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PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES

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ALGORITHM AND FLOW CHART

OBJECTIVES

 able to define problem;

 able to define algorithm;
 write algorithms for simple problems;
 explain properties of an algorithm;
 the meaning of flowchart;
 explain the need of flow chart;
 explain different symbols used in flow chart;
 draw flow chart for simple problems; and
convert a flow chart into an algorithm and
vice versa.
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ALGORITHM AND FLOW CHART

INTRODUCTION

Intelligence is one of the key

characteristics which differentiate a human
being from other living creatures on the
earth. Basic intelligence covers day to day
problem solving and making strategies to
handle different situations which keep
arising in day to day life.
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ALGORITHM AND FLOW CHART

INTRODUCTION

One person goes Bank to withdraw money.

After knowing the balance in his account,
he/she decides to withdraw the entire
amount from his account but he/she has to
leave minimum balance in his account.
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ALGORITHM AND FLOW CHART

INTRODUCTION

Here deciding about how much amount

he/she may withdraw from the account is
one of the example of the basic
intelligence. During the process of solving
any problem, one tries to find the
necessary steps to be taken in a sequence.
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ALGORITHM AND FLOW CHART

What is Algorithm?

Algorithm can be defined as: “A sequ

ence of activities to be processed for getti
ng desired output from a given input.”
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ALGORITHM AND FLOW CHART

What is Algorithm?

Webopedia defines an algorithm as:

“A formula or set of steps for solving a

particularproblem. To be an algorithm, a set
of rules must be unambiguous and have a cl
ear stopping point”.
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PROPERTIES OF ALGORITHM
Donald Ervin Knuth has given a list of five
properties for an algorithm, these
properties are:
1) FINITENESS
2) DEFINITENESS
3) INPUT
4) OUTPUT
5) EFFECTIVENESS
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PROPERTIES OF ALGORITHM
1) FINITENESS:
An algorithm must always terminate
after a finite number of steps. It
means after every step one reach
closer to solution of the problem and
after a finite number of steps
algorithm reaches to an end point.
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PROPERTIES OF ALGORITHM
2) DEFINITENESS
Each step of an algorithm must be
precisely defined. It is done by well
thought actions to be performed at
each step of the algorithm. Also the
actions are defined unambiguously for
each activity in the algorithm.
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PROPERTIES OF ALGORITHM
3) INPUT
Any operation you perform need
some beginning value/quantities
associated with different activities in
the operation. So the value/quantities
are given to the algorithm before it
begins.
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PROPERTIES OF ALGORITHM
4) OUTPUT:
One always expects output/result
(expected value/quantities) in terms of output
from an algorithm. The result may be obtained
at different stages of the algorithm. If some
result is from the intermediate stage of the
operation then it is known as intermediate
result and result obtained at the end of
algorithm is known as end result. The output
is expected value/quantities always have a
specified relation to the inputs.
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PROPERTIES OF ALGORITHM

5) EFFECTIVENESS:
Algorithms to be developed/written
using basic operations. Actually operations
should be basic, so that even they can in
principle be done exactly and in a finite
amount of time by a person, by using paper
and pencil only.
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PROPERTIES OF ALGORITHM

Any algorithm should have all these five

properties otherwise it will not fulfil the
basic objective of solving a problem in finite
time. As you have seen in previous
examples, every step of an algorithm puts
you closer to the solution
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ALGORITHM EXAMPLES
Let us take one simple day-to-day example
by writing algorithm for making, “Maggi
Noodles‟ as a food.
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Take pan with water
Step 3: Put pan on the burner
Step 4: Switch on the gas/burner
Step 5: Put magi and masala
Step 6: Give two minutes to boil
Step 7: Take off the pan
Step 8: Take out the magi with the help of
fork/spoon
Step 9: Put the maggi on the plate and serve it
Step 10: Stop.
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ALGORITHM EXAMPLES

Write an algorithm to print “Good Morning‟

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Print “Good Morning‟
Step 3: Stop
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ALGORITHM EXAMPLES

Write an algorithm to find area of a rectangle.

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Take length and breadth and
store them as L and B?
Step 3: Multiply by L and B and store it
in area
Step 4: Print area
Step 5: Stop
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ALGORITHM EXAMPLES

Write an algorithm to check whether he is

eligible to vote? (more than or equal to 18
years old).
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Take age and store it in age
Step 3: Check age value, if age >= 18 then go
to step 4 else step 5
Step 4: Print “Eligible to vote” and go to
step 6
Step 5: Print “Not eligible to vote”
Step 6: Stop
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ALGORITHM EXAMPLES

Write an algorithm to check whether given

number is +ve, -ve or zero.

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Take any number and store it in n.
Step 3: Check n value, if n > 0 then go to
step 5 else go to step 4
Step 4: Check n value, if n < 0 then go to
step 6 else go to step 7
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ALGORITHM EXAMPLES

Write an algorithm to check whether given

number is +ve, -ve or zero.

Step 5: Print “Given number is +ve”and go

to step 8
Step 6: Print “Given number is -ve” and go
to step 8
Step 7: Print “Given number is zero”
Step 8: Stop
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FLOWCHART
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FLOWCHART
The flowchart is a diagram which visually pre
sents the flow of data through processing
systems. This means by seeing a flow chart o
ne can know the operations performed and
the sequence of these operations in a syste
m. Algorithms are nothing but sequence of
steps for solving problems. So a flow chart ca
n be used for representing an algorithm. A
flowchart, will describe the operations
(and in what sequence) are required
to solve a given problem.
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FLOWCHART

A flowchart is a type of diagram that

represents an algorithm, workflow or
process. The flowchart shows the steps as
boxes of various kinds, and their order by
connecting the boxes with arrows. This
diagrammatic representation illustrates a
solution model to a given problem.
Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing,
documenting or managing a process or
program in various fields.
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BUILDING BLOCKS
OF
FLOW CHART
OR
COMMON SYMBOLS
OF
FLOW CHART
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

The American National Standards

Institute (ANSI) set standards for flowcharts
and their symbols in the
1960s. The International Organization for
Standardization(ISO) adopted the ANSI
symbols in 1970. The current standard was
revised in 1985. Generally, flowcharts flow
from top to bottom and left to right.
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape
Shows the process's order of
operation. A line coming from
one symbol and pointing at
Flowline
another. Arrowheads are
(Arrowhead)
added if the flow is not the
standard top-to-bottom, left-
to right.
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape
Indicates the beginning and ending
of a program or sub-process.
Represented as a stadium, oval or
rounded (fillet) rectangle. They
Terminal usually contain the word "Start" or
"End", or another phrase signaling
the start or end of a process, such as
"submit inquiry" or "receive
product".
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape
Represents a set of operations that
Process changes value, form, or location of
data. Represented as a rectangle
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape
Shows a conditional operation that
determines which one of the two
paths the program will take. The
Decision operation is commonly a yes/no
question or true/false test.
Represented as a diamond
(rhombus).
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape
Indicates the process of inputting
Input / and outputting data, as in entering
data or displaying results.
Output
Represented as a parallelogram
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape
Indicating additional
information about a step the
Annotation program. Represented as an
open rectangle with a dashed
(Comment) or solid line connecting it to

the corresponding symbol in

the flowchart.
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape
Shows named process
Predefined /Function which is defined
Process
elsewhere. Represented as
Functions a rectangle with double-
struck vertical edges.
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape
Pairs of labelled connectors
replace long or confusing
On-page
lines on a flowchart page.
Connector
Represented by a small
circle with a letter inside.
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape
A labelled connector for
use when the target is on
Off-page
another page. Represented
Connector
as a home plate-
shaped pentagon.
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape

Storage/ Magnetic Tape used for sec

Backup ondary storage/Backup
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF FLOW CHART

ANSI/ISO
Name Description
Shape

Storage/ Magnetic Disk used for sec

Backup ondary storage/Backup
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ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS

As we discussed flow chart is used for
representing algorithm in pictorial form.
This pictorial representation of a
solution/system is having many
advantages. These advantages are as
follows:

1. COMMUNICATION.
2. EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS.
3. DOCUMENTATION OF PROGRAM/SYSTEM.
4. EFFICIENT PROGRAM MAINTENANCE.
5. CODING OF THE PROGRAM.
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ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS

1. COMMUNICATION:

A Flowchart can be used as a better way of

communication of the logic of a system and
steps involve in the solution, to all concerned
particularly to the client of system.
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ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS

2. EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS:

A flowchart of a problem can be used for

effective analysis of the problem.
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ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS

3.DOCUMENTATION OF PROGRAM/
SYSTEM:

Program flowcharts are a vital part of a good

program documentation. Program document is
used for various purposes like knowing the
components in the program, complexity of the
program etc.
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ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS

4. EFFICIENT PROGRAM
MAINTENANCE:

Once a program is developed and becomes

operational it needs time to time maintenance.
With help of flowchart maintenance become
easier.
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ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS

5. CODING OF THE PROGRAM:

Any design of solution of a problem is finally

converted into computer program. Writing code
referring the flowchart of the solution become
easy.
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LIMITATIONS OF USING FLOWCHARTS

1) COMPLEXITY OF LOGIC: If program logic is
complex then flowchart of the program
becomes complicated.

2) ALTERATIONS AND MODIFICATIONS IN LOGIC:

any alterations in the program logic may require
redrawing of flowchart completely.

3) REUSE IS NOT POSSIBLE: As the flowchart

symbols cannot be typed, always reproduction
of flowchart symbols are required.
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FLOWCHART EXAMPLES
Draw a flowchart to find the simple interest.
(Sequence)
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FLOWCHART EXAMPLES
Draw a flowchart to find bigger number
among two numbers (selective)
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FLOWCHART EXAMPLES

Draw a flow chart to find factorial of any

number.
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FLOWCHART EXAMPLES
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FLOWCHART EXAMPLES

Draw a flow chart to print the number from 1

to N.
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FLOWCHART EXAMPLES
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FLOWCHART EXAMPLES

Draw a flow chart to find biggest number

among N numbers.
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FLOWCHART EXAMPLES
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CLASS TEST
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Time: 40 Min Max Marks 20
1. A step by step method for solving a problem
using English Language

(a) program (b) Flowchart

(c) statement (d) Algorithm

2. Set of statements is executed based upon

conditional test.

(a) Looping (b) Selective

(c) Sequence (d) None
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

3. Set of statements is executed again and again

based upon conditional test.
(a) Looping (b) Selective
(c) Sequence (d) None

4. The graphical representation of algorithm is

(a) program (b) Flowchart
(c) statement (d) Algorithm

5. All instructions are executed one after other.

(a) Looping (b) Selective
(c) Sequence (d) None
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ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. Define Algorithm.

2. Define Flowchart.

3. Write an algorithm to find the sum of two

numbers.

4. Write an algorithm to find the area of a

triangle.

5. Write an algorithm to find whether given

number is odd or even.
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ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

6. Write an algorithm to find the sum of all even

number up to given number.

7. Draw a flowchart to find the area of a circle.

9. Draw a flowchart to find the smallest number

among n numbers.
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ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

10. Draw a flowchart to find the sum of all

multiples of 5 up to given number.

11. Mona is confused about finite loop and

infinite loop, explain her with the help of
example.

12. Write an algorithm and a flowchart to find

sum of n numbers.
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THANK YOU