MAXIMO DUMLAO RAMOS

led a triple life as teacher, editor, and writer for over 45 years. Born on November
18, 1910 he was descended from the Dumlao and Ramos farming folk of Paoay,
llocos Norte, who pioneered in Southern Zambales early in the 19th century. His
first published work would subsequently be about folk beliefs in San Narciso,
Zambales. In later work, he explored stories from his childhood in Boyhood in
Monsoon Country.

He had a B.S.E. from the University of the Philippines (1934), an A.M. from
Indiana University ( 1948) where he did course work under Stith Thompson, a
TESL from the University of California (1963) where he profited from the tutelage
of Wayland D. Hand, Director of UCLA’s Center for the Study of Comparative
Folklore and Mythology from 1961-1974. Ramos received his Ph.D. from the
University of the Philippines (1965) for his seminal work The Creatures of
Philippine Lower Mythology.

Creatures of Philippine Lower Mythology was a pioneering study of the beings of

the otherworld often mentioned to horrify Filipino folk. But this book was meant
as a tool to get at the roots of Philippine culture and help develop the latter and was
not intended to cause shivers.

What has hobbled the fascinating study of Philippine mythical beings is the many
names they are known by, perhaps due to the number of Philippine languages,
variously reckoned at 179. But this is so only in part; H. Otley Beyer estimated that
the lfugao alone had “millions of gods.”

By looking behind the creatures’ names and examining their traits as reflected in
Philippine folklore, Maximo D. Ramos scaled down the subject to manageable size
and succeeded in categorizing the entire lower Philippine pantheon under just 12
types. In some detail he then defined the implications for the schools and society.
He also related these creatures to those in better studied traditions, thus inviting
further research.

The study of harmful spirits is more fruitful than research on the beneficial such as
angels and gods which, withdrawn from human affairs, affect human lives little.
The folk believe that the harmful spirits frequent and even inhabit their homes and
places of work and thus profoundly influence their thoughts, behavior, values, and
world view.

By identifying the personnel of Philippine lower mythology and examining the

beliefs about them, Dr. Ramos touched the wellsprings of Filipino motivations and
got at the matrix of the Filipino ethos.

Before his important 1965 thesis was published in 1971, Ramos was already
making a name for himself as an author of Folklore and Mythology having
published four titles on the subject. Tales of Long Ago in the Philippines (1953)
and Philippine Myths and Tales for Young Readers (1968) were collections
gathered from historical sources. His 1967 work, The Creatures of Midnight is
perhaps the title that most Baby Boomers and Gen X remember from their
childhood. Ramos’ hope was that after people got to know these creatures of lower
Philippine mythology better, they would never fear them again. He further hoped
that knowledge of these creatures would help enrich Philippine life and culture by
artists weaving the beliefs about them in games, dances, songs, stories, poems, and
pictures.

In 1971 The Philippine Folklore Society published The Aswang Syncrasy in

Philippine Folklore, With Illustrative Accounts in Vernacular Texts and
Translations, which was a bold attempt to present to the reader and to students of
Filipino society and culture one of the dominant Filipino beliefs, the aswang.
Ramos wrote, “What’s an aswang?” once asked Wayland D. Hand, fascinated by
the conflicting traits glimpsed through the scattered material about this mythical
being. I rashly volunteered to find out, little knowing that the search was to get me
into unexplored territory and that to answer Dr. Hand’s question I must first
categorize and classify the traits and functions of just about the entire lower
Philippine pantheon.”

Ramos taught at the Cagayan, Lanao, and Mapa high schools (1935-47, minus the
war years) and in each he was the faculty adviser and literary critic of the campus
journal as well. He then moved into college teaching and, in hopes of academic
fresh air, ended his 17-year service in the Philippine Normal College (1948-65) as
English professor, director of publications, and chairman of the English department
to become Dean, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of the East
(1965-70), and subsequently Dean, College of Graduate Studies & Research,
Western Philippine Colleges, in Batangas City.

Maximo Ramos became the first editor in chief of Phoenix Publishing House, and
was associated with the company from 1963 until his death on December 12,1988.
As editor and consultant, he gathered together a team of teachers who were
creative, understood the needs of Filipino students, knew their pedagogy, and,
above all, were committed to the ideals of nationhood espoused by Dr. Ernesto Y.
Sibal, founder of Phoenix Publishing and a pioneer in gathering government
support for Filipino-authored textbooks. The leadership of Phoenix Publishing
House in the textbook field in all subject areas on all three levels of the educational
system is due, in a large measure, to the unfaltering loyalty and passion for work of
Dr. Ramos.

While with Phoenix Publishing, Ramos never relaxed his own personal pursuit of
the Muse and continued to write short stories, poems, and essays culminating in
two titles, Patricia of the Green Hills and Other Stories and
Poems and Remembrance Of Lents Past and Other Essays. At the same time, he
devoted special attention to serious research on Philippine mythology and folklore.
All these were done as he taught and performed administrative duties at the
Philippine Normal College and later at the University of the East.

Ramos’ legacy has fired the imagination of Filipino students and inspired them to
know more about their own folkways and folklore and to write them down for
others to enjoy and appreciate. Dr. Ramos’s only limitation perhaps is access to
Filipino language as medium of his literary output. But he has shown the Filipino
student that one can master the English language and use it to advantage in
portraying Philippine reality. And because the setting is Filipino and the
experiences are part of the Filipino tradition, his writings appeals to children and
adults.

His works, collectively titled REALMS OF MYTHS AND REALITY, consist of

the following:

1. TALES OF LONG AGO IN THE PHILIPPINES

2. PHILIPPINE MYTHS, LEGENDS,AND FOLKTALES
3. LEGENDS OF THE LOWER GODS
4. THE CREATURES OF MIDNIGHT
 5. THE ASWANG COMPLEX IN PHILIPPINE FOLKLORE
6. PHILIPPINE DEMONOLOGICAL LEGENDS AND THEIR CULTURAL
BEARINGS
7. BOYHOOD IN MONSOON COUNTRY
8. PATRICIA OF THE GREEN HILLS AND OTHER STORIES AND
POEMS
9. REMEMBRANCE OF LENTS PAST AND OTHER ESSAYS
10.THE CREATURES OF PHILIPPINE LOWER MYTHOLOGY

This above collection was published posthumously as a tribute to Dr. Maximo D.

Ramos and as a contribution to Filipiniana. And therein lies the lasting contribution
of Maximo D. Ramos not only to the study of Philippine folklore in particular but
also to the understanding of Filipino society and culture in general.