CE-201

Lt Col G M Faruque
CE Dept, MIST
e-mail: [email protected]
Agg/Cement Ratio
• C : FA : CA
• 1:1.5:3
• 1:2:4
• 1:3:6
• Agg/cement=?
 Aggregate Properties

SHAPE Maximum Agg Size

• Smooth gravel leads to • Larger agg >> smaller surface
cracking at lower stresses area >> w/c ratio can be
than rough and angular reduced by maintaining same
crushed aggregates workability and agg/c ratio >>
• Propagation of cracking is more strength
obstructed in angular agg, so • However, excessively large
more flexural strength agg provide less bond area,
discontinuity and voids >> less
• Smooth and round agg strength
provide same workability
with less w/c ratio • Segregation potential is more
for larger particles during
– So two effects are compensated stockpiling
and both agg leads similar
strength
Effect of Size of Aggregate
Effect of Max Size of Agg
Effect of aging on concrete

Compressive strength
Age (days)

Concrete
 Effect of aging on concrete
 If one means merely the effect caused by the passage of
time, has no effect on concrete.
 Of course concrete sets, hardens, gains strength, and
exhibits reduced permeability with the passage of time, but
it is not the passage of time alone that causes these things to
happen.
 If the concrete is kept very cold, none of this will happen. If
all moisture is removed, none of this will happen.
 Many or even most concretes are confronted with potential
deteriorative service conditions. If the concrete has not been
provided with immunity against these influences, it may
well slowly deteriorate as time passes, but not simply
because time passes. Concrete need not deteriorate.
Mixing, Handling, Placing and Compacting
CONCRETE

Control of Segregation
 Mixing, Handling, Placing and Compacting
CONCRETE

Control of Segregation
Mixing, Handling, Placing and Compacting
CONCRETE

Control of Segregation
Mixing, Handling, Placing and Compacting
CONCRETE

Control of Segregation
Mixing, Handling, Placing and Compacting
CONCRETE

Control of Segregation
Mixing, Handling, Placing and Compacting
CONCRETE

Control of Segregation
Mixing, Handling, Placing and Compacting
CONCRETE

Control of Segregation
Mixing, Handling, Placing and Compacting
CONCRETE

Control of Segregation
Mixing, Handling, Placing and Compacting
CONCRETE

Tremie

Control of
Erosion and
Segregation

15
Mixing, Handling, Placing and Compacting
CONCRETE

Using Vibrator
 Types of Deformation
• Deformation in concrete which often lead to cracking, occur as
a result of the material’s response to external load and
environment.
• When freshly hardened concrete is exposed to the ambient
temperature and humidity, it generally undergoes thermal
shrinkage (shrinkage strain associated with cooling) and drying
shrinkage (shrinkage strain associated with moisture loss).
• Which one of the two shrinkage strains will be dominant under
a given condition depends, among other factors, on the size of
the member, characteristics of concrete making materials, and
the mix proportions.
• Generally, with massive structures (e.g., nearly 1 m or more
thickness), the drying shrinkage is less important a factor than
the thermal shrinkage.
 Creep of Concrete
• Elastic deformations occur immediately after the concrete is
subjected to a given load, according to Hooke's Law.
• Inelastic deformations increase with time as the concrete
experiences a sustained load.
• This inelastic deformation of structure under sustained load,
also known as creep, increases at a decreasing rate during the
loading period.
• Basically, long term pressure or stress on concrete can make it
change shape.
• This deformation usually occurs in the direction the force is
being applied. Like a concrete column getting more
compressed, or a beam bending.
 Shrinkage of Concrete
• Concrete is subjected to changes in volume either autogenous or
induced. Volume change is one of the most detrimental properties
of concrete.
• Shrinkage is defined as the contracting of a hardened concrete
mixture due to the loss of capillary water.
• This shrinkage causes an increase in tensile stress, which may lead
to cracking, internal warping, and external deflection, before the
concrete is subjected to any kind of loading.
• Concrete slabs can shrink as much as 1/2 inch per 100 feet.
• This shrinkage causes forces in the concrete. Cracks are the end
result of these forces.
Types of Shrinkage in Concrete
 Plastic Shrinkage
 Drying Shrinkage
 Autogeneous Shrinkage
 Carbonation Shrinkage
 Difference between Creep and Shrinkage
• This time-dependent strain is termed as creep.
• Drying shrinkage (often, simply shrinkage) is the reduction
in volume of hardened concrete due to loss of moisture by
evaporation.
• Second, the strain-time curves of both the phenomenon are
very similar. The factors that effect creep also effects
shrinkage.
• In practice, creep during drying is inseparable from shrinkage.
The rate of creep increases with the rate of change of pore
humidity (i.e., relative vapor pressure in the pores).
• For small specimen thickness, the creep during drying greatly
exceeds the sum of the drying shrinkage at no load and the
creep of a loaded sealed specimen.
 Stages of producing concrete

 Batching

 Mixing

 Transportation

 Placing

 Compaction

 Curing

 Finishing
 Batching
(1) Volume Batching
 Volume batching is not a good method.
 Moist sand in loose condition weights less than the
same volume of dry sand.
 Practiced for small work.
 For quality work weight batching is practiced.
(2) Weight Batching
 Weight batching is correct method.
 Facilitates accuracy, flexibility and simplicity.
 Different batching machines are available:
(a) Manual, for regular works.
(b) Automatic, for large works.
 Mixing
Mixing of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate
should ensure that
 The mass is homogeneous
 Uniform in color
 Consistent
Types
 Manual mixing. For small works
 Machine mixing.
 Medium & large scale works.
 Mixing is efficient, economical & produce quality concrete.
 Types
Batch mixer. Batch by batch with time interval.
Continuous mixer. Continuously mix & discharge.
 Concrete Mixer
Types
Pan type
Drum type
 Tilting: 85T, 100T, 140T, 200T
 Non-Tilting: 200NT, 280NT, 375NT, 500NT
 Reversing: 200R, 280R, 375R, 500R, 1000 R
 Tilting Mixer
Internal blades lift and tumble the ingredients onto
itself.
Two primary types exist:
Horizontal. One end has an opening for charging and
another end has opening for discharging.
Single drum. Materials are charged and discharged
through a single opening.
 Sequence of Charging Drums
 First half quantity of coarse aggregate is placed in skip
 Over it half quantity of sand
 On that full quantity of cement
 Over it balance quantity of fine and coarse aggregate in place
 This prevents spillage of cement in air while discharging in
drum
 25% water is placed in drum and then mix from skip is
discharged in drum
 This prevents sticking of cement on blades
 75% water is immediately poured after placing mix material
(cement, sand etc.) in drum
 Mixing Time
 In small machine mixing time varies between 1-2 minutes.
 In Ready Mix Concrete mixer 15-30 seconds.
 RPM of Drum 15-20
 Compressive strength of concrete increases with increase in
mixing time but after 2 minutes increase in compressive
strength is not significant.
 If concrete is not used after mix it may set.
 But when concrete is agitated on time to time in drum setting
time rule does not follow.
 Retempering of Concrete
 Sometime concrete for RMC plant is delivered to site due to
traffic congestion.
 Concrete becomes stiff and unworkable.
 Site engineers can reject the concrete is delay is more.
 If it can be used then small volume of water is added and again
agitated in the drum.
 This is called Retempering of Concrete.
 Transportation of Concrete
Precaution:
 Homogeneity of concrete mass is maintained.
 Movement of hand trolley or truck on rough road surface
makes vibrations.
 This results in deposition of heavy aggregates at bottom of
trucks.
 Water and cement slurry comes on top.
Methods:
Mortar Pan
Wheel barrow
Truck mixers & Dumpers
Crane, bucket & ropeway
Belt conveyors
Chutes.
Pump & pipelines. etc
 Placing of Concrete
 After mixing of concrete is should be placed within 30 minutes
of adding water.
 It should be quickly transported to the place of lying by means
of iron pans manually, in wheel barrows, by pumping or by
cranes.
 In placing, concrete should be laid in thin layers. Each layer
being thoroughly consolidated, before the next one is laid.
 Concrete should not be dropped from a height as it would
cause segregation of aggregates.
 In case concrete has more of water or it has been laid in thick
layers, then on compaction water and fine particles comes
forming a layer of weak substance known as laintance.
 Compaction of Concrete
 Compaction of concrete is very important in developing
qualities like strength, durability, imperviousness by making
the concrete dense and free from voids.
 In case of RCC compaction is done by pinning with an iron
rod or even with trowel blade.
 Excess temping should be avoided as otherwise water, cement
and finer particles would come to the surface and results in
non uniform concreting.
 In case of important and big works, compaction of concrete is
done with vibrator.
 Use of vibrator is best and most efficient way of compacting
concrete. It produces very dense concrete.
 Care should be taken not to make excessive use of vibrators
otherwise the concrete becomes non-homogeneous.
Query ?
Thank You