice of silicon.
◉ The most feature of this generation’s
computer was the speed and reliability.
◉ The value of size was reduced and memory
space and dealing efficiency were
increased during this generation.
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 3rd Generation (1954-1971)

Main characteristics of 3rd Generation Computers:

Main electronic component Integrated circuits (IC)

Programming language High-level language

Main memory Large magnetic core, magnetic tape or disk

Magnetic tape, monitor, keyboard, printer,
Input/output devices
etc.
IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, NCR 395,
3rd Generation machines
B6500, UNIVAC 1108, etc.

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 4th Generation (1971-Present)

◉ The 1st microprocessors were used in

1971 which is a large scale of integration
of circuits built on 1 chip.
◉ 1 microprocessor can contain all the
circuits required to perform arithmetic,
logic, and control functions on 1 chip.
◉ Computers using microchips are called
microcomputers.

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 4th Generation (1971-Present)

Main characteristics of 3rd Generation Computers:

Very large-scale integration (VLSI) and the

Main electronic component microprocessor (VLSI has thousands of
transistors on a single microchip).
Semiconductor memory (such as RAM,
Main memory
ROM, etc.)
Pointing devices, optical scanning,
Input/output devices
keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.
IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple
4th Generation machines
Macintosh, Alter 8800, etc.

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 5th Generation

◉ 5th generation computers consists of Artificial Intelligence

which allows computers to behave like humans.
◉ It is most often seen in programs such as voice recognition,
area of medicines, and entertainment.
◉ Remarkable performance where AI are capable of beating
human competitors.

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 5th Generation

Main characteristics of 5th Generation Computers:

Based on artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra

Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and
parallel processing method (ULSI has millions of
Main electronic component
transistors on a single microchip and Parallel
processing method use two or more
microprocessors to run tasks simultaneously).

Language Understand natural language (human language).

Size Portable and small in size.

Keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad),

Input/output device
touchscreen, pen, speech, printer, etc.

5th Generation examples Desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

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 Classifications of
3 Computers

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 Supercomputers

◉ A powerful computer that can process

large amounts of data and do a great
amount of computation in an instant.
These are mainly used for areas related
to:
○ Science
○ Engineering
○ Education
○ Defense
○ Aerospace
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 Mainframe Computers

◉ A high-performance computer used for

large information processing jobs. These
are mainly used for areas related to:
○ Academics
○ Libraries
○ Large businesses
○ Stock brokerage firms
○ Institutions
○ Research
○ Healthcare

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 Minicomputers

◉ A mid-range computer that is intermediate

in size, power, speed storage capacity.
These are often referred to as a small or
midsize servers.

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 Personal Computers

◉ A small computer designed for use by a

single user at a time.
◉ “Microcomputer” is now primarily used to
mean a PC, but it can refer to any kind of
small computer, such as a desktop
computer, laptop, tablet, smartphone.

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4 Computer Capabilities

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Speed

◉ The duration of a computer system requires in fulfilling a

task or completing an activity. It is well-known that
computers need very little time than humans in
completing a task.
◉ Computer systems have such fast operation capacity
that the unit of time is in fractions of a second.

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Accuracy

◉ The level of precision with which calculations are made

and tasks are performed. One may invest years of his
life in detecting errors in computer calculations or
updating a wrong record.
◉ The computers rarely commit errors and do all types of
tasks precisely.

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Reliability

◉ The quality due to which the user can stay dependable

on the computer. Computers systems are well-adjusted
to do repetitive tasks.
◉ Any failure of the computer in a highly automated
industry is disastrous. Hence, the industry in such
situations has a backup facility to take over tasks
without losing much of the time.

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Adaptability

◉ Adaptability of computer system means the quality of it

to complete a different type of tasks: simple as well as
complex. Computers are normally versatile unless
designed for a specific operation.
◉ Overall, a daily purpose computer is used in any area of
application: business, industry, scientific, statistical,
technological etc.

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Storage

◉ The ability of the computer to store data in itself for

accessing it again in future. Nowadays, apart from
having instantaneous access to data, computers have a
huge ability to store data in a little physical space.

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5 Computer Limitations

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Lack of Common-Sense

◉ No matter how efficient, fast and reliable computer

systems might be but yet do not have any common
sense because no full-proof algorithm has been
designed to program logic into them.

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Zero IQ

◉ They are unable to see and think the actions to perform

in a particular situation unless that situation is already
programmed into them. Computers are programmable
to complete each and every task, however small it may
be.

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Lack of Decision-Making

◉ The computer system does not have the ability to make

decisions on their own because they do not possess all
the essentials of decision-making.

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