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CE 301
Engineering Materials
(4 Credit)
Properties of
Engineering Materials
Abdullah Al Mahin
Lecturer, CE, MEC
Contact: [email protected]
Department of Civil Engineering
Engineering Materials
• Engineering materials refers to the group of materials that are used in the
construction of manmade structures and components.
• The following are the important engineering materials that are commonly
used in Bangladesh:
Stones Concrete Non-ferrous metals and alloys
Brick Iron Timber and timber products
Lime Steel Bituminous materials
Cement Glass Paints and varnishes
Sand Plastic Rubber
Ferrous alloys Bamboos Soils
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Choice of Engineering Materials
Any material which has got application in engineering constructions is termed
engineering material. In all branches of engineering, an understanding of the
fundamental nature of engineering materials is becoming increasingly vital.
The choice of materials must be based on several factors:
• Availability of materials
• Economy
• Ease of handling and fabrication
• Strength
• Durability and
• Workability
Choice of Engineering Materials
Every engineering construction must be sufficiently strong and durable to
resist the action of external forces and internal stresses due to various types
of loads.
In order to achieve maximum economy, the engineer must know the strength
characteristics of the materials and the permissible stresses in each case.
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Properties of Engineering Materials
A quality that defines a specific characteristic of a material is termed as a
property.
The properties of a material provide a basis for predicting its behavior under
various conditions.
Some of the most important properties of engineering material are:
• Physical Properties: Size, shape, density, porosity, structure.
• Mechanical properties: Strength, elasticity, plasticity, stiffness, ductility,
malleability, hardness, brittleness, resilience, creep.
• Chemical Properties: Corrosion resistance, acidity, alkalinity, chemical
composition.
Properties of Engineering Materials
• Thermal Properties: Specific heat, thermal expansion, conductivity.
• Magnetic Properties: Permeability, cohesive force, hysteresis.
• Electrical Properties: Conductivity, dielectric permittivity, dielectric
strength.
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Properties of Engineering Materials
Tests may provide properties for use in design or information on the quality of
a material.
Some of the organizations which standardized the test procedure are:
• BSI (British Standard Institute)
• ASTM (American Society of Testing Materials)
• AASHO (American Association of State Highway Official)
• AASTHO (American Association of State Transport and Highway Official)
• ACI (American Concrete Institute)
Mechanical Properties
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Mechanical Properties
Following are some important Mechanical properties of Engineering materials:
Strength Stiffness
Ductility Toughness
Brittleness Hardness
Elasticity Fatigue
Plasticity Resilience
Malleability Creep
Properties of Engineering Materials
Strength:
It is the property of material that represents its ability to resist internal forces or
stresses. Therefore strength defines capacity of a material to carry loads.
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Properties of Engineering Materials
Stress:
Stress is the intensity of internal force developed when an external force is
applied on an engineering material.
It is denoted by the following expression,
Compressive stress
𝐏
𝛔= Tensile stress
𝐀
Shear stress
where, Bending stress
σ = the stress
P = the external force applied
A = the cross sectional area of the surface on which the force P is applied
Stress is usually expressed in psi
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Difference between Stress and Strength
The intensity of force is called the stress. But the stress at which the material
fails is called the strength. Therefore any strength is a stress but any stress is
not a strength.
Strength:
The stress at which the material fails or ruptures (ruptures is the process of
breaking or bursting) is called strength.
Compressive strength: The compressive stress required to cause a solid to
fail by fracture; in essence, it is the resistance of the solid to vertical pressure
placed upon it.
Fatigue strength: The maximum stress a material can endure for a given
number of stress cycles without breaking.
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Difference between Stress and Strength
Flexural strength: Strength of a material in bending, that is, resistance to
fracture.
Impact strength: Ability of a material to resist shock loading.
Shear strength: The maximum shear stress which a material can withstand
without rupture.
Tensile strength: The maximum tensile stress a material can withstand
without failure.
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Properties of Engineering Materials
Strain:
When load (external force) is applied to a material not only a stress is induced in the
fibers, but the size or the shape of the material is also changed.
Strain is the geometrical deformation of a material due to application of an external
force.
In other words, strain is a measure of the deformation produced by the application of
external force.
It should be noted that the value of the strain is not expressed in any dimensional
unit. Strain is denoted by the following expression,
𝒙
Where,
e=
𝑳
e is the strain, x is the extension or shortening of length and L is the original length.
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Properties of Engineering Materials
Problem 1.1
A 3.5m length and 25mm diameter prismatic bar with a circular cross section is
subjected to an axial tensile force of 100 kN. The measured elongation is d = 1.5
mm. Calculate the tensile stress and strain in the bar.
Solution
𝐏 100 100 𝐾𝑁 𝑁
𝛔= = = = 0.204 = 204 = 204 MPA
𝐀 𝜋×𝑑 3.1416 × 25 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
4 4
𝜹 .
𝜺= = = 0.0004286
𝐋 . ×
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Properties of Engineering Materials
Ductility:
Ductility indicates the ability of a material to deform in the plastic range without
breaking, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area
reduction from a tensile test.
%EL = = × 100
%RA = = × 100
(a) Brittle fracture
(b) Ductile fracture
(c) Completely ductile fracture
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Properties of Engineering Materials
Brittleness:
Brittleness is the tendency of a material to break
before it undergoes plastic deformation.
Materials that fail in tension at relatively low
values of strain are classified as brittle materials.
Example: Concrete, Stone, Cast iron, Glass
ceramic materials etc.
Stress-Strain Curve
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Properties of Engineering Materials
Elasticity:
It is the property of a material which allows it to return to its original shape and size
after the load to which it is subjected is released.
The strain for a given load during the unloading process is equal to the strain for the same
value of load during the loading process.
Young’s Modules of Elasticity: The physical constant obtained from the stress-strain ratio is
given the name, Young's Modulus of Elasticity, and is denoted by the letter E as follows:
Stress
E=
Strain
It should be noted carefully that Young's Modules has no significance beyond the elastic
limit.
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Properties of Engineering Materials
Plasticity:
Plasticity is the opposite property of elasticity. A perfectly plastic material does not
return to its original shape and size when the load causing deformation is removed.
Malleability:
This property permits plastic deformation of a material when subjected to compression.
Materials that can be hammered into thin sheets are malleable materials.
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Properties of Engineering Materials
Stiffness:
The term stiffness designates the resistance of a material to deformation in the
elastic range.
𝐅
Stiffness, 𝐊 =
𝛅
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Properties of Engineering Materials
Toughness:
The ability to withstand cracking, as opposed
to brittleness.
The ability of a metal to deform plastically and
to absorb energy before fracture is termed as
toughness.
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Properties of Engineering Materials
Hardness:
The term hardness, when used as a technological property of materials, is primarily
associated with the surface.
Hardness is the resistance of a material to permanent deformation of its surface.
Hardness is a measure of how difficult or easy it is for a substance to be penetrated
or scratched.
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Properties of Engineering Materials
Fatigue:
When cyclic loading is applied to a material, failure may occur at a stress much
lower than the strength under static loading.
This apparent weakening of the materials called fatigue.
Resilience
It is the ability of a material to absorb energy in the elastic range.
Resilience is defined as the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is
deformed elastically.
Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy not only from elastic
deformation, but from plastic deformation as well. When testing the resilience of a
material, it will be possible to use it after the testing is complete. Testing the
toughness of a material, however, is almost always destructive.
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Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel
Figure: UTM test specimen
Figure: Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
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Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel
Ultimate
stress
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Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel
Proportional Limit: Ultimate
stress
It is the region in the stress-strain curve that
obeys Hooke’s Law.
In this limit, the stress-strain ratio gives us a
proportionality constant known as Young’s
modulus.
The point at which the stress-strain curve
becomes non-linear.
In most metallic materials the elastic limit and
proportional limit are essentially the same.
The point OA in the graph represents the
proportional limit.
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Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel
Elastic Limit:
Ultimate
stress
It is the point in the graph up to which the
material returns to its original position when
the load acting on it is completely removed.
Beyond this limit, the material doesn’t return
to its original position, and a plastic
deformation starts to appear in it.
The lowest stress at which permanent
deformation can be measured.
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Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel
Yield Point/Upper Yield Point:
Where yielding starts.
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding
without any increase in load.
The yield point is defined as the point at which the material starts to deform plastically.
Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original
shape when the applied stress is removed.
Once the yield point is passed some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-
reversible, i.e., the material deforms plastically. This is due to the fact that the dislocations
in the crystalline structure start moving.
But after a while, the dislocations become too much in number and they restrict each
others movement. This is called strain hardening and lower yield point is the point after
which strain hardening begins.
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Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel
Lower Yield Point:
Where yielding ends
Lower yield point is the point at which minimum load or
stress is required to maintain the plastic behavior of
material.
After Upper yield point, as the permanent deformation is
taking place in the material , it offers less resistance to
the material and hence curve falls slightly. And it reaches
to some stress which is the minimum stress required to
maintain the deformation in the material is known as
B: Upper yield stress point
lower yield point. C: Lower yield stress point
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Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel
Offset Yield Point (proof stress):
Due to the lack of a clear border between the elastic
and plastic regions in many materials, the yield point
is often defined as the stress at some arbitrary plastic
strain (typically 0.2%, means 0.002 strain).
This is determined by the intersection of a line offset
from the linear region by the required strain.
The point at which the line intersects the stress-strain
curve is designated as the yield point.
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Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel
Ultimate Strength
Ultimate
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain stress
diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile
strength.
This is the maximum stress a material can bear.
Breaking strength
It is the point in the stress-strain curve at which
the failure of the material takes place.
Stress correspond to this point is known as
breaking strength or Rupture Strength.
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Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel
Strain Hardening
When a metal is stressed beyond its elastic limit
it enters the plastic region.
When the load is increased further a kind of
rearrangement occurs at atom level, that in turn
makes the metal harder and stronger through
the resulting plastic deformation.
In the stress-strain curve, the strength of the
material can be seen to increase between the
yield point and the ultimate strength point. This
increase in strength is the result of strain
hardening.
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Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel
Necking:
Once the ultimate strength is reached, on further
straining, localization of deformation starts to occur at
a particular section.
The area of this section becomes smaller and smaller.
This phenomenon is called necking.
After necking Final failures occurs and the member
breaks into parts.
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Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel
Figure: Engineering stress strain curve
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Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel
Engineering &True stress strain Curve:
The curve based on the original cross-section
area is called the engineering stress-strain
curve.
While the curve based on the instantaneous
cross-section area is called the true stress-
strain curve.
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Thank You
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