CS II for Engineering
Lecture 1: Classes and Objects I
Nada Sharaf
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General Information
Lippman, S.; Lajoie, J.; Moo, B.: C++ Primer. 5th edition.
Addison-Wesley, 2012. ISBN 978-0321714114.
Stroustrup, B.: Programming - Principles and Practice Using C++.
2nd edition. Addison Wesley, 2014. ISBN 978-0-321-99278-9.
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Credits and a Huge Thank You to Prof. Dr. Slim
Abdennadher and Prof. Dr. Klaues Baer
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Tentative Grading
Quizzes: 25%
Project: 10%
Midterm Exam: 25%
Final Exam: 40%
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What
You can write programs
You understand how computers work
It is time to go foe a different direction in programming: namely
Object Oriented Programming using C++
OOP: Object Oriented Programming
C++ was developed to combine the object oriented features of Java
with the power of C
Closer to hardware compared to Python or Javascript.
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Where
Game Development
Embedded Systems
Operating Systems
Animations
Used in big companies such as
Google, Facebook, Valeo, ... etc
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Why OOP
Makes problem solving more effective
Allow you to reuse code
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Why Contd.
You can use primitive data types to represent a lot of values: counts,
names, addresses, ... etc.
Think about real life objects e.g. students, chess boards, ... etc
You can represent a student using
1 name: string
2 faculty: string
3 major: string
4 gpa: float
5 ID: int
But we have a lot of students ... i.e. lots of variables
Think about the courses of every student too.
What if we can encapsulate all of the variables into one “Student”
type?
In this case we can also perform actions on students such as updating
their gpa, transferring them to another major, ... etc.
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Difference between Java and C++
Java C++
Java uses compiler and inter- C++ uses compiler only
preter
Supports operator overloading &
Supports only method over-
method overloading
loading
Compile anywhere
Run anywhere
Supports multiple inheritance
Does not support multiple in-
heritance
Support pointers and their manipula-
Does not support pointers
tion
Supports manual object management
Uses the automatic garbage
collector
Platform dependent
Platform independent.
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Compilation vs. Interpretation
Compilation
▶ Compiler converts the
language to the required
target language
▶ Translates the whole program
at once
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Compilation vs. Interpretation
Interpretation
▶ Program is read instruction by
instruction
▶ Every instruction is decoded
and executed directly
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What does Java do?
Both
▶ Program is read instruction by
instruction
▶ Every instruction is converted
to byte code
▶ The Java virtual machine then
reads the byte code and
produces the machine code to
execute it on the device
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Platform Independence
C++ is platform dependent.
programs written in C++ have
to be compiled on every
platform
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Difference between C and C++
C++ supports object oriented features:
▶ Abstraction
▶ Polymorphism
▶ Inheritance
▶ Encapsulation
C does not support function and operator overloading
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IDEs
Code Blocks: https://www.codeblocks.org/
Dev-C++ https://bloodshed-dev-c.en.softonic.com/
Online IDEs:
▶ http://cpp.sh/
▶ https://www.onlinegdb.com/online_c++_compiler
▶ https://www.jdoodle.com/online-compiler-c++/
▶ https://replit.com/
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C++ Programs
The operating system executes
the main function of the
program
Every functions has:
▶ Return type
▶ Function name int main ()
▶ Parameter list (optional) {
▶ Function body return 0;
In C++, the main function }
returns an int
A return value 0 for the main is
usually used to indicate success
However, it can have other
parameter types
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Classes
A class defines a type along with
a collection of operations for
that type
The type name is the same as
the name of the class
A class is a mould that you can
use to build multiple instances
of (objects)
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Sales Item Class Example
int main ()
{
Sales_item book ;
std :: cin >> book ;
std :: cout << book << std :: endl ;
return 0;
}
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Pointers I
// Example program
# include < iostream >
# include < string >
int main ()
{
int x ;
std :: cout <<" The ␣ address ␣ of ␣ " <<x << " is " << & x ;
}
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Pointers II
// Example program
# include < iostream >
# include < string >
int main ()
{
int x = 10;
int * ptr ;
ptr = & x ;
std :: cout <<" The ␣ address ␣ of ␣ " <<x << " is " << ptr << " ␣ or ␣ " < <& x ;
}
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Dereferencing a Pointer
// Example program
# include < iostream >
# include < string >
int main ()
{
int v1 = 20;
int * p2 = & v1 ;
* p2 = 35;
std :: cout << v1 ;
}
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Pointers
Sending a copy vs. sending the address.
# include < iostream > # include < iostream >
# include < string > # include < string >
void swap ( int x , int y ) void swap ( int * x , int * y )
{ {
int tmp ; int tmp ;
tmp = x ; tmp = * x ;
x = y; *x = *y;
y = tmp ; * y = tmp ;
} }
int main () int main ()
{ {
int a = 2 , b = 3; int a = 2 , b = 3;
swap (a , b ); swap (& a , & b );
std :: cout <<" a : ␣ " <<a ; std :: cout <<" a : ␣ " <<a ;
std :: cout < < " ␣ and ␣ b " << b ; std :: cout < < " ␣ and ␣ b " << b ;
} }
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Pointers ... Again
A pointer is a variable
A pointer is a compound type
that points to another type
However inside a pointer we
store an address
Pointers have types depending
on the value inside the address
they hold
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Pointer Operators
1 Address Operator, &, retrieves the address of any variable
ptr = & x ;
2 The dereferencing operator, * can access the value of the cell the
pointer is pointing to
y = * ptr ; // y now holds the same value as x
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Example
1 What is the cell that ptr points
to ? ptr points to x
2 How to assign ptr to hold the
address of x? Using the &
operator
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Pointer State
The value of a pointer can be
1 Pointing to an object.
2 Pointing to the location just immediately past the end of an object.
3 NULL pointer i.e. not bound to any object.
4 Invalid
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Example
Use sli.do Code: 377634
# include < iostream >
using namespace std ;
int main () {
int ival = 42;
int * p = & ival ;
cout << * p << endl ;
* p = 100;
cout << ival << endl ;
}
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Pointers
Sending a copy vs. sending the address.
# include < iostream > # include < iostream >
# include < string > # include < string >
void swap ( int x , int y ) void swap ( int * x , int * y )
{ {
int tmp ; int tmp ;
tmp = x ; tmp = * x ;
x = y; *x = *y;
y = tmp ; * y = tmp ;
} }
int main () int main ()
{ {
int a = 2 , b = 3; int a = 2 , b = 3;
swap (a , b ); swap (& a , & b );
std :: cout <<" a : ␣ " <<a ; std :: cout <<" a : ␣ " <<a ;
std :: cout < < " ␣ and ␣ b " << b ; std :: cout < < " ␣ and ␣ b " << b ;
} }
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Multiple Levels
// Example program
# include < iostream >
using namespace std ;
int main () {
int x = 350;
int y = 700;
int * p1 = & x ;
int ** p2 = & p1 ; 350
cout < <* p1 < < endl ; 700
* p2 =& y ;
cout < <* p1 < < endl ;
}
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C++ Access Modifiers
public: anyone anywhere can
access it
private: anyone within the
class access it. This is the
default
protected: anyone within the
class and its subclasses access
it
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Template
class Class_Name {
Access Modifier :
Attribute_0 ;
Attribute_1 ;
.....
Access Modifier :
Function_0 ;
Function_1 ;
.....
};
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Defining a Class without Functions
class Sales_Item { struct Sales_data {
public : string bookNo ;
string isbn ; unsigned units_sold ;
double revenue ; double revenue ;
unsigned units_sold ;
}; };
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Bank Account Example with Functions
class BankAccount {
private :
string owner ;
double balance ;
int account_number ;
public :
void i ni ti al iz e_ ac co un t ( string o , double b ,
int num );
int ge t_ ac co un t_n um be r ();
void deposit ( double amount );
void withdraw ( double amount );
bool hasHigherBalance ( BankAccount bAcc2 );
};
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Private Attributes
Thus, we need setter and getter functions in this case
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Different Modifiers
class BankAccount {
private :
string owner ;
double balance ;
public :
int account_number ;
public :
void i ni ti al iz e_ ac co un t ( string o , double b ,
int num );
int ge t_ ac co un t_n um be r ();
void deposit ( double amount );
void withdraw ( double amount );
bool hasHigherBalance ( BankAccount bAcc2 );
};
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Implementation of Functions
# include < iostream >
using namespace std ;
class BankAccount {
private :
string owner ;
double balance ;
int account _number ;
public :
void i n i t i a l i z e _ a c c o u n t ( string o , double b , int num )
{ owner = o ;
balance = b ;
acco unt_numb er = num ;}
int g e t _ a c c o u n t _ n u m b e r ()
{ return acco unt_numb er ;}
void deposit ( double amount );
void withdraw ( double amount );
bool h a s H i g h e r B a l a n c e ( BankAccount bAcc2 );
};
void BankAccount :: deposit ( double amount )
{ balance = balance + amount ;}
int main ()
{
BankAccount bA1 ;
bA1 . i n i t i a l i z e _ a c c o u n t ( " Owner " , 0 , 1);
return 0;
}
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Thank you :)
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